Abstract: To provide an integrated information communication system without using dedicated lines or the Internet, ensuring communication speed, communication quality, communication trouble countermeasures in a unified manner, wherein security and reliability in communication is ensured. The system is comprised of an access control apparatus for connecting a plurality of computer communication networks or information communication equipment to each, and a relay device for networking the aforementioned access control apparatus, the system having functions for performing routing by transferring information by a unified address system, and is configured such that the aforementioned plurality of computer communication networks or information communication equipment can perform communications in an interactive manner.

Abstract: To provide an integrated information communication system without using dedicated lines or the Internet, ensuring communication speed, communication quality, communication trouble countermeasures in a unified manner, wherein security and reliability in communication is ensured. The system is comprised of an access control apparatus for connecting a plurality of computer communication networks or information communication equipment to each, and a relay device for networking the aforementioned access control apparatus, the system having functions for performing routing by transferring information by a unified address system, and is configured such that the aforementioned plurality of computer communication networks or information communication equipment can perform communications in an interactive manner.

Abstract: A Dial Access Stack Architecture (DASA) includes a stack of Network Access Servers (NASs) each independently establishing and processing information for communication links on a public telephone network. A primary interconnect couples the stack of network access servers together through a primary network. A routing engine is coupled through the primary interconnect to the stack of network access servers routing packets between the network access servers and an Internet network. A secondary interconnect couples the stack of network access servers together through a secondary network that operates independently of the primary interconnect. The primary or secondary interconnects each allow pairs of the network access servers to communicate with each other in parallel and independently of the routing engine. The DASA provides scalability and resiliency to fault conditions and can easily aggregate and integrate any new access media. Applications such as voice, video and multicasting can be seamlessly added.

Abstract: A method for allocating bandwidth in a communications environment is provided that includes receiving one or more data streams associated with one or more subscribers at a voice gateway. One or more algorithms included in the voice gateway are executed that are associated with traffic management of the data streams in order to generate a designated bandwidth value associated with one or more of the data streams. The designated bandwidth value is assigned to one or more of the data streams based on one or more of the algorithms that use an aggregation of one or more activity characteristics associated with a selected one or more of the subscribers.

Abstract: A system and method for managing mobile communications is disclosed. The system and method can determine which of several systems associated with a motor vehicle is permitted to communicate with a user interface in the motor vehicle. The user interface is used to assist in facilitating communications between a user and one of the communications systems. The user interface can include a display and be connected to at least one loudspeaker. The various systems associated with the vehicle communicate with one another and determine which system can communicate with the user interface.

Abstract: At least one MULAP line in a communication installation is controlled and/or monitored using an application. To simplify the combination of MULAP lines and CTI applications, or to allow it at all, each MULAP line has an associated MULAP call number, and a plurality of terminals can access these MULAP lines, each of the MULAP lines having a respective associated terminal as master terminal. First, the application sends an order for a MULAP call number to the communication installation. The communication installation then converts the MULAP call number into the terminal call number of the master terminal associated with this MULAP line and carries out the order for this terminal call number, all messages relating to MULAP line being sent as those associated with the master terminal from the communication installation to the application as messages associated with this MULAP call number.

Abstract: A dial string is received from a session application that interfaces with a packet-based or circuit-switched system such as VoIP, PSTN, PBX, etc. Regular expression match patterns are compared with the input dial string. The dial plan mapper identifies one of the match patterns providing a longest match with the dial string and outputs call configuration information associated with the identified match pattern. The configuration information contains call parameters necessary for establishing the telephone call with the call destination. The configuration information format allows the dial plan mapper to specify any one of the wide variety of different session protocols that may be associated with a particular call destination.

Abstract: A facsimile device, which can switch a transmission method between an electronic-mail transmission method and a real-time transmission method for each transmission, is provided. The facsimile device includes an electronic-mail control unit used for transmitting image information in an electronic-mail format to a destination through a computer network, a real-time network control unit used for transmitting the image information to the destination while the facsimile device and the destination are connected on line through the computer network, and a transmission specifying unit specifying one of the electronic-mail control unit and the real-time network control unit as a communication control unit in accordance with a destination address of the destination. The facsimile device transmits the image information to the destination address by use of the communication control unit specified by a user through the transmission specifying unit.

Abstract: Remote access and configuration of a digital subscriber line (DSL) device using a telephone line. From a remote location, an operator can access the DSL device and receive data, including an operational parameter regarding the device, and upload an operational parameter or firmware, and thus, establish the operational configuration of the device. Also from a remote location, an operator can troubleshoot and provide technical support functions for the device.

Abstract: A voicemail system enabling various components of the voicemail system to be distributed geographically yet operate as a seamlessly integrated system is disclosed. A signal gateway interfaces with a telephone network. In addition, one or more media servers interface with the signal gateway as well as the telephone network. The signal gateway is configured to block calls to malfunctioning media servers. The signal gateway monitors the media servers, and responsive to determining that a media server has malfunctioned, the signal gateway initiates auto-blocking such that the telephone network does not route calls to the malfunctioning media server. In addition, the signal gateway is configured to auto-detect a media server responsive to the media server being initialized. The voicemail system can include a variety of other elements, such as one or more system management units and one or more central data and message store systems.

Abstract: Broadband integrated services are performed via digital, channelized or optically coded networks by a system which organizes, interfaces, provisions, loads and controls, in real time, the transport of grouped or organized information (such as packetized cell data) through interface access devices and packet switches that are compliant with domestic and international communication standards. A packet core network includes multiple packet switches and interface access devices coupled to an existing narrowband or broadband network. A signaling manager, a provisioning manager and a traffic manager perform all broadband and narrowband routing, port provisioning and connecting functions for all network devices. A set of software interface modules for each equipment vendor allows the provisioning manager, the signaling manager and the traffic manager to impose control demands and make network management decisions on a real time basis via an application protocol interface.

Abstract: Certain embodiments of the invention provide network interface devices, as well as systems and methods for using them. For instance, in accordance with some embodiments, a network interface device can comprise an isolation device, which can be configured to isolate an internal transport medium from an external transport medium, such that operational changes to the internal transport medium do not affect the external transport medium, and operational changes to the external transport medium do not affect the internal transport medium.

Abstract: A communications terminal operates in multiple modes including a wired phone mode, an Internet phone mode, and a combined mode. The terminal includes a wired phone unit and an IP phone unit which separately processes calls to/from PSTN- and Internet-communications networks. The terminal also includes a processor which processes a call through a voice path which connects the wired phone unit and the IP phone unit in a third mode of operation which is referred to as an external connection mode. By processing a call along this path, the cost of performing long-distance and/or international calling may be substantially reduced and transmission efficiency may simultaneously be improved.

Abstract: The present invention is an item location system which relies upon voice activation and responsiveness to identify location(s) of item(s) sought by a user. The system includes a continuous speech recognition digital signal processor, a programmable microprocessor interfaced therewith, voice input and user feedback mechanisms, including audio and/or video feedback. Preferred embodiments utilize audio feedback to the user. The system also includes sufficient software and equipment to create item-identification/corresponding location-identification data pairs by utilizing item identifying bar codes on the items and cuopling them to location identifying bar codes physically situated on the items. The continuous speech recognition engine utilizes Hidden Markov Models to create real time continuous speech recognition and feedback.

Abstract: A method and system of utilizing a secondary telephone line service, and in one embodiment encompasses analyzing a dialing sequence to convert from utilizing the secondary telephone line service to utilizing a primary telephone line service without the use of a manual override. By referencing a database of numbers, the present invention is able to determine if an outgoing service request is compatible with a preferred interface (e.g., the secondary interface), and, if not, to direct the outgoing service request to another interface (e.g., the primary interface, such as a POTS network).

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatus and methods to provide power to a communications unit. In one embodiment of the present invention, a system includes a first communications network to engage in communications with the communications unit and a second communications network to provide power to the communications unit.

Abstract: A transceiver capable of handling both UWB and narrowband calls includes a mechanism for detecting when a signal from one of the narrowband systems will interfere the UWB communication and switching the UWB data connection link to the alternative data path.

Abstract: A packetised data network includes IP telephones (ITs) and a network intelligence (NI). All of the keys of each IT are “soft” keys (i.e., they have no fixed function). The NI associates a configuration data structure with the IT which correlates the keys with functions, and, based on this, may control the display of the IT to indicate the current function of certain of the soft keys. Some of the functions are requests for data services at the telephone (e.g., video or programmed audio over the internet). When a user requests such a service with a key press, the NI sets up the service between the data source and the telephone. This may require associating a new configuration data structure with the keys of the IT. The IT user may activate multiple data services through the NI.

Abstract: An auxiliary connection mechanism for allowing a Digital Switching System (DSS) to share an analog line with an analog device (via an auxiliary device port) is disclosed. The auxiliary connection mechanism includes a pair of relays for releasably connecting the auxiliary device port and the DSS to the analog line. When the analog line is idle, both the analog device and the DSS are connected to the line in order to receive incoming calls on the analog line. However, once one of the devices (either the analog device or the DSS) uses the line, the other device should not access the line. A busy line detect circuit is included to detect whether a device is using the line.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods that allow detection and authentication of multiple devices within a subscriber dwelling. A system is described generally comprising multiple devices, each adapted to receive a broadband signal and including a modem coupled to a telephone line. At least one of the devices is configured to receive entitlement information corresponding to the other devices via the broadband signal, and to use the entitlement information to periodically authenticate the other devices via the telephone line. Several methods are disclosed for detecting a device connected to a telephone line. A described method for authenticating a device connected to a telephone line includes receiving entitlement information corresponding to each of the devices via a broadband signal, and using the entitlement information to authenticate each of the devices via the telephone line.

Abstract: An intelligent voice response (IVR) unit that responds to DTMF tones is connected over a telephone call connection to a user telephone device when a user dials a predetermined telephone number of the IVR unit. An identification of the IVR unit is captured within a supplemental interface device coupled to the user telephone device and to a computer data network. A menu identifier corresponding to the identified IVR unit is transmitted via the computer data network to a name server which stores a pointer to a menu descriptor associated with the IVR unit. The supplemental interface retrieves the menu descriptor corresponding to the IVR unit in response to the pointer. The supplemental interface device graphically displays a multi-level selection menu in response to the menu descriptor.

Abstract: A communications device, method and service are provided that integrate broadband and dial-up internet access in a seamless service package. A modem is provided that combines both broadband and dial-up connectivity in a single device. The modem includes an auto-sense procedure for switching between the two types of connections. Additionally, a connectivity utility allows a user to interact with a modem that combines both broadband and dial-up connectivity in a single device. The connectivity utility receives various event notifications from the modem and provides the user with the ability to receive off or on-line help, current modem or connection status, the status of an order for service, control of modem parameters, billing information, and other features.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for transmitting information such as fax, voice or data to a destination information device via a dynamic transmission network. The dynamic transmission network includes one or more transmission control servers (TCSs) and one or more transmission client nodes (TCNs). The TCS is always connected to the computer network, while the TCN is dynamically connected with the computer network. When connected to the computer network, the TCN checks its system status and then registers to the TCS. After getting the information from the TCN, the TCS stores said information into a dynamic transmission route table, wherein the information includes the country code, area code, Client ID, IP address, etc. of the TCN. Once any user requests the TCS to send a information to a destination site, the TCS will locate an available TCN physically nearest to the same country code and area code as those of the destination site, and then transmits the information to the TCN through the computer network.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for auto-detection of ISDN BRI services available for use by terminal equipment is disclosed. This auto-detection provides a variety of simulated call activity stimuli to the ISDN switch peered with the terminal equipment, thus exercising secondary ISDN features such as call conferencing, call forward, call transfer, and X.25/D channel data transfer capability in a manner that can be detected by the terminal equipment. For instance, the call conferencing feature can be detected by having the terminal equipment place a call to it's own directory number using one B-channel, answering the call on the other B-channel, and then attempting to add a third party to this call. By evaluating the messages returned from the switch during the attempted third party addition, the auto-detection process can determine whether the call conferencing feature is available.

Abstract: This invention relates to electronic communications technology. A telephone network of a structured site of the business office type comprises a local computer network linking computers at the transmitting and receiving ends of the system through network adapters, and also telephone sets. The telephone network is provided with a computer telephony server connected to the local computer network and to the general local telephone network. Each telephone set is connected directly to the local computer network. Connection is made through a telephone adapter and a network adapter connected in series with it. The telephone adapter is capable of converting analog/digital signals adapted to the clock frequency of the local network, user call signals into the addresses of other telephone adapters connected to the local computer networks, and hang-up signals.

Abstract: A method and system enables communications between a switched telephone network and a wireless network comprising a plurality of Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs). Each MSC is connected by respective interfaces to a broadband packet network used for the transfer of bearer traffic between the MSCs, and controls wireless communications with a respective plurality of wireless transceivers. The switched telephone network and the wireless network are interconnected by at least one media gateway for conveying bearer traffic between the switched telephone network and the broadband packet network. The system comprises a location register and a call manager. The location register is adapted to store, in respect of each wireless transceiver, information identifying a respective current MSC controlling communications with the wireless transceiver.

Abstract: The present home networking method and system is based on the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard expanded to encompass home phone line media communication and/or home power line media communication operation seamlessly. For each station in home network (i.e., wireless, phone line and power line), the protocol stack at the PHY layer and above, QoS, and network security are all based on the 802.11 standard. Chipset implementations differ in an applied analog interface that is specific to the respective medium. Station-to-station transmission between wireless and wired terminals is enabled via an intelligent access point which includes an analog interface for each of the medium types. Further, each station can be configured with the appropriate analog interface to communicate directly with any wireless station. The access point is also expandable to form extended service sets.

Abstract: Line termination equipment may include a replaceable printed circuit board or card for use in a shelf of a telecommunications system with plural twisted pairs connected to corresponding plural subscribers via said card, each subscriber channel on each card including a hybrid circuit connected to one of the plural twisted pairs, a highpass filter, a modulator/encoder and a demodulator/decoder.

Abstract: In an internal line control system, a telephone having an Internet protocol (IP) and capable of being connected to the Internet through the communication mode, includes a device for storing an IP address of a private branch exchange, and a device for sending a switching request to the IP address of the private branch exchange while specifying identification information. Concurrently, a private branch exchange having an Internet protocol (IP) and connected to the Internet through the communication mode, includes a device for storing a correlation between the IP address of the telephone and an internal line number depending upon the identification information, and a device for transmitting, depending upon the correlation between the IP address and the internal line number, a control signal and a speech communication signal for an internal line telephone of the internal line number to an address specified by the IP address.

Abstract: Telephone calls, data and other multimedia information including video, audio and data is routed through a switched network which includes transfer of information across the internet. Users can participate in video conference calls in which each participant can simultaneously view the video from each other participant and hear the mixed audio from all participants. Users can also share data and documents with other video conference participants. Users can manage more aspects of a network than previously possible, and control network activities from a central site.

Abstract: A network infrastructure integrated system which is able to integrate a telephone line network and a power line network as a single network using a simple circuit includes a first network to which a plurality of Home Information Machines are connected; a second network to which a plurality of Home Information Machines are connected; and a network bridge connected between the first and second networks and enabling the Home Information Machines to share respective applications and data with each other, whereby the cost can be reduced, the interchangeability is increased, and the accessibility to the network can be increased by using both the power lines and the telephone lines.

Abstract: A network termination (NT) which is universally applicable and permits fair billing. The network termination (NT) according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a switching facility (DET, 1, 2, 3) whereby the interface (a/b, U) on the network side is switchable from an analog one (a/b) to a digital one (U). A subscriber who needs a digital interface, for example because he wants to have two B channels of the ISDN at his free disposal, can release a digital interface (U) or have it released. A subscriber who wants only an analog access can release an analog access or have it released. To accomplish this, the network termination (NT) contains a switch (3) and a detector (DET). The switching between analog access and digital access on the network side can be effected without replacement of the network termination (NT).

Abstract: A method provides seamless porting of a user telephone number from a first telephone service provider network to a second telephone service provider network. A network interface device is provided that is interconnected to the first telephone service provider network, a second telephone service provider network, and at least one user communications device. The network interface device may be remotely controlled using the second telephone service provider network to transfer the user telephone number from the first network to the second network.

Abstract: A facsimile machine (F) that is capable of performing a confidential transmission, broadcast transmission, etc. by batch transmission. If a user of the facsimile machine wants to send a plurality of image data to a recipient, for instance, confidentially and simultaneously at a specified time, the image data is accumulated in a memory box (5a) for confidential batch transmission. The image data is then sent to the recipient by batch transmission. The facsimile machine (F) determines whether image data is for batch transmission or real time transmission. If the image data is for real time transmission, it is not stored in the memory box (5a).

Abstract: A stream manager provides a way of redirecting and managing messaging and information access in a packet network environment. The stream manager can include a computer-based router or server that behaves as if it were a gateway for a sub-network of destination site servers, and the stream manager is linked to a packet network, such as the Internet. The stream manager receives over the packet network a message from a user's host server initiated by a user and intended for a destination site. The message bears an address for the stream manager which is provided to the host server by the address server for the packet network, such as a server utilized as part of the domain name system. The stream manager determines the availability of at least one destination server at the destination site to receive and process the message.

Abstract: A system and method for intelligently redirecting data traffic from a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to a data network. The system can include: an intelligent communications platform connected between a switch and a Signaling System 7 (SS7) network to intercept SS7 messages between the switch and the SS7 network; and a communications control module connected to the intelligent communications platform via a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) link, the communications control module for providing management and communications to the ICP and providing access to the management and communication for a plurality of subscribers. The ICP can include an SS7 I/O card for processing SS7 messages and a CPU card for processing ISUP and TCAP. The communications control module can include: instructions for receiving messages from other ICPs for updated information on congestion on certain routes.

Abstract: An apparatus for receiving a voice signal and data, and a controlling method thereof, by which a voice telephone call can be made even in power failure, network error, or CPU error, comprises: a splitter for dividing data transmitted from a data transmission unit into an internet protocol data packet and a voice signal; a first telephone connected to an analog POTS channel of the splitter for receiving the voice signal divided in the splitter; and an integrated access device (IAD) for connecting a second telephone to a voice line, that is, the analog POTS channel of the splitter or connecting the second telephone to a data line of the splitter according to state of power failure.

Abstract: A communications device, method and service are provided that integrate broadband and dial-up internet access in a seamless service package. A modem is provided that combines both broadband and dial-up connectivity in a single device. The modem includes an auto-sense procedure for switching between the two types of connections. Additionally, a connectivity utility allows a user to interact with a modem that combines both broadband and dial-up connectivity in a single device. The connectivity utility receives various event notifications from the modem and provides the user with the ability to receive off or on-line help, current modem or connection status, the status of an order for service, control of modem parameters, billing information, and other features.

Abstract: A telephone to digital data network interface 118 and method for its operation are disclosed. Interface 118 provides a connection point 52 and a standard line interface 50 for a POTS phone. Audio quality selector 86 interprets signaling received from a POTS phone (e.g., hookswitch signaling, DTMF signaling, or voice recognition commands) to select between multiple audio paths within interface 118. A first audio path includes the telephone line interface 50 and provides telephone-grade audio. Preferably, a second audio path includes a wideband audio output device (speaker 114) and a wideband audio input device (microphone 116). Audio quality selector 86 selects one of these paths using switches 106 and 108. It also communicates with digital audio processor 90, which preferably contains both a telephone-grade and a wideband audio codec and is capable of call-in-progress reconfiguration between the two.

Abstract: A fixed broadband wireless data access service providing shared wide-band packet-switched data transport for high speed data access in areas where conventional ADSL service and fiber optic service are unavailable. The wireless data access service is a point-to-multipoint cellular-type network that connects customers to data service providers through the ATM backbone of an existing network. Customers connect to the ATM backbone and data service provider through a cellular grid in which a wireless base station in each cell communicates with the individual customer wireless equipment within its cell site coverage area. The base stations are connected to an ATM backbone switch through wireless and wireline backhaul links. The upstream and downstream bandwidths of the wireless broadband network are engineered in various symmetric and asymmetric configurations to provide a shared packet-switched connection that emulates an uninterrupted, direct wireline ADSL connection.

Abstract: A system and method for coupling multiple home networks includes a first copper wire network, a second copper wire network, and a high pass coupler disposed between the first and second copper wire networks. The high pass coupler is configured to transfer data signals between the first and second copper wire networks, the data signals having frequencies greater than a maximum plain old telephone service signal frequency. Further, the high pass coupler is configured to prevent cross-talk of plain old telephone service, or voice-band, signals between the first and second copper wire networks. The data signals transferred typically include signals in accordance with the Home Phoneline Networking Alliance standard, and may also include broadband Internet access signals. In one embodiment, the high pass coupler is implemented in a residential gateway device.

Abstract: An auxiliary connection mechanism for allowing a Digital Switching System (DSS) to share an analog line with an analog device (via an auxiliary device port) is disclosed. The auxiliary connection mechanism includes a pair of relays for releasably connecting the auxiliary device port and the DSS to the analog line. When the analog line is idle, both the analog device and the DSS are connected to the line in order to receive incoming calls on the analog line. However, once one of the devices (either the analog device or the DSS) uses the line, the other device should not access the line. A busy line detect circuit is included to detect whether a device is using the line.

Abstract: An internet telephone adapter connected to a conventional telephone has a problem of being incapable of switching over to a public line for conventional telephoning in case of internet telephoning unavailable.

Abstract: A system and method for providing audio communication over a computer network between sending and destination devices using differing communication formats is provided. The system identifies the format of the incoming digital encoded audio data signal, identifies the destination device format of the signal, and converts the data to a second digital encoded audio data signal which is compatible with the format utilized by the destination device.

Abstract: A CATV station 1 for broadcasting a television program is connected to an internet network B. The CATV station 1 is connected to a terminal device 2. The terminal device includes a tuner section T for receiving a broadcasting signal for the television program transmitted from the CATV station, an interface section S for making transmission/reception of a telephone signal for the internet network B and a switching circuit 5 which is connected to the interface section, a telephone set 3 and a public switched phone network C. The switching circuit 5 selectively connects the telephone set 3 to the interface section S or the public switched phone network. In this configuration, the internet telephone can be used without doing troublesome operations, and the public switched phone network or internet network can be selected according to the facility of the internet terminal device on the side of a called party so that telephone call can be executed easily.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided for providing an automated selection of a telecommunication service from among multiple telecommunication services. In a telecommunication system (100) that includes multiple communication devices (102, 104) and a telecommunication infrastructure (110) including multiple local exchange offices (106, 108), multiple communication channels (112, 114), and multiple telecommunication services, a subscriber to the services of the telecommunication system is able to select a particular telecommunication service by transmitting a service request code via the subscriber's communication device, which service request code corresponds to a request for a telecommunication service. The telecommunication infrastructure then enables or disables the requested telecommunication service in response to receiving the request.

Abstract: A system that provides additional voice lines with data over a single two-wire subscriber loop. At the subscriber premise, one or more telephone instruments and data devices are connected to a digital modem into either a voice or a data interface. Analog voice signals are PCM sampled then packetized, and voice and data packets are transmitted to a CO modem over the subscriber loop. The CO modem depacketizes the voice packets into PCM format and transmits PCM voice information to a CO switch over a standard digital trunk interface. Data packets are routed to a data network. Voice packets are given transmission priority over data packets to ensures that voice is transported in the presence of data with low latency.

Abstract: A telephony service device has a digital interface, an analog telephone line interface, and circuitry operable to provide telephone service over the analog telephone line interface via a network connection to the digital interface. A telephone network signal detector comprising a part of the device is operable to detect a telephone network signal on one or more telephone lines connected to the analog telephone interface, and a switch is operable to automatically connect the telephony service device to a line on the analog telephone interface on which the telephone network signal detector did not detect a telephone network signal.

Abstract: A callback system is created utilizing a hybrid telecommunication system including a switched communication network and a packet transmission network. A call parameter database is stored in a memory. A call is received on the system. The call parameter database is accessed to determine at least one call parameter. The call is routed over the switched communication network and the packet transmission network based on the at least one call parameter. A plurality of service engines is provided, each configured to execute desired service logic utilizing expert system.

Abstract: A system and method for extending the operating range and/or increasing the bandwidth of a communication link. The communication link may consist of any two communication devices that are connected by two or more separate “band limited” communication paths for the transmission of information therebetween. In operation, the communication devices use a “frequency split scheme” to divide the information transmitted between the devices into two or more signals, each of which is transmitted over one of the communication paths. A “frequency foldback scheme” may also be used to shift the information from the higher frequencies to the lower frequencies of each respective signal, thereby taking advantage of the fact that more information can be carried in the lower frequencies.