Abstract: Text entry is a significant part of human-computer interactions. Software application vendors have sought to minimize time spent on repeated input of defined information. However, such approaches have limitations which the inventors have addressed such that field population is contextually aware either so that specific sets of user entered data are not accessible in all situations, only specific sets of user entered data are accessible in all situations, sensitive data is automatically removed from data being stored and a specific set of data to be employed based upon a context of the user and/or software application. Further, enhancements to address the additional complexities of remote clients are presented allowing a filling or auto-fill process to follow the program rules, follow text attributes etc. whilst supporting input from different sources such as a keyboard (physical or virtual), human interface devices (HIDs), clipboard(s), another remote client or virtual device.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a housing, a wireless communication circuit, a camera configured to generate raw image data, at least one processor, and a memory. The memory stores instructions configured, when executed, to enable the processor to process first image data corresponding to raw image data via a first algorithm and generate second image data, process the first image data or the second image data via a second algorithm and generate third image data, the second algorithm being different from the first algorithm, generate a first file including the second image data and the third image data, receive priority information from an external electronic device via the wireless communication circuit, generate a second file including the second image data and the third image data based on the priority information, and transmit the second file via the wireless communication circuit to the external electronic device.

Abstract: A text extraction computing method that comprises calculating an estimated character pixel height of text from a digital image. The method may scale the digital image using the estimated character pixel height and a preferred character pixel height. The method may binarizes the digital image. The method may remove distortions using a neural network trained by a cycle GAN on a set of source text images and a set of clean text images. The set of source text images and clean text images are unpaired. The source text images may be distorted images of text. Calculating the estimated character pixel height may include summarizing the rows of pixels into a horizontal projection, and determining a line-repetition period from the projection, and quantifying the portion of the line-repetition period that corresponds to the text as the estimated character pixel height. The method may extract characters from the digital image using OCR.

Abstract: A method, system and computer program product are configured to analyze an image of a vehicle to determine a characteristic of the vehicle, such as may be represented by or otherwise at least partially defined by the shadow cast by the vehicle. In the context of a method, information is received identifying a vehicle from a raster image and the pixel values of the raster image are evaluated to identify pixels having pixel values representative of a shadow associated with the vehicle. The method also modifies a representation of the shadow by modifying the pixel values of the pixels based upon a shape of the vehicle such that the representation of the shadow, as modified, has a shape corresponding to the shape of the vehicle. The method additionally determines a characteristic of the vehicle based upon the representation of the shadow, as modified, that is associated with the vehicle.

Abstract: A method for locating text in an image is provided. Binarization processing is performed on the image, to set pixel points corresponding to text in the image to a specified color, and a binary image is obtained. A connected domain of pixels of the specified color in the binary image is detected, to obtain a candidate connected region. Connected domain candidate boundaries corresponding to a text region are extracted from the binary image, and the extracting is based on boundaries of the candidate connected region in the binary image and a text arrangement direction. The text region is obtained in the image by using the connected domain candidate boundaries.

Abstract: An information processing device includes an image analyzing unit. The image analyzing unit includes an object region setting unit configured to set an object region, for image information obtained by capturing an imaging range, the object region corresponding to an object existing in the imaging range; a luminance information acquiring unit configured to acquire luminance information indicating luminance in the imaging range; and a correcting unit configured to correct the object region based on the luminance information in a luminance detection region set in a lower part of the object region.

Abstract: A system is provided that extracts attribute values. The system receives data including unstructured text from a data store. The system further tokenizes the unstructured text into tokens, where a token is a character of the unstructured text. The system further annotates the tokens with attribute labels, where an attribute label for a token is determined, in least in part, based on a word that the token originates from within the unstructured text. The system further groups the tokens into text segments based on the attribute labels, where a set of tokens that are annotated with an identical attribute label are grouped into a text segment, and where the text segments define attribute values. The system further stores the attribute labels and the attribute values within the data store.

Abstract: Features of various implementations are used to control operation of a second electronic device from a first electronic device using indirect control methods and optical character recognition. In some implementations, communication between a primary set-top box and a supplemental set-top box is configured in order to avoid the need for one or more provider-specific APIs. For example, one aspect of the disclosure is a method of identifying commands that can be used to control one or more features of a primary set-top box (e.g., DVR or VOD features) by a supplemental set-top box issuing commands to the primary set-top box via a wireless (e.g., IR) transmitter, and then using optical character recognition to identify the outcomes of those commands as displayed on a primary TV display or secondary display.

Abstract: A device, system, and methods are described to perform machine-learning camera-based indoor mobile positioning. The indoor mobile positioning may utilize inexact computing, wherein a small decrease in accuracy is used to obtain significant computational efficiency. Hence, the positioning may be performed using a smaller memory overhead at a faster rate and with lower energy cost than previous implementations. The positioning may not involve any communication (or data transfer) with any other device or the cloud, providing privacy and security to the device. A hashing-based image matching algorithm may be used which is cheaper, both in energy and computation cost, over existing state-of-the-art matching techniques. This significant reduction allows end-to-end computation to be performed locally on the mobile device.

Abstract: To appropriately perform blotting out processing for a portion that a user intends to prevent from being displayed for an electronic document having text information on a character string for search, along with image information. The information processing apparatus according to the present invention, in a case where the electronic document is an electronic document in a format searchable for a character string and where a character string obtained by performing OCR processing for a character image object existing in an area and a character string of an invisible text object existing in the area do not match with each other, a setting unit performs re-setting of an area to which blotting out processing is applied for at least one of the character image object and the invisible text object so that both the character strings match with each other.

Abstract: A programmable data processing circuit is configured for receiving sensor signals indicative of gestures for identification by the processing circuit. The processing circuit applies to the sensor signals finite state machine processing resources to provide identification output signals indicative of gestures identified as a function of the sensor signals. A plurality of finite state machine processing programs loaded into the processing circuit include a data section and an instruction section. The data section including a fixed size part specifying respective processing resources used by the programs in the plurality of finite state machine processing programs and a variable size part with respective sizes for allocating the respective processing resources used by the programs in the plurality of finite state machine processing programs.

Abstract: A vehicle navigation system includes a camera and a controller. The camera is configured to render an image of a host-vehicle in a field-of-view of the camera. The camera located remote from the host-vehicle. The controller is installed on the host-vehicle. The controller is configured to receive the image and determine a vehicle-coordinate of the host-vehicle in accordance with a position of the host-vehicle in the image. The camera may be configured to superimpose gridlines on the image, and the controller may be configured to determine the position in accordance with the gridlines.

Abstract: A system for partitioning a two-dimensional (2D) array and recognizing elements of the 2D array selects a location in an array comprising pixel data of the 2D array; and selects a direction in which to traverse the array from the selected location to segment the elements of the 2D array. The system uses a model and a reward/penalty function to guide the traversal through the array. The system changes direction when the data encountered while traversing the array in the selected direction represents one of the elements of the 2D array and continues in the selected direction when the data represents a joint between two elements of the 2D array. The system recognizes one or more of the elements of the 2D array segmented by traversing the array.

Abstract: A method for segmenting an image containing handwritten text into line segments and word segments. The image is horizontally down sampled at a first ratio. Connected regions in the down-sampled image are detected; horizontal neighboring ones are merged to form lines, to segment the original image into line images. Each line image is horizontally down sampled at a second ratio which is smaller than the first ratio. Connected regions in the down-sampled line image are detected to obtain potential word segmentation positions. A path is a way of dividing the line at some or all of the potential word segmentation positions into multiple path segments; for each of all possible paths, word recognition is applied to each path segment to calculate a word recognition score, and an average word recognition score for the path is calculated; the path with the highest score gives the final word segmentation.

Abstract: The invention converts a document originating in a page-image format into a form suitable for an arbitrarily sized display, by reformatting or “re-flowing” of the document to fit an arbitrarily sized display device. A two-stage system analyzes, or “deconstructs,” page image layout. The deconstruction includes both physical (geometric) and logical (functional) segmentation of page images. The segment that image elements may include blocks, lines, and/or words of text, and other segmented image elements. The segment that image elements are synthesized and converted into an intermediate structure. The intermediate data structure is then distilled or converted or redisplayed into any number of standard print formats.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus and an electronic device of character segmentation are disclosed. The method includes obtaining character segmentation points of a character image to be segmented as candidate segmentation points using a predetermined segmentation point generation algorithm, the character image to be segmented being a foreground character image that is obtained by removing a background image from an original grayscale character image; selecting and obtaining correct segmentation points from the candidate segmentation points based on the original grayscale character image and a pre-generated segmentation point classifier; and performing character segmentation for the character image to be segmented based on the correct segmentation points.

Abstract: A user device may capture an image including an object, and may identify the object, including determining an outline of the object. The user device may determine a first center point of the object and an angle of orientation of the object in relation to the image. The user device may rotate the image based on the angle of orientation, including changing one or more dimensions of the image. The user device may, after rotating the image, determine the one or more dimensions of the rotated image, calculate one or more offset values associated with changing the one or more dimensions of the rotated image, and determine a second center point of the object based on the first center point and the one or more offset values. The user device may perform an action related to the rotated image based on determining the second center point of the object.

Abstract: A method of jointly classifying a plurality of objects in an image using a feature type selected from a plurality of feature types determines classification information for each of the plurality of objects in the image by applying a predetermined joint classifier to at least one feature of a first type. The feature is generated from the image using a first feature extractor, the classification information being based on a probability of each of a plurality of possible classifications. The method estimates, for each of the feature types, an improvement in an accuracy of classification for each of the plurality of objects. The method selects features of a further type, from the plurality of feature types, according to the estimated improvement in the accuracy of the classification of each of the objects, and classifies the plurality of objects in the image using the selected features of the further type.

Abstract: An imaging processing device includes an image acquisition unit, a character region estimation unit, and an output unit. The character region estimation unit determines a line indicating a direction in which characters are arranged with high probability in the acquired image and estimates a character region candidate in which characters are arranged with high probability. The output unit outputs information of the region estimated in the character region estimation unit. The character region estimation unit includes a vertical line detector, a horizontal line detector, a color distribution detector, and a character region candidate line determination unit. The image processing device includes an association imaging mode to cause a user to shoot an image of the character region candidate.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed for detecting the bounds of borderless open tables in fixed-format structured documents, such as PDF documents, and grouping text lines into predicted borderless tables. The target document comprises a set of text lines each having a respective vertical and horizontal position in the target document. A sorted list of the text lines is generated based upon a vertical and horizontal position of each text line in the target document. For each text line in the sorted list, a respective probability that the text line in the sorted list belongs to a borderless table is then determined. According to one embodiment, the probability may be determined using a classifier that may employ a logistic regression algorithm.

Abstract: An apparatus that includes circuitry that controls a display to display an image having a first edge and a second edge, the second edge on an opposite side of the image from the first edge, scroll through the image from the first edge to the second edge in response to a first user input, and continue scrolling past the second edge in response to a second user input, and the second user input is different than the first user input.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recognizing handwriting on a physical surface on the basis of three-dimensional signals originating from sensors of a terminal, the method being characterized in that the signals are obtained on the basis of at least 3 different types of sensors, and in that it comprises steps of sampling, according to 3 axes and over a sliding time window, of inertial signals originating from the sensors, fusing the sampled signals into a 9-dimensional vector for each sampling period, converting the fused signals into a sequence of characteristic 9-dimensional vectors, and, when a signal characteristic of an input start has been detected, storing the sequence of characteristic vectors in a list of sequences of characteristic vectors, the preceding steps being repeated until the detection of a signal characteristic of an input end, the method furthermore comprising, on detection of said signal characteristic of an input end, a step of recognizing a word on the basis of the list of sequenc

Abstract: Various display control methods and apparatuses are provided. A method comprises: acquiring azimuth information of a lens relative to a display plane, determining a desired display area of a display content of the display plane in the display plane according to the azimuth information, and adjusting a display position of the display content on the display plane according to the desired display area. A complicated operation that the lens looks for and/or is aligned with the display content is simplified, and the probability of active discovery of the display content and the probability of capturing the display content displayed in the display plane by the lens are thereby increased.

Abstract: A detection-based segmentation-free method and system for license plate recognition. An image of a vehicle is initially captured utilizing an image-capturing unit. A license plate region is located in the image of the vehicle. A set of characters can then be detected in the license plate region and a geometry correction performed based on a location of the set of characters detected in the license plate region. An operation for sweeping an OCR across the license plate region can be performed to infer characters with respect to the set of characters and locations of the characters utilizing a hidden Markov model and leveraging anchored digit/character locations.

Abstract: A method of creating an editable image and editable text from a hand-drawn or other static two-dimensional diagram may include receiving a raw image from an image acquisition device; modifying the raw image to a modified image to reduce noise, normalize raw image data, and reduce pixels; recognizing horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines in the modified image using a line recognizer; connecting the lines in the modified image to form connected lines using a connector that detects and joins proximally positioned terminal ends of the lines in the modified image; recognizing areas bounded by the connected lines as bounded objects using a bounded object recognizer; and/or identifying and classifying the bounded objects using an object identifier.

Abstract: Features of various implementations are used to enable identifying and presenting, in real time, Internet-accessible and/or Internet-based functionality, content and/or services associated with a particular television program concurrently playing on a television or display, as a part of an interactive television suite of technologies. In some implementations, the process of identifying Internet-accessible and/or Internet-based functionality, content and/or services associated with a particular television program is enabled to reduce communication between a primary set-top box and a supplemental set-top box and/or television integrated device, thereby reducing the need for one or more provider specific APIs.

Abstract: A method performed by a mobile terminal may include displaying an image via a display of the mobile device. A first user selection of a portion of the image is received and text in the selected portion of the image is identified. The identified text is displayed via the display. A second user selection of at least a portion of the identified text is received. The portion of the identified text is translated from a first language into a second language that differs from the first language. The translated text, in the second language, is displayed over the image via the display.

Abstract: Systems, apparatus and methods for implementing transaction applications using a handheld document data capture device are described herein. The handheld device captures information from a rendered document. The captured information is processed to identify an electronic document corresponding to the rendered document. Information captured from the rendered document by the handheld capture device is used to perform a transaction. In one embodiment, a portable scanner is used to select items from a catalog. Information scanned from the catalog is used to identify the catalog, the items to be purchased, and complete an order via the Internet.

Abstract: A movement-amount-estimation device includes an edge-removal unit to generate a first edge-removed image by removing from a first edge-image a first-removal-target edge by on a change in brightness indicated by edge intensity in a direction from an inner side to an outer side of a mobile body, the first edge-image being generated from a first image taken by an imaging device mounted on the mobile body, and to generate a second-edge-removed image by removing from a second edge-image a second-removal-target edge by the change in brightness indicated by the edge intensity in the direction from the inner side to the outer side, the second edge-image being generated from a second image taken at a different clock time than the first image; and an output unit configured to output a movement amount of the mobile body that is estimated based on the first edge-removed image and the second edge-removed image.

Abstract: Various embodiments enable a device to perform an adaptive sampling method for locating text regions in images of natural scenes. Since only a fraction of pixels in an input image correspond to text regions, it is desirable to eliminate non-text regions early in the text detection process. Therefore, in at least one embodiment, an image is sampled horizontally to identify connected pixel regions indicative of text. In this example, each sampled row of the image is tested for containing Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSERs) in order to identify regions containing text. If a respective row contains a connected pixel region indicative of text, the neighboring rows are recursively sampled at finer levels in order to fully contain the text and sampling is terminated for regions which are unlikely to contain text. This sampling process can also be performed for the vertical dimension for regions which are determined to contain text.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media are disclosed for determining a pixel-to-length ratio between a number of pixels disposed over a predetermined length of a reference object within an image of a siding sample and the predetermined length of the reference object. A first and second distance between respective first and second pairs of points within the image corresponding to respective first and second length measurements of the siding sample are determined, as well as a first and second number of pixels disposed between the first and second pair of points, respectively. Furthermore, the method, system, and computer readable medium disclose determining the first length measurement based on the pixel-to-length ratio and the first number of pixels, determining the second length measurement based on the pixel-to-length ratio and the second number of pixels, and identifying a siding product associated with the first and second length measurements.

Abstract: Presented is a skew detection apparatus. In one form, the apparatus estimates skew based on the locations of a set of foreground content pixels or a set of edge pixels that are nearest to the side of an image of a document. In another form, the apparatus includes a skew estimation unit adapted to estimate skew based on the orientation of foreground or background content in the interior of a document. In another form, the apparatus estimates skew using segments of an image of a document. Also presented is a document image processing apparatus including the skew detection apparatus.

Abstract: A method includes receiving or capturing a digital image using a mobile device, and using a processor of the mobile device to: determine whether an object depicted in the digital image belongs to a particular object class among a plurality of object classes; determine one or more object features of the object based at least in part on the particular object class at least partially in response to determining the object belongs to the particular object class; build or select an extraction model based at least in part on the one or more determined object features; and extract data from the digital image using the extraction model. The extraction model excludes, and/or the extraction process does not utilize, optical character recognition (OCR) techniques. Related systems and computer program products are also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for displaying shadows of polygonal light sources. A computing device can determine a light-source polygon of a polygonal light source, where the light-source polygon includes light-source vertices. The computing device can determine an occluding polygon between the light-source polygon and a background surface. The computing device can determine a shadow of the occluding polygon on the background surface by: for each light-source vertex, determining a vertex-shadow region of the background surface corresponding to a shadow cast upon the background surface by the occluding polygon for light emitted from the light-source vertex, determining an umbra of the shadow based on an intersection of the vertex-shadow regions, and determining a penumbra of the shadow based on a convex representation of a union of vertex-shadow regions. The computing device can display the shadow.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and computer readable media are disclosed for determining a pixel-to-length ratio between a number of pixels disposed over a predetermined length of a reference object within an image of a siding sample and the predetermined length of the reference object. A first and second distance between respective first and second pairs of points within the image corresponding to respective first and second length measurements of the siding sample are determined, as well as a first and second number of pixels disposed between the first and second pair of points, respectively. Furthermore, the method, system, and computer readable medium disclose determining the first length measurement based on the pixel-to-length ratio and the first number of pixels, determining the second length measurement based on the pixel-to-length ratio and the second number of pixels, and identifying a siding product associated with the first and second length measurements.

Abstract: A system and/or method for increasing the accuracy of optical character recognition (OCR) for at least one item, comprising: obtaining OCR results of OCR scanning from at least one OCR module; creating at least one OCR seed using at least a portion of the OCR results; creating at least one OCR learn set using at least a portion of the OCR seed; and applying the OCR learn set to the at least one item to obtain additional optical character recognition (OCR) results.

Abstract: Techniques for Aligned Run-Length Encoding (ARLE) are described. ARLE is an encoding scheme that transforms sets of same-valued consecutive rows into one or more runs, while enforcing boundaries between the runs at set intervals (e.g. every predetermined number of rows). Consecutive rows that contain the same value, but which cross one or more interval boundaries, are encoded as multiple runs that are divided along those interval boundaries. According to one technique, a database server accelerates query processing by setting the interval size to the word size of the processor performing the predicate comparisons. According to another technique, a database server accelerates row lookup by maintaining an offset array that stores the run offsets into the ARLE data of the run that begins each interval.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method for identifying areas in a document image is provided. The method comprises generating binarized and gradient images based on the document image; and performing a classification operation to classify areas in the document image into one of a noise area and a picture area based on attributes computed on the binarized and gradient images.

Abstract: Various embodiments enable regions of text to be identified in an image captured by a camera of a computing device for preprocessing before being analyzed by a visual recognition engine. For example, each of the identified regions can be analyzed or tested to determine whether a respective region contains a quality associated with poor text recognition results, such as poor contrast, blur, noise, and the like, which can be measured by one or more algorithms. Upon identifying a region with such a quality, an image quality enhancement can be automatically applied to the respective region without user instruction or intervention. Accordingly, once each region has been cleared of the quality associated with poor recognition, the regions of text can be processed with a visual recognition algorithm or engine.

Abstract: A method of extracting from a picked-up image an object that is situated in the foreground of a projected backdrop. The method includes an extraction step comprising the steps of establishing a correspondence relationship between pixels of the projected backdrop and of the background of the picked-up image, and defining said object as the set of picked-up pixels that present a departure from said correspondence relationship. The method is applicable to video conferences, to remote teaching, and to television shows.

Abstract: A set of images is acquired of a scene while illuminating the scene with a set of colors with different hues. The set of colors is generated by a set of light sources arranged in a substantial circular manner around a lens of a camera to form a hue circle, wherein each light source emits a different color. A shadow confidence map is generated from the set of images by using hues and saturations of pixels in the set of images. Then, depth edges are extracted from the shadow confidence map.

Abstract: A system for providing an adjusted image of a scene includes an optical assembly, a capturing system coupled to the optical assembly, and a control system. The optical assembly is adjustable to alternatively be focused on a first focal area and a second focal area that is different than the first focal area. The capturing system captures a first frame of the scene when the optical assembly is focused at the first focal area, and a second frame of the scene when the optical assembly is focused at the second focal area. The first frame includes a plurality of first pixels and the second frame includes a plurality of second pixels. The control system analyzes the first frame and the second frame and utilizes graph cuts techniques to assign a depth label to at least a portion of the first frame.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for performing alpha matting on an image are described. A contour retrieving unit retrieves object contour information for the image. An edge decision unit then determines hard edges based on the retrieved object contour information using an edge model. Finally, an alpha assignment unit assigns alpha values to pixels of the image in a vicinity of a determined hard edge based on the edge model.

Abstract: An auto-commissioning system provides automatic parameter selection for an intelligent video system based on target video provided by the intelligent video system. The auto-commissioning system extracts visual feature descriptors from the target video and provides the one or more visual feature descriptors associated with the received target video to an parameter database that is comprised of a plurality of entries, each entry including a set of one or more stored visual feature descriptors and associated parameters tailored for the set of stored visual feature descriptors. A search of the parameter database locates one or more best matches between the extracted visual feature descriptors and the stored visual feature descriptors. The parameters associated with the best matches are returned as part of the search and used to commission the intelligent video system.

Abstract: A visual indicator distinguishes between newly displayed content and previously displayed content during and/or after a scrolling operation. The newly displayed content is displayed in a different format, or with a different background, or with some other visual indication, as compared with content that was previously displayed and is still displayed after the scrolling operation. In this manner, the user is given a visual context for scrolling operations that provides an intuitive reference point when scrolling through a document. A user can easily determine where the newly displayed content picks up from where the previously displayed content left off. The visual indicator can be transitory if desired, so that it gradually fades after some period of time.

Abstract: A method for determining a location of a target includes, at a first location, determining first location coordinates of a measuring device using one or more GNSS signals, determining a first gravitational direction, and capturing a first image using the camera. The method also includes, at a second location, determining second location coordinates of the measuring device, and capturing a second image. The method further includes determining a plurality of correspondence points between the first and second images, determining a first plurality of image coordinates for the plurality of correspondence points in the first image, determining a second plurality of image coordinates for the plurality of correspondence points in the second image, and determining the location of the target using at least the first plurality of image coordinates, the second plurality of image coordinates, and the first gravitational direction.

Abstract: In accordance with at least some embodiments of the present disclosure, a process for enhancing a motion-blurred image is presented. The process may include receiving a plurality of projections, wherein the plurality of projections contain computed tomography (CT) data obtained in multiple motion phases. The process may include generating an enhanced multi-phase image by performing an enhancement operation based on the plurality of projections. The process may further include generating a plurality of phase-correlated images based on the plurality of projections and the enhanced multi-phase image.

Abstract: A reading machine that operates in various modes includes image correction processing is described. The reading device pre-processes an image for optical character recognition by receiving the image and determining whether text in the image is too large or small for optical character recognition processing by determining that text height falls outside of a range in which optical character recognition software will recognize text in a digitized image. If necessary the image is resized according to whether the text is too large or too small.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus and method may estimate binocular disparity maps of middle views from among a plurality of views through use of images of the plurality of views. The image processing apparatus may detect a moving object from the middle views based on the binocular disparity maps of the frames. Pixels in the middle views may be separated into dynamic pixels and static pixels through detection of the moving object. The image processing apparatus may apply bundle optimization and a local three-dimensional (3D) line model-based temporal optimization to the middle views so as to enhance binocular disparity values of the static pixels and dynamic pixels.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for encoding an image is provided. An image coding unit, including a region that deviates from a boundary of a current picture, is divided to obtain a coding unit having a smaller size than the size of the image coding unit, and encoding is performed only in a region that does not deviate from the boundary of the current picture. A method and apparatus for decoding an image encoded by the method and apparatus for encoding an image is also provided.