Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for altering the temperature of a liquid, comprising: a pipe having a first end for receiving a liquid and a second end for discharging the liquid; and a thermal element for altering the temperature of the liquid, wherein the thermal element is located in the pipe such that the volume available for the liquid within the pipe is in the range 0 to 20% of the pipe volume.

Abstract: A heating system to heat a main heating circulation comprises an electric heater, a control head, a heat exchanger, a pump, and a plurality of tubes. The electric heater is adapted to heat a primary heating liquid by applying an electric current directly to the primary heating liquid. The control head is adapted to determine a temperature and a pressure of the primary heating liquid. The heat exchanger comprises a first liquid passage for the primary heating liquid and a second liquid passage for a secondary heating liquid in the main heating circulation. The second liquid passage is in thermal contact with the first liquid passage to heat the secondary heating liquid while cooling the primary heating liquid. The tubes connect the electric heater, the control bead, the heat exchanger and the pump to define a circulation for the primary heating liquid. The pump is adapted to pump the primary heating liquid such that heat is transferred from the heater via the heat exchanger into said the heating circulation.

Abstract: A liquid heater such as a direct electrical resistance liquid heater having multiple flow channels is provided with a temperature-sensing element in the form of a wire extending across numerous channels, preferably all of the channels, near the downstream ends of the channels. The resistance of the wire represents the average temperature of the liquid passing through all of the channels, and hence the temperature of the mixed liquid exiting from the heater. A bubble suppressing structure is provided in the vicinity of the wire.

Abstract: An electrical liquid heating system and method of heating a liquid includes providing at least two spaced apart electrical conductors and applying an electrical energy source to the conductors. A liquid is directed into contact with the conductors thereby delivering electrical energy to the liquid. Electrical energy is delivered to the liquid at a power level that is sufficient to generate an electrical current to produce resistive heating of the liquid. The electrical energy may be delivered to the liquid at a power level that is sufficient to break at least some molecular bonds of molecules defining the liquid. A regulator may be provided for regulating delivery of electrical energy to the liquid.

Abstract: A heat generator and method for generating heat is described and includes an electric fluid heater for receiving fluid and for heating the fluid by passing electric current through the fluid, which heats the fluid by virtue of the fluids resistive properties. A fluid receptacle within a heat exchanger receives heated fluid from the electric fluid heater and transfers the heated fluid to a substance via the heat exchanger, wherein the substance is in proximity to the heat exchanger. The method includes pumping fluid to an electric heater which heats the fluid by passing electric current through the fluid for heating the fluid through resistive properties. The method further includes pumping heated fluid from the electric fluid heater into a fluid receptacle within a heat exchanger, wherein the fluid receptacle transfers heat from the heated fluid via a heat exchanger to a substance in proximity to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A device for heating a liquid includes a tank, electrodes, and a conductive liquid. The tank holds the conductive liquid and the electrodes. The electrodes are connected to provide current flowing in the conductive liquid. The device also includes an electrolytic material supply vessel for holding the electrolytic material. The electrolytic material supply vessel is switchably connected for providing the electrolytic material to the tank. The device also includes an electrical parameter sensor for detecting a parameter of electrical energy dissipated in the conductive liquid. The device also includes a controller connected to automatically add the electrolytic material to the conductive liquid if the electrical parameter sensor detects the electrical parameter differing from a set point.

Abstract: A control system for a liquid motion lamp maintains the proper temperature of liquids within the lamp to provide desired motion within the lamp, and reduces sensitivity to ambient temperature. The lamp preferably includes two heating elements, a first element for initial heating, such as a heat blanket, resistive glass coating, or a submerged ring, and a second heating element generally providing both heat and lighting. A sensor measures the temperature of the liquid inside the lamp and the control system controls the heat sources to maintain the temperature within operating limits.

Abstract: A water heating apparatus using electrodes is provided. The water heating apparatus includes a heating tank in which electrolyte solution is stored and a plurality pairs of heating electrodes composed of positive electrodes and negative electrodes arranged in the heating tank at uniform intervals. Since the plurality of pairs of electrodes are arranged in the heating tank at uniform intervals, the heating operation can be always performed in a state where the electrolyte solution of no less than the minimum water level is stored regardless of the direction of the heating tank so that it is possible to heat water or to generate steam. Therefore, the water heating apparatus can be easily applied to a product that is inclined or upset and that is not in a specific direction.

Abstract: Apparatus for rapidly heating fluid includes a fluid circuit having electrodes between which the fluids flows. A voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes whereby current is caused to flow through the fluid. The inlet and outlet fluid temperatures are measured and the current controlled by varying the applied voltage to produce a desired temperature rise in the fluid in accordance with measured fluid flow rate.

Abstract: A thin reflective cylindrical baffle [20] in a radiant lamp heater is provided in the space below a plurality of heating bulbs [2,4,6] (arranged in a center position and around a middle and outer ring) and above a quartz window [12]. The baffle diameter is such that it fits within the annular space between the middle [4] and outer [6]ring of bulbs. The baffle which blocks a predetermined amount of light generated by the lamp bulbs [20] allows improved controllability of wafer temperature profile--for a wafer heated by a radiant lamp heater.