Abstract: A device for providing liquid reducing agent includes a reducing-agent tank with a tank wall which delimits a tank interior. The tank wall has a metallic wall section and the device has a temperature sensor which is disposed outside the reducing-agent tank. The temperature sensor is configured to determine a temperature of the reducing agent in the reducing-agent tank through the metallic wall section. A motor vehicle having the device is also provided.

Abstract: A method is provided for interconnecting a single electrical heating element of a hot water heater to first and second AC electrical power sources. Typically, these first and second AC electrical power sources include a utility provided electrical power source and a renewable power source that generates AC power from DC power. The method includes operating a controller that selectively connects and disconnects the first and second power sources. If sufficient electrical power is available from the renewable power source, the utility provided electrical power source may be disconnected to preferentially utilize renewable energy.

Abstract: A manifold for supplying hot water to a heater such as a towel holder has a tubular outer body for mounting in a generally vertical disposition. The upper end of the outer body is closed off and an inner tube is mounted within the outer body, to communicate therewith at or adjacent the upper end. First and second connectors for first and second external pipes leading to the heater communicate with the interior of the outer body. An electrically-powered immersion heater is disposed within the inner tube and when energised raises the temperature of water in the inner tube thereby promoting convection circulation of hot water through a heater connected to the manifold by the first and second external pipes.

Abstract: A fuel heater for a tank includes an elongated member that fits through an opening in the tank. The elongated member includes a first tube that defines a fuel channel and ends with a bottom fuel intake. Fuel may be drawn from the tank and conveyed by a supply side line coupled to the first tube. A second tube of the elongated member is coupled to a return side line that conveys warmed fuel back to the tank. A third tube substantially coaxially surrounds the first tube, and an outlet of the second tube enters the third tube. A heat trace may be employed to warm the fuel. Accordingly, the temperature of fuel in the tank may be maintained above the cloud point temperature.

Abstract: A manifold for supplying hot water to a heater such as a towel holder has a tubular outer body for mounting in a generally vertical disposition. The upper end of the outer body is closed off and an inner tube is mounted within the outer body, to communicate therewith at or adjacent the upper end. First and second connectors for first and second external pipes leading to the heater communicate with the interior of the outer body. An electrically-powered immersion heater is disposed within the inner tube and when energised raises the temperature of water in the inner tube thereby promoting convection circulation of hot water through a heater connected to the manifold by the first and second external pipes.

Abstract: A fuel heater for a tank and associated methods are disclosed. An elongated member fits through an opening in the tank. The elongated member includes a first tube that defines a fuel channel and ends with a bottom fuel intake. Fuel may be drawn from the tank and conveyed by a supply side line coupled to the first tube. A second tube of the elongated member is coupled to a return side line that conveys warmed fuel back to the tank. A third tube substantially coaxially surrounds the first tube, and an outlet of the second tube enters the third tube. A heat trace may be employed to warm the fuel. Accordingly, the temperature of fuel in the tank may be maintained above the cloud point temperature.

Abstract: A fluid heater having a fluid chamber with a base wall and an upright sidewall is positioned above a feed chamber having an upper wall. A plurality of identical tubular passage heaters, each having an upper outlet end connected to the fluid chamber base wall and an inlet end connected to the upper wall of the feed chamber, are disposed in at least one lateral protective niche recessed with respect to the fluid chamber upright wall. Return ducts located inwardly of the passage heaters connect the base wall of the fluid chambers to the upper wall of the feed chamber. Thermostatically controlled electric heating elements helically disposed on the passage heaters produce a thermosphonic circulation of fluid from the feed chamber through the passage heaters to the fluid chamber and back to the feed chamber through the return ducts. The heating capacity of the fluid heater can be varied within wide limits by energizing different numbers of passage heaters.

Abstract: A hot water boiling apparatus includes a hot water storage tank. The storage tank has an inner tank storing water therein, an outer tank surrounding the inner tank, and a vacuum heat insulation layer defined between the inner and outer tanks and surrounding the inner tank. An electrically heated bubble pump unit is arranged outside the storage tank and used for drawing water from the inner tank through a water supply port formed at the bottom of the inner tank and, after heating the water, supplying it into the inner tank through a hot water supply port formed at the top of the inner tank. First and second connecting pipe respectively connect the bubble pump unit to the top and bottom water supply ports of the inner tank. The portions of the connecting pipes extending through the vacuum insulation space are oriented horizontally to minimize convection heat losses. The portion of the connecting pipe which passes through the vacuum heat insulation space is oriented horizontally.