Abstract: A forced gas electric heater has a serpentine heating element disposed within a cylindrical glass tube. Infrared radiation emanating from the heating element enters the glass tube whereby part of the infrared radiation is directed within the wall of the glass tube to the edge of the glass tube. An infrared sensor is in line of sight with the edge of the glass tube. The infrared sensor senses the hot spot temperature of the heating element and, together with a controller, limits the maximum hot spot temperature of the heating element.

Abstract: A fluid heater and storage device for a bidet includes an electric heater (3) positioned inside a housing (1) in a lower portion thereof. The housing (1) has a connection side with an inlet opening (6) and an outlet opening (7) for the fluid to enter and exit the housing located in an upper portion of the connection side. An insert (10) is positioned in the upper portion the housing (1) adjacent to the inlet opening (6). The insert (10) receives input fluid from the inlet opening (6) and guides the fluid along the connection side towards the lower portion of the housing (1). The input fluid then flows across the bottom of the housing and is heated by the heater (3) as it flows the recross.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for purifying gas distribution systems has a gas inlet (12) and a gas outlet (14) for connection to gas distribution lines (54). A housing (22) encloses a resistance heater (24) and a particle filter (26) for the gas. The resistance heater (24) is connected to the gas inlet (12) and the particle filter (26) is connected between the resistance heater (24) and the gas outlet (14). The resistance heater includes a sealed tube (26) defining a gas plenum (28). A resistance heater element enclosed in a cylindrical Inconel alloy shell (30) is centrally disposed in the sealed tube (26). A spiral ridge (32) winds around the shell (30) to define a spiral path for gas flowing through the plenum (28). The spiral ridge (32) has a narrower pitch near the gas inlet (12) and a wider pitch moving toward the filter (26) end of the plenum (28).

Abstract: A device for heating a flow of substantially pure gas flowing in a flow direction to temperatures above about 600.degree. C. is disclosed. The device includes a heat exchanger having a heat exchanger surface extending transversely to the flow direction whereby the substantially pure gas flows across the heat exchanger surface. The heat exchanger is made of a ceramic material for heating the pure gas without contaminating the gas flow. An infrared radiation source arranged outside of the flow of pure gas irradiates the heat exchanger surface.

Abstract: An electrical resistance heater includes interior surface bounding a fluid passage therein configured so as to disrupt lamellar flow of fluid and impart cross-mixing to the fluid. In specific construction, heaters herein include a housing, or heating cartridge insert to the housing, having a fluid inlet port and a fluid outlet port, a fluid passage extending longitudinally with the housing between the fluid inlet port and the fluid outlet port and bounded in part by surface which is configured to impart lateral displacement to fluid traversing the passage, and an electrical resistance heater disposed in such passage.