Abstract: An intermediate transfer unit includes first to third movement controllers. When a first image carrier is used, the first movement controller moves a first moving member to a first position. When the first image carrier is not used, the first movement controller moves the first moving member to a second position. When second image carriers are used, the third movement controller moves a third moving member to a fifth position. When the second image carriers are not used, the third movement controller moves the third moving member to a sixth position. When any of the first and second image carriers is used, the second movement controller moves a second moving member to a third position. When the first and second image carriers are not used, the second movement controller moves the second moving member to a fourth position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a plurality of image bearing members, provided in parallel, each for forming a toner image; a first intermediary transfer member for forming a primary transfer portion between itself and each of the image bearing members, wherein the toner images formed on the image bearing members are to be primary-transferred onto the first intermediary transfer member; a second intermediary transfer member onto which the toner images are to be secondary-transferred from the first intermediary transfer member; and a transfer member for tertiary-transferring the toner images from the second intermediary transfer member onto a recording material. The first and second intermediary transfer members are integrally assembled into a transfer unit. The transfer unit is movable relative to a main assembly of the image forming apparatus in a direction in which the image bearing members are provided in parallel.

Abstract: A transfer device includes: an endless transfer-belt that includes a first transfer-portion, at which a developer image is transferred onto an outer periphery surface of the transfer-belt, and a second transfer-portion, at which the developer image is transferred onto a member-to-be-transferred, the transfer-belt moving toward the second transfer-portion from the first transfer-portion; a transfer-member that, at the second transfer-portion, sandwiches the member-to-be-transferred between the transfer-member and the transfer-belt, and transfers the developer image to the member-to-be-transferred; a tension application unit that includes a resilient member, and a tension application member that urges the transfer-belt with resilient force of the resilient member and applies tension to the transfer-belt; and a damping member that causes damping force to act on the tension application member when the tension application member moves in one of a direction in which the tension application member urges the transfer

Abstract: A tubular body 101 includes a layer containing a resin and conductive particles 112, the layer having a first region 111C that is free of conductive particles and lies at the outermost surface, and a second region 111B that has higher conductivity than other regions and lies closer to the innermost surface than the first region. A coating film of a coating liquid containing the conductive particles and resin material is dried, and then an eluting solvent for eluting the resin material from the film is applied thereto. As a result of this, the conductive particles are localized in the coating film at the side coated with the eluting solvent. Thereafter, upon drying the eluting solvent, the resin material dissolved in the eluting solvent deposits on the region where the conductive particles are localized, whereby a particle-free resin region free of the conductive particles is formed.

Abstract: A belt unit is provided with an endless belt, a pair of rollers around which the endless belt is wound, and a regulating member having a flange surface provided at one axial end of at least one of the pair of rollers. The flange surface extends on an outer side with respect to an outer surface of the endless belt wound around the pair of rollers, the flange surface is configured to contact an end, in a width direction, of the endless belt to prevent the endless belt from moving obliquely, and the flange surface is formed with a conical surface which is configured such that a portion closer to a peripheral side of the conical surface is closer to an axial center of the at least one of the pair of rollers.

Abstract: A first alignment control unit causes a secondary transfer control unit to bring a transfer-sheet conveying belt and an intermediate transfer belt into contact with each other so as to transfer an alignment control pattern formed on the transfer-sheet conveying belt onto the intermediate transfer belt, whereby alignment for colors C and K is performed on the intermediate transfer belt, and furthermore a second alignment control unit causes the secondary transfer control unit to separate the transfer-sheet conveying belt and the intermediate transfer belt from each other so as to perform alignment for colors Y, M, and C, whereby alignment is performed for all the colors.

Abstract: An image-forming device comprising: an image-carrier belt that carries an image; a belt-driving roller that causes the image-carrier belt to move, the image-carrier belt being engaged around the belt-driving roller; a tension roller that applies a tension to the image-carrier belt, the image-carrier belt being engaged around the tension roller; a transfer roller having a concaved portion and a gripper, the transfer roller coming into contact with the tension roller interposed by the image-carrier belt, and transferring the image that is carried by the image-carrier belt onto the transfer material; a contacting/diverging part that causes the tension roller to move and that causes the transfer roller and the image-carrier belt to come into contact with or diverge from one another; a delivery part that delivers the transfer material that is gripped by the gripper; and a support member that pivotally supports the transfer roller and supports the delivery part.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer member that includes a core shell component wherein the core is, for example, comprised of a metal oxide, and the shell is comprised of a silica, which shell contains or includes a hydrophobic agent, and where the core shell is dispersed in or mixed with a fluoroelastomer.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a belt member, a stretching roller, a driving roller configured to transmit a driving force to the belt member, a motor configured to supply a driving force to the driving roller, a first frame configured to rotatably support two ends of the stretching roller, a second frame disposed to be tiltable relative to the first frame and configured to rotatably support two ends of the driving roller, a steering driving unit configured to cause the second frame to perform a tilt operation, a tension roller disposed at a position adjacent the driving roller in the downstream side of the driving roller in the rotational direction of the belt member and configured to supply a tension to the belt member, and an elastic unit configured to elastically support the tension roller.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a photoreceptor belt, a fixed transfer roller positioned on the inside of the photoreceptor belt, and a movable transfer roller positioned on the outside of the photoreceptor belt. The fixed transfer roller and the movable transfer roller are positioned to form a nip, and the photoreceptor belt and a web of print media are positioned in the nip. Also, a support roller and a compensation roller contact the web of print media. The support roller is positioned between the compensation roller and the nip. A physical link is connected to the support roller and the compensation roller. The physical link moves the support roller and the compensation roller so as to keep a constant tension on the web of print media.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable belt; a transfer member opposed to the image bearing member with the belt therebetween; wherein the transfer member has a contact surface substantially parallel with a surface of the belt and contacted to the belt, and wherein when the belt is moving, the belt rubs the contact surface, and a toner image is transferred from such a part of image bearing member as is opposed to the contact surface; and a supporting member for supporting the transfer member, the supporting member being swingable.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a plurality of image bearing members, a plurality of primary transferring devices, an intermediary transfer unit, a secondary transfer portion, a detecting member, an adjusting device, an openable member, a guiding mechanism, and a retracting mechanism.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a housing; a photosensitive member unit detachably mountable relative to the housing and which includes a photosensitive member; a transfer belt unit detachably mountable relative to the housing which includes a transfer belt member and a spacing mechanism for spacing the transfer belt member from the photosensitive member; a shaft member, provided in the housing, for supporting the photosensitive member; a guiding portion, provided on the photosensitive member unit, for guiding mounting, to the housing, of the photosensitive member unit; and a rotation regulating member, provided on the transfer belt unit, for regulating a movement of the guiding portion, in the a rotational direction, of the photosensitive member at the time of the mounting of the photosensitive unit to the housing.

Abstract: A transfer device is provided and includes: a rotatable transfer roller; and a controller controls a balance of a pressure contact force exerted on the transfer roller in the axial direction, the controller including: a bearing member; a movable holding section that holds the bearing member; and a stationary holding section that holds the movable holding section. The movable holding section and the stationary holding section oppose each other by way of opposed surfaces, an adjustment unit is inserted into one of the opposed surfaces, and the movable holding section and the stationary holding section are arranged in such a manner that an extremity of the adjustment unit contacts the other of the opposed surfaces.

Abstract: A transfer device includes: a transfer roll that transfers a toner image formed on an image holding body to a transfer subject medium; a first holding member that holds the transfer roll rotatably; a pressure contact member that brings, via the first holding member, the transfer roll into pressure contact with the image holding body; a second holding member that holds the first holding member swingably and movably; and a pressing member that produces a pressing force for bringing the pressure contact member into pressure contact with the first holding member and the second holding member in a state that the first holding member is inclined from the second holding member.

Abstract: A belt device is provided with an endless belt, a plurality of rollers on which the belt is mounted and including a drive roller connected to a specified drive source and rotating the belt and a belt meandering correction roller correcting the meandering of the belt in a width direction of the belt, a sensor detecting the position of an end surface of the belt in a sensor detection area divided into a plurality of zones adjacent in the belt width direction, a roller position adjusting mechanism adjusting the position of the belt meandering correction roller to correct the meandering of the belt, and a controller controlling the roller position adjusting mechanism based on the position detection of the belt end surface by the sensor, the controller controlling the roller position adjusting mechanism to keep the belt end surface in a specific one of the plurality of zones.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus with a detachable belt unit and supporting frame are described. The detachable belt unit is positioned in the supporting frame. One or more mark sensors are positioned on the supporting frame and are configured to detect alignment marks deposited on an endless belt of the belt unit.

Abstract: A guiding roller unit has a holder to be mounted on a mount, and a guiding roller rotatably supported by the holder. The holder includes a base, two bearings and widening preventing plates attached respectively to the bearing. The base, the bearings and the widening preventing parts are integral to each other. The base is mounted on the mount. The bearings stand from opposite ends of the base and rotatably support the roller. The widening preventing plates extend in directions opposite to facing directions of the bearings. The holder enables the roller to be attached and detached with leading ends of the bearings elastically widened with respect to base ends thereof connected with the base while being detached from the mount, whereas it prohibits widening of the leading ends of the bearings by contacting the mount in response to forces acting in widening directions while being mounted on the mount.

Abstract: An intermediate transfer media, such as a belt, that includes a fluoropolyimide polymer.

Abstract: A belt device for an image forming apparatus includes an endless belt member supported at roller members, side frames disposed along sides of the belt member being respectively slidably supported at slide rails disposed at a body of the image forming apparatus, a rear frame constructed across the side frames, rotatably supporting shafts of the roller members at the rear side, a front frame rotatably supporting shafts of the roller members at the front side, and having a projecting surface smaller than an inner periphery of the belt member, and a support frame cantilever-supporting the front frame with respect to the rear frame. The rear frame includes a freely detachable holding member supporting rear side bearings supporting the rear side shafts of support rollers supporting the belt and a sub-bearing which is more to the center side in an axial direction of the support rollers than the rear side bearing.

Abstract: A charge member charges secondary transfer remaining toner on an intermediate transfer member to a polarity opposite to a normal charge polarity. The remaining toner is moved by a transfer bias, from the intermediate transfer member onto an image bearing member. A BK station is arranged on the downstream of other stations. In a continuous BK monochromatic mode, by applying a reverse bias to transfer portions of the other stations and applying the transfer bias only to the BK station, remaining toner can be collected into the BK station (simultaneously with the transfer). In a full-color mode, remaining toner is collected into the station on the uppermost stream. Thus, the image bearing member for collecting remaining toner on the intermediate transfer member differs according to the mode, thereby suppressing the collection of remaining toner being concentrated on one image bearing member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus and a transfer device disclosed herein are configured to move positions of transfer rollers to perform different modes of printing operation, such as black-and-white and color printing. The image forming apparatus may include a plurality of photosensitive bodies, on each of which an image may be formed, and a plurality of transfer units. Each transfer unit includes a transfer roller arranged to correspond to an associated one of the photosensitive bodies and an elastic member configured to press the transfer roller to the corresponding photosensitive body. The image forming apparatus further includes a slider configured to move along a linear direction. The slider is configured to cause at least one of the transfer rollers of the transfer units move away from the corresponding photosensitive body. The slider may be driven by a drive unit.

Abstract: A spacer configured to minimize movement of a transfer unit (for example, a belt unit) is described. An apparatus may include a main body and a transfer unit disposed in the main body. The spacer may include various contact portions that contact a portion of the transfer unit and a portion of the main body to minimize relative movement of the transfer unit.

Abstract: A feeding apparatus includes: an insulative feeding apparatus main body; plural first feeder lines; and a second feeder line, the feeding apparatus main body having: a first support member that supports the plural first feeder lines; and a second support member that supports the second feeder line, the first support member having: a wall surface part having a wall surface; and at least one projection projected from the wall surface in a direction crossing the wall surface, the plural first feeder lines being provided in space formed between the first support member and the second support member, and mutually partitioned from each other with the at least one projection, and the second feeder line being provided on a side of a surface of the second support member opposite to a surface on a side opposite to the plural first feeder lines.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a main body portion including an image carrier, an image-carrier driving unit, a latent-image forming unit, a developing-unit attachment section, and a transfer-unit attachment section. The developing-unit attachment section receives a first developing unit having plural developing members or a second developing unit having a single developing member. The transfer-unit attachment section receives a first transfer unit, which includes a first transfer member capable of retaining a recording medium and a first transfer driving unit that rotates the first transfer member, and a second transfer unit, which includes a second transfer member that cannot retain the recording medium. When the first developing unit and the first transfer unit are attached to the developing-unit attachment section and the transfer-unit attachment section, respectively, the first transfer driving unit is mechanically connected to the first developing unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is an intermediate transfer member including, a resin layer as an outermost layer, in which plural recessed portions having a curved inner wall are scattered on the surface thereof.

Abstract: An image forming device includes a main body having a main frame, a plurality of photosensitive members, a conveying unit that conveys a recording medium onto which images are transferred from the photosensitive members, a fixing unit that fixes the images onto the recording medium, and an attaching member that attaches both the fixing unit and an end section of the conveying unit nearest the fixing unit to the main frame.

Abstract: A color image forming apparatus includes: a main body of the apparatus that forms a color image; and an intermediate transfer unit for transferring the color image formed by the main body of the apparatus, wherein the intermediate transfer unit is configured to be removed from and to be inserted into the main body of the apparatus, and wherein the intermediate transfer unit is configured to perform a door-like opening and closing movement.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus having: a guide that is a component of a conveyance route for a print medium; a first door that incorporates the guide, an inside of the conveyance route being exposed to an outside of a main body of the image forming apparatus when the first door is open; a functional component fixed to the first door, the functional component being placed in a specified position by contact with a component located inside the main body when the first door is closed; a first lock mechanism for keeping the first door closed; a second door that covers the first door when the second door is closed and that exposes the first door to the outside of the main body when the second door is open; and a second lock mechanism for keeping the second door closed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member to bear a toner image, a transfer device to transfer the toner image onto a recording medium, and a moving device controller to control a moving device that moves the transfer device such that the moving device moves the transfer device to contact the image bearing member during transfer of the toner image on the image bearing member to the recording medium; separates the transfer device from the image bearing member as a toner patch on the image bearing member passes through the transfer area; and maintains the transfer device in contact with the image bearing member from a preceding transfer of a toner image to a succeeding transfer of a toner image during continuous printing, as at least one of areas between successive toner images on the image bearing member without the toner patch passes through the transfer area.

Abstract: A belt unit includes an endless belt that transports a recording medium thereon. The endless belt has a Young's modulus in the range of 3.5?Y?7.0. The endless belt is disposed about a plurality of rollers, and runs about the rollers. The endless belt has a thickness such that 0.0025?Y×T3?0.007 where Y is the Young's modulus and T is the thickness. A cleaning member removes deposits from the surface of the endless belt. The belt unit may also operate as a transfer unit and include a cleaning member disposed about a plurality of rollers. The cleaning member removes deposits from the surface of the endless belt. An image forming apparatus may include the belt unit or transfer unit.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus is provided which includes an image forming unit, a main body having a pair of frames, a pair of rollers, a belt which is endless, and a reinforcing member. The frames are disposed to sandwich the image forming unit therebetween. The rollers are spaced apart from each other such that an axial direction of each of the rollers extends in a direction perpendicular to the frames. The belt extends around the rollers. The reinforcing member is disposed in an area enclosed by the belt. One end of the reinforcing member is fixed to one of the frames, and the other end of the reinforcing member is fixed to the other one of the frames.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a unit, which is detachably attachable to a main body of the apparatus and has a portion to be detected, and a detecting device which detects the portion to be detected in the unit. It is determined that the unit is in an unused state since both of a first state in which the portion to be detected is detected by the detecting device and a second state in which the portion to be detected is not detected by the detecting device are confirmed, and thereafter, the first state or the second state is maintained. Furthermore, there is provided a restricting member which inhibits the first state or the second state from being maintained.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus, including: a plurality of electrophotographic photosensitive drums; a transfer unit for rotatably supporting a transfer member for transferring toner images formed on the drums onto the recording medium, the transfer unit being movable, with the transfer member being in contact with at least one of the drums, between a mounting position inside an apparatus main body for mounting the transfer unit to the main body and a removing position outside the main body for removing the transfer unit; and a rotative force generating unit for generating a rotative force for rotating the transfer member in association with the movement of the transfer unit when the transfer unit is moved from the mounting position to the removing position and when the transfer unit is moved from the removing position to the mounting position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus and a transfer device thereof the transfer device including an intermediate transfer belt, at least one intermediate transfer belt roller to maintain tension in the intermediate transfer belt, transfer rollers to press the intermediate transfer belt to image carriers and a state changing device. The state changing device includes: a rotating shaft; a first cam member coupled to the rotating shaft and configured to move the intermediate transfer belt roller to reduce the tension applied to the intermediate transfer belt; and a second cam member coupled to the rotating shaft and configured to move at least one of the transfer rollers away from the intermediate transfer belt.

Abstract: An image-carrier driving unit drives an image carrier. An image forming unit forms an image on the image carrier. A moving-member driving unit drives a moving member that is movable towards and away from the image carrier. A detecting unit detects a position of the moving member at predetermined sampling times while the moving member is moving. A movement control unit performs a feedback control on the moving-member driving unit such that a detection result of the detecting unit follows a target value corresponding to each of the predetermined sampling times when the moving member moves while the image forming unit is forming the image on the image carrier.

Abstract: A transfer device including a transfer roller including a roller base member which opposes an image carrier carrying an image, the transfer device rotates about an axis of rotation, and has a concaved portion on an outer circumference thereof and is configured to transfer the image carried by the image carrier to a recording medium when the concaved portion is not opposed to the image carrier, the device also including a pressing portion configured to press the transfer roller to the image carrier, and a contact portion provided at either end of the transfer roller, wherein the contact portion includes an outer circumference which comes into contact with a supporting portion disposed on a drive transmitting portion configured to transmit a drive to the image carrier while the concaved portion opposes the image carrier, and an elastic member is provided on the outer circumference of the contact portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a transfer device that transfers a toner image formed on an image bearer onto a transfer sheet and a fixing device that fixes the toner image onto the transfer sheet. The transfer device is freely movable between an operational position and a non-operational position and includes a contacting section that directly contacts the fixing device and determines a position of the transfer device.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a moving member is provided with a first engagement member. A lever is provided with a second engagement member to engage and disengage the first engagement member provided in the moving member. The lever moves between a predetermined first position and a second position different from the first position to move the moving member in such a manner that when the lever is at the first position, a transfer member reaches a contact position at which the transfer member is pressed against an image carrier via a belt, and when the lever is at the second position, the transfer member reaches a separation position at which the transfer member separates from the image carrier.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus and an image forming method are provided that realize both the use of a decolorizing toner and a non-decolorizing toner and miniaturization of the apparatus.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: an image carrier carrying a toner image; a transfer unit including: a transfer body transferring the toner image onto a recording medium; and a positioning portion positioning the transfer body with respect to the image carrier; a guide portion guiding the recording medium to a position where the toner image is to be transferred onto the recording medium; and an opening and closing unit supporting the transfer unit and the guide portion and provided to be openable and closable by rotating with respect to a main body of the apparatus about a predetermined rotation center, the opening and closing unit forming different angles with the main body between when a force required to position the transfer unit with respect to the main body reaches a maximum value, and when a force required to position the guide portion with respect to the main body reaches a maximum value.

Abstract: A toner image transfer apparatus in a printer is provided. The toner image transfer apparatus comprises a transfer belt structure, a rotatable transfer rod and a transfer roll retraction mechanism. The transfer belt structure comprises a driven toner image transfer belt and a rotatable backup roll engaging an inner surface of the transfer belt. The rotatable transfer roll is adapted to define a nip with the belt and backup roll. The transfer roll retraction mechanism comprises motion transfer structure coupled to the transfer roll and drive apparatus associated with the motion transfer structure.

Abstract: A roller device that can be exchangeably used in an image forming apparatus includes a roller, a shaft, and two grip members. The roller is configured to cover the shaft along the rotation axis and have two roller ends from which the two shaft end portions of the shaft are projected outwardly along the rotation axis. A shaft is configured to have a rotation axis at a center thereof and have two shaft end portions. The two grip members are each configured to be rotatably disposed to a respective shaft end portion of the two shaft end portions.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: a drum-shaped image carrier; a transfer and separation device which includes a conveyor belt for conveying a transfer material, a transfer roller for supporting the conveyor belt, and a nip regulating roller that is disposed downstream of the transfer roller in a conveyance direction of the transfer material; a transfer region changing section adapted to change a downstream end of the transfer region in a conveyance direction of the transfer material by changing a position of the nip regulating roller; and a transfer pressure changing section which changes a transfer pressure that corresponds to a pressure by the transfer roller against the image carrier, wherein the transfer pressure changing section changes the transfer pressure in correspondence with the change of the downstream end of the transfer region by the transfer region changing section.

Abstract: An electrographic image forming device may use a feedback loop to determine environmental conditions and accordingly set one or more operating parameters. The device may detect a resistance/capacitance characteristic of a feedback loop comprising an interface between a first component and a second component of an image forming unit. The device may detect temperature measurements and humidity measurements that can be used to calculate wet-bulb temperature or other metrics used to characterize ambient environmental conditions. The interface may be one in which a toner image is transferred during image forming device operation. A controller may adjust the resistance/capacitance characteristic in response to wet-bulb temperature in conjunction with measured transfer feedback voltage.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has an image bearing member on which a toner image is to be formed. A transfer roller contacts a surface of the image bearing member for transferring a toner image on the image bearing member to one side of a transfer medium by applying a voltage having a polarity opposite to that of the toner image on the image bearing member from the other side of the transfer medium. A biasing member biases the transfer roller toward the image bearing member. The transfer roller is shaped such that the outer diameter of a first part corresponding to the width of a specified sheet size is constant and the outer diameters of second parts located closer to opposite ends of the transfer roller than the first part are gradually increased toward the outer sides in an axial direction.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus include a main body and a conveyance unit. The main body includes an image carrier forming a toner image on a surface, a roller locating portion formed on both axial ends of the image carrier, and a guide locating portion formed in proximity to the roller locating portion. The conveyance unit is mounted to open and close on the main body, and includes a transfer roller unit, a conveyance guide, and a biasing member. The transfer roller unit has a transfer roller forming a transfer nip portion with the image carrier, and a separation lever configured to provide pivotal support for the transfer roller and being disposed to rotate. The conveyance guide is configured to guide a sheet of paper to the transfer nip portion, includes a regulating portion. The biasing member is configured to bias the conveyance guide toward the guide locating portion.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member; a stretched rotatable belt member; a transfer device for forming a transfer portion where a toner image is transferred from the image bearing member onto a recording material carried and conveyed on the belt member; a separation roller capable of separating the recording material from the belt member; a push-up device capable of pushing up a belt surface locally with respect to a widthwise direction of the belt member to separate the recording material from the belt member; and an execution portion for executing, when an abnormality occurs during an image forming operation, an operation in a stop mode in which the belt member is, after the image forming operation is stopped, rotated in a push-up state of the push-up device and then the rotation of the belt member is stopped.

Abstract: A belt unit is detachably attached to a housing. A holder changes a state of an endless belt by moving a transfer roller between a first state as an endless belt movement state and a second state as a detachment state. The first state allows the endless belt to circulate for image formation, and the second state allows the belt unit to be detached from the housing. The holder moves the transfer roller adjacent supporter independently of the transfer roller and lifts the opening in the endless belt to a prescribed position to expose it to the front side plate.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a belt member; a first drum for bearing a toner image to be transferred onto the belt member; a second drum, provided downstream of the first drum with respect to a rotational direction of the belt member, for bearing a toner image to be transferred onto the belt member; a first steering portion, provided upstream of the first drum with respect to the rotational direction of the belt member, for controlling a widthwise position of the belt member; and a second steering portion, provided downstream of the second drum with respect to the rotational direction of the belt member, for controlling the widthwise position of the belt member with a delay of a movement time of the belt member from the first drum to the second drum.