Abstract: A toner including toner particles including a binder resin and a release agent, wherein when the toner is molded into a plate upon application of a pressure of 478 kg/cm2, the toner plate has a surface having a coefficient of static friction of from 0.20 to 0.40. An image forming apparatus including an image bearing member, an image developer to form a toner image on the image bearing member, an image transferer configured to transfer the toner image on a receiving material and a fixer configured to fix the toner image thereon, wherein the apparatus has a waiting time not longer than 15 seconds, and a maximum power consumption not greater than 1.5 KW and 30 W in an image forming state and in a standby state, respectively, wherein the toner is the toner mentioned above.

Abstract: A toner including toner particles including a binder resin and a release agent, wherein when the toner is molded into a plate upon application of a pressure of 478 kg/cm2, the toner plate has a surface having a coefficient of static friction of from 0.20 to 0.40. An image forming apparatus including an image bearing member, an image developer to form a toner image on the image bearing member, an image transferer configured to transfer the toner image on a receiving material and a fixer configured to fix the toner image thereon, wherein the apparatus has a waiting time not longer than 15 seconds, and a maximum power consumption not greater than 1.5 KW and 30 W in an image forming state and in a standby state, respectively, wherein the toner is the toner mentioned above.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a sliding member, and a pressure member which, together with the sliding member, forms a nip part, wherein a sliding surface of the nip part of the sliding member is crown shaped along a longitudinal direction of the sliding member, and the pressure roller is an inverse crown shape along the longitudinal direction. In accordance therewith, wrinkles in a recording material and springing-up of a conveying direction of the recording material can be suppressed.

Abstract: A toner having high mechanical strength and being capable of exhibiting a sufficient fixing property in a wide temperature range is provided. Further, a fixing device and an image forming apparatus in which such a toner can be suitably used are provided. The toner contains polyester-based resin as a main resin component, and the acid value of the toner is 8.0 KOHmg/g or less. The polyester-based resin includes block polyester mainly composed of a block copolymer, and amorphous polyester having crystallinity lower than that of the block polyester. The block polyester has a crystalline block obtained by the condensation of a diol component with a dicarboxylic acid component and an amorphous block having crystallinity lower than that of the crystalline block.

Abstract: A toner having high mechanical strength and being capable of exhibiting a sufficient fixing property in a wide temperature range is provided. Further, a fixing device and an image forming apparatus in which such a toner can be suitably used are also provided. The toner contains polyester-based resin as a main resin component. The polyester-based resin includes block polyester mainly composed of a block copolymer, and amorphous polyester having crystallinity lower than that of the block polyester. The block polyester has a crystalline block obtained by the condensation of a diol component with a dicarboxylic acid component, and an amorphous block having crystallinity lower than that of the crystalline block. The compounding ratio between the block polyester and the amorphous polyester is in the range of 5:95 to 45:55 in weight ratio.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a rotatable member; back-up means for cooperating with the rotatable member to form a feeding nip for feeding a recording material; heating means for heating an outer peripheral surface of the rotatable member, the heating means including a heater in the form of a plate cooperable with the rotatable member to form a heating nip.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for an image-forming device having at least one patterned roller for affecting the amount of toner present on a print medium when the print medium is advanced through a paper path of the image-forming device and contacts the at least one patterned roller. The roller includes a purposeful pattern that is formed in an outer surface of the roller. The purposeful pattern is configured to form an identifying mark on a print medium as a result of the amount of toner present on the print medium.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming process including the steps of: forming a latent image; developing the latent image with a toner to form a toner image; transferring the toner image onto a receiving body; and fixing the toner image to the receiving body, wherein the step of fixing is carried out using a fixing device including a heat-fixing roller, an endless belt, and a pressure member to allow the endless belt to travel around the heat-fixing roller at a given angle such that a nip is produced through which a recording sheet passes, with the pressure member being pressed to distort the heat-resistant elastic layer in the heat-fixing roller, and wherein the toner for developing the electrostatic latent image satisfies predetermined requirements.

Abstract: A drum heater consisting of a plurality of vanes made preferably from mica material and having multiple separate heater wire channels controlled from an electrical cable is provided for heating the interior of a printer drum or fuser. The drum heater has element wires, which can be operated in two different modes, and which are wound around eight mica vanes. The mica vanes are held together on both ends with mica end caps for assembly, electrical isolation and thermal isolation. The mica vanes additionally define protruding tabs for attachment of wire restraining and protecting mica panels.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a fixing unit which includes a fixing rotating member and a pressuring rotation member to be heated by a heat source while forcing with each other and rotating, which fixes an image by having a recording material with an image developed by a developer containing a toner having a 5 to 10 &mgr;m volume average particle size, and 60 to 80 numerical % of particles of 5 &mgr;m or less passing through a forcing section of the fixing rotating member and the pressuring rotating member, wherein the surface resistance value of the pressuring rotating member is in a range of 109 &OHgr; to 1011 &OHgr;.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods include various means of increasing the finish gloss of a printed image that is formed on a sheet of media by a deposition device. Apparatus in accordance with the present invention include a fusing circuit that enables the image to be repeatedly exposed to the heat of a fusing device while passing the media through the deposition device only once. Apparatus in accordance with the present invention can also include a fusing device that has a single hot roller and a plurality of pressure rollers that enable the image to be passed between the hot roller and each of the respective pressure rollers in succession. A method in accordance with the present invention includes repeatedly exposing the image to a fusing device.

Abstract: A toner is disclosed which is composed of toner particles containing at least a binder resin, a colorant and a wax, and an external additive. The wax has, in its DSC endothermic curve, a maximum endothermic peak at 55° C. to 80° C. within the temperature range from 30° C. to 160° C., the maximum endothermic peak having a half width of from 2° C. to 7° C., and the binder resin is composed chiefly of a polyester resin. The toner has a dynamic elastic modulus from 5×102 to 1×105 dN/m2 at 140° C., and its ratio to a dynamic elastic modulus at 170° C. is from 0.05 to 50, and the toner contains 10 to 20% by weight of THF-insoluble matter A of a binder resin component after 8 hours from the start of extraction and 1 to 10% by weight of THF-insoluble matter B of the binder resin component after 24 hours from the start of extraction, the ratio of A to B, B/A, being from 0.1 to 0.8. Also disclosed is a fixing method making use of this toner.

Abstract: A laminate film showing good durability under pressure and heat application, and suitably used as a fixing film for toner image fixation, is provided. Such a laminate film is provided by forming a polyimide resin layer on a metal base layer at a controlled imidation percentage of 70-93%.

Abstract: A pressure member for use in fixing toner to a receiver comprises a support an intermediate layer disposed on the support, and an outermost layer formed from a cured composition comprising a fluorocarbon thermoplastic random copolymer, a curing agent, a particulate filler containing zinc oxide, and a curable aminosiloxane, wherein the fluorocarbon thermoplastic random copolymer has subunits of: —(CH2CF2)x—, —(CF2CF(CF3)y—, and —(CF2CF2)z—, wherein x is from 1 to 40 or 60 to 80 mole percent, y is from 10 to 90 mole percent, z is from 10 to 90 mole percent, and x+y+z equals 100 mole percent.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus comprises a transfer unit that obtains a visible image from an electrostatic latent image formed on a latent image bearing body using a developer and transfers the visible image onto a medium, and a fixing roller and a pressure roller, positioned opposite to each other with a transfer pass for the medium therebetween, that fix the visible image on the medium. The developer contains a toner having a volume mean grain size of from 5 to 10 micrometers and a grain size not larger than 5 micrometers accounting for 60 through 80 number percent. The surface resistivity of the pressure roller is between 1×107 through 1×1010 &OHgr;/square.

Abstract: A fixing device for forming a toner image formed on a recording medium includes a heat roller accommodating a radiation heater. The radiation heater includes a glass tube formed of transparent quartz and provided with a wall thickness of 0.8 mm or below to increase transmission thereof. The increased transmission reduces a heat loss ascribable to the glass tube at the time of warm-up of the fixing device. The heat roller has such a thermal capacity that it can be warmed up in 10 seconds or less. The glass tube is filled with inactive gas whose major component is krypton or xenon. A tungsten filament accommodated in the glass tube has its diameter reduced in order to implement a color temperature of 2,500 K or above. An image forming apparatus uses the fixing device.

Abstract: A toner fusing system for fixing toner to paper. This system includes a fuser member for contacting and heating the toner in the fusing process. The fuser member has a fuser base, a fluoroelastomer fusing surface layer at least 38 microns thick, and a cushion layer between the fuser base and the fusing surface layer. This system utilizes external heating as the primary source of heat energy for the fusing process.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for fusing toner to media in a laser imaging device. A paraboloidal trough reflector is positioned about a linear heating element to focus and concentrate radiant energy emitted from the heating element onto a thermal spreader. The thermal spreader absorbs the radiant energy and converts it to heat. A thermoplastic fusing roller is rotatably supported about the bulb heater, the reflector and the thermal spreader. A pressure roller is supported to urge media against the fusing roller at the position of the thermal spreader. Fusing heat is conducted from the thermal spreader, through the fusing roller and to the media. The pressure roller is driven to rotate, thereby advancing the media through the fusing unit to fuse the toner thereto. Additionally, the present teachings disclose a printing device having a fusing unit with a bulb heater that emits user non-perceivable light. A mechanism is included for conveying light from the bulb heater to a location within the printing device.

Abstract: A pressure member is provided suitable for use in an image forming system. The pressure member includes a core surrounded by a sleeve. The inner perimeter of the sleeve is large than the outer perimeter of the core to enable the sleeve to be removed and replaced easily when worn out.

Abstract: A mechanism for applying pressure load force in a reproduction apparatus fuser device having at least one heated fuser member and a pressure member in nip relation to permanently fix a marking particle image to a receiver member. The pressure load force applying mechanism includes a load arm assembly rotatable about a fixed pivot axis to apply a pressure force to the pressure member, and a load cam selectively rotated about a drive shaft. A cam follower member is associated with the load cam, wherein a force of the load cam is applied via the cam follower member to the load arm assembly. A spring nest is formed as a part of the load arm assembly. The spring nest supports at least a heavy spring and a light spring; wherein the cam follower member, upon movement under the influence of the load cam, compresses the nested light spring and the heavy spring at different travel positions of the cam follower for varying the pressure force on the pressure member.

Abstract: A conformable roller for use in a fusing station of an electrostatographic machine, the fusing station being provided with a pressure roller and a fuser roller for fusing a toner image on a receiver, the fuser roller made from a plurality of layers surrounding an axis of rotation, the conformable roller comprising a rigid cylindrically symmetric core member; a flexible replaceable removable compliant sleeve member in the form of a tubular belt surrounding and nonadhesively intimately contacting the core member; and the fusing station including an external heat source for the fuser roller, at least one of the plurality of layers being thermally resistive.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a fixing unit which includes a fixing rotating member and a pressuring rotation member to be heated by a heat source while forcing with each other and rotating, which fixes an image by having a recording material with an image developed by a developer containing a toner having a 5 to 10 &mgr;m volume average particle size, and 60 to 80 numerical % of particles of 5 &mgr;m or less passing through a forcing section of the fixing rotating member and the pressuring rotating member, wherein the surface resistance value of the pressuring rotating member is in a range of 109&OHgr; to 1011&OHgr;.

Abstract: An image forming method using a dry toner and exhibiting good quick-start and power economization characteristics is provided. The image forming method includes a heat-pressure fixing step using a rotatable electromagnetic induction heat-generation type heating member. The toner used therein is characterized by a moisture content of at most 3.00 wt. %, and viscoelasticities as represented by a storage modulus at 110° C. of G′ (110° C.) and a storage modulus at 140° C. of G′ (140° C.) satisfying: G′ (110° C.)≦1.00×106 dN/m2, and G′ (140° C.)≧7.00×103 dN/m3.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image forming process including the steps of: forming a latent image; developing the latent image with a toner to form a toner image; transferring the toner image onto a receiving body; and fixing the toner image to the receiving body, wherein the step of fixing is carried out using a fixing device including a heat-fixing roller, an endless belt, and a pressure member to allow the endless belt to travel around the heat-fixing roller at a given angle such that a nip is produced through which a recording sheet passes, with the pressure member being pressed to distort the heat-resistant elastic layer in the heat-fixing roller, and wherein the toner for developing the electrostatic latent image satisfies predetermined requirements.

Abstract: A method of fixing toner in a belt fixing unit having a fixing roller; a heating roller; an endless fixing belt binding the heating roller and the fixing roller under tension therebetween; a pressure roller disposed to face the fixing roller intervening the fixing belt; and a fixing heater disposed inside one of the pressure roller and the heating roller, the method of fixing includes: a step for fixing a toner image on an image fixing material by conveying the toner image on the image fixing material in between a portion of the fixing belt not touching the fixing roller and the pressure roller; featured by the toner particle being spherical having a roundness of 0.96 or more and contains a colorant and resin component containing a modified polyester resin.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus in which an unfixed image is fixed on a recording medium for bearing the unfixed image by pinching and conveying the recording medium by using a fixing body and a pressure body, wherein in the fixing apparatus in which the pressure body has a core metal, an elastic body layer for covering an outer periphery of the core metal, and a mold releasing layer for covering an outer periphery of a elastic body layer, the controller sets electric energy per predetermined time supplied from the power supply to the pressure body heater to a predetermined quantity or a lower quantity in such a manner that a temperature of the core metal of the pressure body is maintained at a predetermined temperature or a lower temperature.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a pressure application roller 120 pressed against a fixing belt 110 (or fixing roller) to be heated. One of the them is driven while the other follows the one in rotation. A recording medium S having a toner image thereon is moved to pass through a central part N1 of a press contact portion N, whereby the toner image is fused and fixed on the recording medium. High grip portions G are provided on both side ends of the fixing belt or the pressure application roller.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cylindrical heat fixing member in which in a fixing apparatus for fixing an unfixed toner image carried onto a recording material heats and pressurizes the recording material and which heat fixing member is formed by at least a release layer being formed on the peripheral surface of a core metal. In the heat fixing member, the thickness of the core metal is from 0.5 mm to 2.8 mm inclusive and the core metal material is an aluminum alloy that is elastically deformed by a stress of 60.0 Mpa at 210° C. The invention also relates to a heat and pressure fixing apparatus and an image formation apparatus using the heat fixing member.

Abstract: An image forming method by developing an electrostatic latent image formed on a photoreceptor to form a toner image employing a developer comprising toner, transferring the toner image onto an image forming material, and fixing the transferred toner image employing a fixing unit, is disclosed. The fixing unit is comprised of a heating roller and a pressure roller which is brought into contact with said heating roller, the heating roller is constituted of a cylinder having an interior diameter of from 10 to 70 mm and a wall thickness of from 0.1 to 2 mm comprised of a metal or a metal alloy, and a heating member being incorporated in the interior, a surface of the cylinder being covered with an elastic martial having an Asker hardness C of less than 70 degrees at a thickness of 0.1 to 30 mm, and the pressure roller is constituted of a metal cylinder whose surface is covered with an elastic material having an Asker hardness C of less than 80 degrees at a thickness of from 0.1 to 30 mm.

Abstract: A heating assembly having a press roller which has an elastic layer incorporated dispersedly with voids formed by resin microballoons. The press roller has a low thermal conductivity, hence heat from a heating means can effectively be utilized. It has also a low hardness, so that a pressure contact nip formed between it and the heating means can be made wider.

Abstract: A toner image forming method by developing an electrostatic latent image on a photoreceptor to form a toner image employing a developer comprising toner, transferring the toner image onto an image forming material, and fixing the transferred toner image employing a fixing unit, is disclosed. The fixing unit is comprised of a heating roller and a pressure roller which is brought into contact with said heating roller, the heating roller is constituted of a cylinder having an interior diameter of from 10 to 70 mm and a wall thickness of from 0.1 to 2 mm comprised of a metal or a metal alloy, and a heating member being incorporated in the interior, a surface of the cylinder being covered with a fluorine resin at a thickness of from 10 to 500 &mgr;m, the pressure roller is constituted of a metal cylinder whose surface is covered with an elastic material having an Asker hardness C of less than 80 degrees at a thickness of 0.

Abstract: A toner including toner particles including a binder resin and a release agent, wherein when the toner is molded into a plate upon application of a pressure of 478 kg/cm2, the toner plate has a surface having a coefficient of static friction of from 0.20 to 0.40. An image forming apparatus including an image bearing member, an image developer to form a toner image on the image bearing member, an image transferer configured to transfer the toner image on a receiving material and a fixer configured to fix the toner image thereon, wherein the apparatus has a waiting time not longer than 15 seconds, and a maximum power consumption not greater than 1.5 KW and 30 W in an image forming state and in a standby state, respectively, wherein the toner is the toner mentioned above.

Abstract: A fixing unit prevents surface temperature of a fixing roller from becoming too high or too low and of always attains good fixing performance by employing an external heating method that makes an external heating member abut the surface of the fixing roller to heat the surface of the fixing roller. The fixing unit has the fixing roller having a heating source therein, a pressurizing member which press-contacts the fixing roller, the external heating member which heats the surface of the fixing roller from the outside, an abutting-separating device that makes the external heating member abut or separate from the surface of the fixing roller; and a control unit which controls timing for making the external heating member abut the surface of the fixing roller according to at least one of the surface temperature of the external heating member and/or fixing roller, the type of the transfer medium which undergoes the fixing process and an image forming mode for the transfer medium.

Abstract: A rubber fixing-roller includes a core and a non-foamed rubber elastic layer provided on the periphery of the core, the elastic layer including a peripheral surface having a predetermined outside diameter, the elastic layer being prepared in a predetermined heat capacity per unit volume by mixing a filler having low density and low specific heat.

Abstract: A suitable operation temperature can be reached in a short period of time in a heat roller comprising a cylindrical metallic substrate and a heating lamp axially arranged inside said metallic substrate, the heating lamp comprising a bulb filled with a thermally conductive gas and having a filament installed therein, by using a gas whose thermal conductivity is 110×10−4 (W/m.K) or less at room temperature.

Abstract: A product and process for forming an internally heated roller configuration for use in an electrostatographic machine that employs a fuser roller and a pressure roller. One of the rollers is a conformable roller having a rigid cylindrical core member centered on an axis of rotation, a compliant base cushion layer formed on the core member; a stiffening layer in intimate contact with and surrounding the base cushion layer; and an internal heating mechanism, while the other roller is a hard roller.

Abstract: An image forming method using a dry toner and exhibiting good quick-start and power economization characteristics is provided. The image forming method includes a heat-pressure fixing step using a rotatable electromagnetic induction heat-generation type heating member. The toner used therein is characterized by a moisture content of at most 3.00 wt. %, and viscoelasticities as represented by a storage modulus at 110° C. of G′ (110° C.) and a storage modulus at 140° C. of G′ (140° C.) satisfying: G′ (110° C.)≦1.00×106 dN/m2, and G′ (140° C.)≧7.00×103 dN/m3.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing resin-coated pressure roller exhibiting excellent anti-toner soiling characteristic even at low roller temperatures is provided. The pressure roller includes a cylindrical metal substrate, and a rubber elastic layer, an adhesive layer and a fluorine-containing resin release layer disposed in this order on and successively coating the cylindrical metal substrate. The pressure roller has a surface exhibiting a micro-rubber hardness of at most 50 deg., a contact angle with water of at least 105 deg. and a ten point-average surface roughness Rz of at most 3.0 &mgr;m. The pressure roller may be suitably combined with a fixing film to provide a film heating-type fixing device suitably used in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus.

Abstract: A copier/duplicator machine having a pressure roller system including two load arms for engagement with pressure roller bearings on each end of the pressure roller wherein the load arms include locator plates positioned on their outsides and extending beyond an engagement surface on each load arm and toward and past engagement surfaces on the pressure roller bearings to restrict the positioning of the load arm engagement surfaces so that the load arms can be installed only in proper engagement with the pressure roller bearings on the ends of the pressure roller.

Abstract: A back-up roller for use in the fusing portion of an electrophotographic process is disclosed. This back-up roller comprises an inner cylindrical metal core, an outer hollow cylindrical metal shell surrounding the core, and a plurality of metal ribs running lengthwise between and attached to the core and the shell. The outer surface of the shell is coated with a layer of a rubberized material. This back-up roller, when used in the fuser portion of an electrophotographic process, reducing the condensation of moisture on its surface, thereby effectively eliminating fuser stalls.

Abstract: A back-up roller (51) for use in the fusing portion of an electrophotographic process is disclosed. This back-up roller has an inner cylindrical metal core (71), an outer hollow cylindrical metal shell (72) surrounding the core, and a plurality of metal ribs (73) running lengthwise between and attached to the core and the shell. The outer surface of the shell is coated with a layer (74) of a rubberized material. This back-up roller, when used in the fuser portion of an electrophotographic process, reducing the condensation of moisture on its surface, thereby effectively eliminating fuser stalls.

Abstract: A fixing-unit roller has a fixing roller and/or a pressure roller in which a composite material of an organopolysiloxane and a fluoroelastomer containing no fluorine resin or containing a fluorine resin is used as an elastic material of at least the outermost layer. The composite material has an island-in-sea structure wherein the organopolysiloxane stands as a sea phase and the fluoroelastomer containing no fluorine resin or containing a fluorine resin stands as an island phase. The particles of the island phase have a size ranging from 1 &mgr;m to 10 &mgr;m. The fixing-unit roller has superior toner releasability and superior scratch resistance and wear resistance.

Abstract: A roller for use in a fusing assembly for receiving a polymeric release agent including a core and multiple layers secured over the core; and the multiple layers including at least one outer layer formed of a silicone mixture which absorbs the polymeric release agent and has toner release properties, and an intermediate layer formed of a silicone mixture selected so that its swelling in 1000 cts poly(dimethylsiloxane) is less than 1% by weight.

Abstract: A toner image forming method by developing an electrostatic latent image on a photoreceptor to form a toner image employing a developer comprising toner, transferring the toner image onto an image forming material, and fixing the transferred toner image employing a fixing unit, is disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention prvides a fixing apparatus, comprising a first rotating member, first heating device for heating the first rotating member, a second rotating member for forming a nip together with the first rotating member, wherein a recording material bearing an unfixed image thereon is nipped and conveyed at the nip in such a manner that the unfixed image is in contact with the first rotating member, and the unfixed image is fixed by heating on the recording material, voltage applying device for applying voltage to create potential difference between the first rotating member and the second rotating member, and wherein the second rotating member has a conductive parting layer on a surface threreof, second heating device for heating the second rotating member.

Abstract: A device configured to be heated to a temperature sufficient to fuse an image forming substance to a sheet includes a hollow roller made of a conductive material and a coil arranged in a hollow portion of the hollow roller. The coil is configured to carry an electrical current that induces a current in the conductive material of the hollow roller such that the hollow roller becomes heated so as to fuse toner to a sheet. The coil is mounted on a member that is disposed in the hollow portion of the roller. The member includes various combinations of features that permit a reliable and safe operation of the induction heating apparatus such as recess and projections formed in the member to separate respective turns in the coil, a hollow center of the member that can be ventilated with a ventilation fan, and predefined gaps being maintained between the inside surface of the hollow roller and an outer surface of the coil.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus has an image forming unit for forming an image on a recording material and a fixing unit for fixing the image to the recording material by nipping and conveying the recording material, the fixing unit including a heater which does not generate heat during a standby period in which a printing operation can be started. The heater generates heat for a predetermined period after the start of power supply to the apparatus and then the apparatus is rendered capable of the printing operation.

Abstract: A heated fuser roller that includes an elongated roller and a series of heating wires extending axially through the roller. The heating wires are positioned near the surface of the roller. Voltage is applied from a power source to the heating wires through conductive disks mounted on each end of the roller. A conductive wiper, shoe or other suitable contact device slides along each disk to maintain the electrical connection between the disks and the power source as the roller rotates.

Abstract: A heated fuser roller that includes an elongated roller and a series of heating wires extending axially through the roller. The heating wires are positioned near the surface of the roller. Voltage is applied from a power source to the heating wires through conductive disks mounted on each end of the roller. A conductive wiper, shoe or other suitable contact device slides along each disk to maintain the electrical connection between the disks and the power source as the roller rotates.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a fuser member useful in electrostatographic, including digital apparatuses, the fuser member having a) a substrate, and b) a thermally conductive fusing layer with a fluoropolymer, a micron-sized alumina, a high surface area alumina having a particle size smaller than that of the micron-sized alumina, and crosslinked silicone particles.