Abstract: The present invention reduces thermal stress that is generated in a join portion of a window material in an optical measurement cell, and is an optical measurement cell having translucent windows through which light is transmitted and into an interior of which is introduced a test sample. This optical measurement cell has a planar window material that forms the translucent windows, a join supporting portion that is joined to an outer edge portion of a main surface of the window material and supports the window material, and a low thermal expansion component that is provided on an outer-side circumferential surface of the join supporting portion and whose coefficient of thermal expansion is lower than a coefficient of thermal expansion of the join supporting portion.

Abstract: A fixing unit or device that can be used in an image forming apparatus includes a first heater element that is formed of a material that increases in electrical resistance with increases in temperature. A controller of the fixing unit is configured to vary a duty ratio of electric power applied to the first heater element during a start-up operation in which the temperature of the first heater element is raised to a target operating temperature. By varying the duty ratio during the start-up operation, changes in the resistance of the first heater element with the heating can be compensated. For example, the duty ratio can be increased during the course of the start-up to achieve the target operating temperature faster.

Abstract: A fixing device includes: a fixing belt; a facing member disposed on an inner side of the fixing belt; a pressure roller that presses against the fixing belt toward the facing member from outside to form a fixing nip area; a heat source; a non-passage area temperature measurer that measures a temperature of a sheet non-passage area; a pressure roller swinger that swings one end side of the pressure roller in a direction intersecting with a longitudinal direction of the fixing nip area; and a controller that performs meandering correction control for correcting a movement direction of the fixing belt by causing the pressure roller swinger to swing the pressure roller, and the controller has such a movement mode as to cause the pressure roller swinger to forcibly move the fixing belt in a direction away from the non-passage area temperature measurer while rotating the fixing belt.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a heater, a heater holding member, a stay sheet-metal, and a belt holding member. The stay sheet-metal includes a top plate and side plates and is configured to control a load applied to the heater holding member, the side plates extending respectively from opposite sides of the top plate in a short-length direction of the top plate, toward the heater holding member. The belt holding member holds the fixing belt such that the fixing belt can peripherally rotate, the belt holding member holding at least one end of the heater holding member in a longitudinal direction thereof and at least one end of the stay sheet-metal in a longitudinal direction thereof. The top plate of the stay sheet-metal is formed to extend to at least one end of the stay sheet-metal in the longitudinal direction thereof.

Abstract: A fixing device for fixing an image formed on a recording material onto the recording material. The fixing device includes a heater contacting an inner surface of the film, a supporting member for supporting the heater, the supporting member being provided in a hollow space, a first portion for preventing lateral movement of the film in a generatrix direction of the film, the first portion being supported by a frame of the fixing device and holding the supporting member, and a second portion opposed to a surface of the heater where the heater contacts the film and elongated along a widthwise direction of the heater, the second portion being provided at the same position with the generatrix direction of the film.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a tubular fusing film, a heater, a nip member, a backup member, a backup member, first supporting member, and a second supporting member. The heater may be disposed inside the tubular shape of the fusing film. The nip member may be disposed so as to be in sliding contact with the inner surface of the fusing film and heated by the heater. The backup member may form a nip portion between the backup member and the fusing film with the fusing film between the backup member and the nip member. The first supporting member may be configured to integrally support the heater and the nip member. The second supporting member may be configured to movably support the first supporting member so that the nip member moves relative to the backup member.

Abstract: A fixing device for thermally fixing a developing agent image to a sheet includes: a flexible tubular member having an inner peripheral surface defining an internal space; a heater; a nip member being in sliding contact with the inner peripheral surface of the flexible tubular member and having an electrically conductive surface; a stay supporting the nip member and being electrically conductive and electrically connected to the electrically conductive surface; a backup member nipping the flexible tubular member in cooperation with the nip member; a supporting member supporting the nip member and the stay, the supporting member being movable relative to the backup member; and a first grounding member disposed to be in contact with the stay for grounding the stay, the first grounding member being supported to the supporting member such that the first grounding member is integrally movable with the supporting member.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a belt member for heating in a nip an image formed on a recording material, an urging portion, contacting an inner surface of the belt member, for forming the nip, a guide portion, contacting the inner surface of the belt member at an end portion, for guiding rotation of the belt member, and a belt unit, including at least the belt member, the urging member and the guide portion, integrally detachably mountable to the image heating apparatus. The belt member is detachably mountable to the belt unit. The apparatus also includes a frame for supporting the belt unit, and a limiting portion, provided on the frame, for limiting the belt member by abutment to an edge of the belt member.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a rotatable endless belt, an opposing member forming a nip together with an outer surface of the belt, and a non-rotatable pressure applying member that contacts an inner surface of the belt and is pressed toward the opposing member. A recording paper carrying an image is nipped and conveyed through the nip to be heated and pressed. The pressure applying member has a metal slide contact portion against which the inner surface of the belt slides. Rz, the ten-point average roughness, of the slide contact portion in a belt movement direction is 0.29 ?m or smaller and smaller than that in a direction perpendicular to the belt movement direction. Rz of the inner surface of the belt in the belt movement direction is 1.3 ?m or larger and larger than that in a direction perpendicular to the belt movement direction.

Abstract: A method for fixing toner onto a receiver medium includes depositing a pattern of toner onto a surface of the receiver medium. A liquid-blocking barrier is provided that has a first surface and a second surface that is impermeable to a heating liquid. The surface of the receiver medium is brought into contact with the first surface of the liquid-blocking barrier. The heating liquid is brought into contact with the second surface of the liquid-blocking barrier. The heating liquid is at a temperature greater than the toner glass transition temperature. Heat is transferred through the liquid-blocking barrier from the heating liquid to the toner, thereby raising the temperature of the toner to a temperature above the toner glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A method for fixing toner onto a receiver medium includes depositing a pattern of toner onto a surface of the receiver medium. The toner has a toner glass transition temperature. At least one surface of the receiver medium is brought into contact with a heating liquid, the heating liquid being at a temperature greater than the toner glass transition temperature. Heat is transferred from the heating liquid to the toner, thereby raising a temperature of the toner to a level above the toner glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A toner fixing system fixes toner onto a receiver medium. A reservoir contains a heating liquid. A liquid-heating system warms the heating liquid in the reservoir to a temperature greater than a toner glass transition temperature. A media-transport system transports the receiver medium along a transport path which passes through the reservoir. The receiver medium is submerged in the warmed heating liquid, so heat is transferred from the warmed heating liquid to the toner. The temperature of the toner is raised to a level above the toner glass transition temperature.

Abstract: A heater used for a fixing device includes a substrate, first and second conductor patterns formed at either end of the substrate in the short direction of the substrate, a third conductor pattern formed between the first and second conductor patterns and separated from the two conductor patterns, a first heating member disposed between the first and third conductor patterns and electrically connected to the two conductor patterns, and a second heating member disposed between the second and third conductor patterns and electrically connected to the conductor patterns. The heater has both end regions in which the widths of the third conductor pattern in the short direction is smaller than that of a middle portion of the third conductor pattern. The widths of the first and second heating members in the end regions are smaller than the widths of the first and second heating members in the other region, respectively.

Abstract: A fixing device including: an endless fixing belt that conveys a sheet-like medium having a toner image formed thereon; a heating member on which the fixing belt is wound and which includes a heater therein; a fixing member on which the fixing belt is wound; a pressing member that is disposed so as to face the fixing member with the fixing belt interposed therebetween; a separator that comes into contact with the surface of the pressing member and prevents the sheet-like medium from being wound on the pressing member; and a polisher that polishes the surface of the pressing member.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a nip forming member disposed inside a fixing member and pressed against a pressing member via the fixing member to form a nip portion between the pressing member and the fixing member through which a recording medium bearing a toner image passes. A heat generator disposed inside the fixing member heats the fixing member outside the nip portion and has variable heat distribution over a width of the fixing member. A first temperature detector disposed inside the fixing member contacts an end portion of the heat generator in the width direction of the fixing member, opposite a surface facing the fixing member, to detect a temperature of the heat generator. A second temperature detector disposed inside the fixing member contacts a center of an inner circumferential surface of the fixing member in the width direction, to detect the temperature of the fixing member.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a tubular belt holder, a rotatable flexible fuser belt, a contact member, a pressure member, and a heater. The belt holder extends in an axial direction thereof. The fuser belt is looped around the belt holder extending in the axial direction. The contact member has a central axis thereof extending in the axial direction, accommodated in the belt holder. The pressure member has a central axis thereof extending in the axial direction, disposed opposite the belt holder with the fuser belt interposed between the contact member and the pressure member. The pressure member presses against the contact member through the fuser belt to form a fixing nip. The heater is disposed adjacent to the belt holder to heat a circumferential portion of the fuser belt. The belt holder includes a generally semi-cylindrical section to face the heated circumferential portion of the fuser belt.

Abstract: A fixing device includes a fixing rotary body to rotate in a predetermined direction of rotation and a pressing rotary body pressed against the fixing rotary body to rotate in a direction counter to the direction of rotation of the fixing rotary body and form a nip therebetween through which a recording medium bearing a toner image passes. A heat generator is disposed opposite the fixing rotary body at a section other than the nip to heat the fixing rotary body. A moving assembly is disposed opposite the heat generator to generate a magnetic force to move the heat generator with respect to the fixing rotary body so as to change one of a pressure and a distance between the heat generator and the fixing rotary body.

Abstract: The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to an improved metallization process for making fuser members which avoids the extra steps of metal nanoparticle seeding or special substrate treatment. In embodiments, a metallized substrate, formed by dip-coating or spraying with a metal nanoparticle dispersion which is subsequently thermally annealed, is used for the complete fabrication of the fuser member.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a belt member for heating in a nip an image formed on a recording material; an urging portion, contacted to an inner surface of the belt member, for forming the nip; a guide portion, contacted to the inner surface of the belt member at an end portion, for guiding rotation of the belt member; a belt unit, including at least the belt member, the urging member and the guide portion, integrally detachably mountable to the image heating apparatus, wherein the belt member is detachably mountable to the belt unit; a frame for supporting the belt unit; and a limiting portion, provided on the frame, for limiting the belt member by abutment to an edge of the belt member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming mechanism to form a toner image on a recording medium according to image data and a fixing mechanism to fix the toner image on the recording medium. The fixing mechanism includes a fixing member and an external heater. The fixing member applies heat to the recording medium having the toner image. The external heater heats the fixing member and is formed in a shape corresponding to a surface of the fixing member. The external heater is disposed as if to engage and yet be spaced apart from the fixing member by a distance which is variable according to movement of the external heater.

Abstract: An electrophotographic method for producing fused toner images on a receiver medium comprising the steps of: forming an electrostatic image pattern on an image forming member; developing the image pattern on the image forming member with fusible toner particles thereby forming a toner image thereon; transferring the toner image to the receiver medium; and heating the toner image to form a fused toner image on the receiver medium, wherein an amount of a plasticizer is added to the toner particles of the toner image after formation of the toner image on the image forming member and prior to or concurrent with fusing of the transferred toner image on the receiver medium, further wherein the amount of plasticizer added is effective in lowering the Tg of the toner below that of the toner under prevailing ambient conditions in the absence of the added plasticizer.

Abstract: The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein incorporate transistor heating technology to create micro-heater arrays as the digital heating element for various marking applications. The transistor heaters are typically fabricated either on a thin flexible substrate or on an amorphous silicon drum and embedded below the working surface. Matrix drive methods may be used to address each individual micro-heater and deliver heat to selected surface areas. Depending on different marking applications, the digital heating element may be used to selectively tune the wettability of thermo-sensitive coating, selectively change ink rheology, selectively remove liquid from the surface, selectively fuse/fix toner/ink on the paper.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus comprising: a latent image support for supporting a latent image and a developing device configured to us toner to develop the latent image on said latent image support, the estimated average halftone granularity of the toner imager after developing being 0.25 or less.

Abstract: Provided is a printing device comprising a hot roller having an inside surface and an outside surface. A heating element is present within the hot roller. The inside surface has a first region, wherein the first region is coated with a first type of material. The inside surface has a second region, wherein the second region is coated with the first type of material, and wherein second region is of a different dimension than the first region. The inside surface has a third region, wherein the third region is coated with a second type of material.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus including an endless belt for heating an image on a recording material; a supporting member for supporting the belt; a coil for induction heat generation in the belt; control means for controlling a position of the belt in a widthwise direction by inclining the supporting member so as to maintain the position of the belt in the widthwise direction within a predetermined target range; and suppressing means for suppressing a variation of a distance between the belt and the coil with a variation of inclination of the supporting member.

Abstract: A fusing device (23) has heat reflectors (238) and (239) positioned in consideration of the fact that convective heat loss from respective outer surfaces of the heat reflectors (238) and (239) depends on orientation of the outer surfaces. More specifically, each of the heat reflectors (238) and (239) are positioned so as to have a convective heat transfer coefficient ? of up to 0.9. The convective heat transfer coefficient ? is given by the following expression: ?=(Su+0.77Sh+0.54Sd)/(Su+Sh+Sd), were Su is a projected area of an outer surface of each of the heat reflectors on an upper horizontal plane, Sh is a projected area of the same on a vertical plane, and Sd is a projected area of the same on a lower horizontal plane.

Abstract: A fixing apparatus and an image formation apparatus are disclosed. The fixing apparatus includes two or more heaters with temperature detecting function that generate heat with electric current and detect temperature; a heating unit that includes the heater with the temperature detecting function; a film, a surface of which slides on the heating unit; a thermal fixing unit that is heated by the heating unit through the film for fusing a toner image that is yet-to-be fixed on a recording paper at a predetermined fixing temperature; a pressurization roller for pressing the recording paper to the thermal fixing unit; and a temperature control unit for controlling the temperature of the heater to be a predetermined temperature based on the temperature of the heater detected by the heater with the temperature detecting function.

Abstract: A base sheet is spanned over a lower roller, and an upper roller pulls a cover sheet along a path and presses it against the base sheet at the lower roller. A preheater housing along the path upstream of the rollers is formed with a chamber open toward the path. A radiant heater in the chamber is directed transversely at the path so as to heat the cover sheet passing along the path. A sensor along the path adjacent the chamber detects atmosphere around the chamber and generates an output when the detected atmosphere indicates an unsafe hot condition of the cover sheet. A shutter can shift between a retracted position offset from the chamber and an advanced position closing the chamber. A controller connected to the sensor shifts the shutter from the retracted position to the advanced position when the output is generated by the sensor.

Abstract: A thermal processor including an oven for thermally developing an image in a media. The oven includes an entrance and a guide positioned at the entrance. The guide includes a receiver having a major surface configured to contact and receive the media and a separator configured to lift and separate the media from at least a portion of the major surface and to direct the media into the oven.

Abstract: An image forming method, comprising passing a toner image-bearing sheet through a nip defined between two rollers including a heater roller to fix the toner image on the sheet, wherein the toner image is formed from a toner comprising a binder resin, and a colorant, wherein the toner image before the passage through the nip has a toner volume V1 and a toner image area S1, wherein the toner image after the passage through the nip has a toner volume V2 and a toner image area S2, and wherein a volume change Vt and an area change St defined by the formulas shown below are 30% or less and 20% or less, respectively:

Abstract: A toner fusing system for fixing toner to paper. This system includes a fuser member for contacting and heating the toner in the fusing process. The fuser member has a fuser base, a fluoroelastomer fusing surface layer at least 38 microns thick, and a cushion layer between the fuser base and the fusing surface layer. This system utilizes external heating as the primary source of heat energy for the fusing process.

Abstract: The circumferential edge portion of a ductile rotating body containing abrasive grains is used to polish the surface of a ceramic substrate. The angle &thgr; formed between the polished direction D0 of the ceramic substrate and the rotating direction D1 of the rotating body is set in the range from 10° to 80° for the polishing step. Alternatively, the polishing process is divided into at least two steps, and the average grain size of abrasive grains is reduced stepwise in the successive steps of the polishing process. According to this method, the surface of a large-area and thin ceramic substrate can be polished without damage, and a smooth polished ceramic surface can be provided. This method is particularly suitable for polishing a ceramic substrate having a thickness of at most 2.0 mm, and the resulting polished ceramic substrate is suitable for a ceramic heater in a thermal fixation device for fixing a toner image.

Abstract: An image forming toner is provided, including at least:

Abstract: A cooling section 400 for cooling a recording material A, which is a recording material, is disposed in a downstream portion of a heat development section 18. The cooling section 400 has a pair structure consisting of a metal roller 404 and a roller 402 made of an elastic material. The metal roller 404 having excellent heat conductivity is brought into contact with an image forming surface of the recording material A. As a result of the foregoing structure, the recording material A subjected to the heat development can uniformly be cooled to a temperature not higher than a development interruption temperature during conveyance in the cooling section 400. The metal roller may be modified variously. For example, the metal roller is cooled by a cooling mechanism or replaced by a belt.

Abstract: A fuser member having a resistive heating layer including a polymer and a mixture of more than one variety of carbon black, the mixture including a first carbon black and a second carbon black of a different variety than the first carbon black.

Abstract: A method useful for thermally developing an image in an imaging material. The imaging material can be transported through a first heating zone within a thermal processor to heat the imaging material from an initial temperature to within a developing temperature range. The imaging material may then be transported through a second heating zone within the thermal processor to maintain the temperature of the imaging material within the developing temperature range.

Abstract: A serial electrophotographic apparatus has a carriage which is translated in a direction perpendicular to a direction in which recording paper is transported, a processing part effects electrophotographic printing, and a fixing unit effects fixing, wherein a fixing roller is heated by an induction coil according to an induction heating process, and a current supplied to the induction coil is cut off by a temperature fuse being blown when the temperature of the induction coil rises above a predetermined level. The induction coil has a configuration including multiple flat winding layers serially connected together and wherein ends of the induction coil are led out from the center of the windings so that temperature rise is restrained.

Abstract: A toner fixation film has an exothermic layer within which an eddy current is induced with application of a magnetic field and then heat is generated. The exothermic layer is a composite layer in which an exothermic part and resin part coexist. The toner fixation film can offer a sufficient heat generation necessary for toner fixation, and has enough flexiblity to permit curvature separation. A toner fixation apparatus comprises the toner fixation film and at least one coil for producing an alternating magnetic field for eddy current induction.

Abstract: Apparatus for printing images on generally cylindrical objects, such as cans, including: an image bearing surface having an image thereon; and an impression guide which is generally parallel to and spaced from the image bearing surface, which guide supports the cylindrical objects in rolling contact with the image bearing surface, whereby images are transferred from the image bearing surface to surfaces of the cylindrical objects in contact therewith.

Abstract: An electrophotographic image forming apparatus using a charge roller for uniformly charging the surface of a photoconductive element, or image carrier, during image formation, and a charging device having the charge roller. The charging efficiency is enhanced, and a uniform charge distribution is set up by the application of a DC voltage only. This suppresses the increase in the cost of an apparatus, the increase in power source cost, and the generation of a great amount of ozone. As a result, a charging member and a photoconductive element are prevented from being deteriorated while environmental pollution is eliminated.

Abstract: A temperature detecting apparatus, includes an excitation coil magnetically couplable with metal layer of a heater, the excitation coil being supplied with an AC electric energy; and a detector for detecting a voltage drop, across the excitation coil, which changes with temperature of the heater. The metal layer has a metal ring and the excitation coil is magnetically connected with the metal ring.

Abstract: In a fixing device for heating and melting a toner image and fixing it onto a transfer material, the fixing device has a fixing member surface which comes in contact with a toner image. The fixing member surface has at least a resin and an ion-conductive electrical resistance value controlling material having a melting point higher than a maximum temperature in the fixing device.

Abstract: An image heating apparatus includes a film contactable and movable together with a recording material carrying an unfixed image; a heater for increasing a temperature of the film, wherein the unfixed image is heated by heat from the film; driving roller contactable to the film to drive the film; wherein the driving roller have an elastic layer and a low thermal expansion coefficient layer outside the elastic layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image fixing device including a heat fusing roller with heating means inside and an elastic material layer on a peripheral surface of the heat fusing roller, the heat fusing roller being rotatably mounted, an endless belt movable in contact with the heat fusing roller, and a pressure applying member fixed and contacting the endless belt on the heat fusing roller and applying pressure to form a belt nip portion between the endless belt and the heat fusing roller.