Abstract: At least one part of a road surface is covered by a photocatalyst layer containing a photocatalyst such as titanium dioxide, etc. to purify pollutants in exhaust gases emitted from vehicles by photocatalytic reaction of the photocatalyst. Pollutant-originating matters as retained on the photocatalyst layer are washed away by rain water or sprinkled water. In one embodiment of the invention, road 12 is a road provided with a dewaterable pavement and rain water passes through surface layer 18 during raining, flows over and along base layer 16 and is discharged. In surface layer 18, numerous aggregates of small particle sizes 1802 are projected from the entire surface of concrete layer 1804. Titanium dioxide layer 20 is formed by injecting or spraying a mixture comprising titanium dioxide, cement, a filler and water onto the entire surface of surface layer 18 thinly and is water-permeable.

Abstract: A structure for supporting a road along a road axis over an underpass space spanned by the structure. The structure includes two footings underlying the road with each support assembly being securely mounted to the earth. The structure also includes an arcuate support assembly supported by the footings. The support assembly extends at least the width of the road and traverses the underpass space for supporting the road across the underpass space spanned by the structure. The support assembly includes a substantially continuous inner shell, a plurality of spatially disposed, rigid, resilient beams supported by the footings, an insulating material disposed in the cavities formed in between the rigid, resilient beams, and an outer shell encasing the rigid, resilient beams and the insulating material. A substantially fluid impermeable material substantially encases the support assembly and a fill material extends from the substantially fluid impermeable material to support the road.

Abstract: Safety improvements of airport runways and taxiways are achieved by providing a flexible, water-impermeable surfacing material on a compacted soil base directly adjacent to an edge of airstrip shoulders. A synthetic grass surface is provided on the area beyond the surfacing material so that foreign objects such as loose particles of the airstrip shoulder materials will be driven by jet blasts and run-off across the relatively smooth texture of the surfacing material and will be trapped by the synthetic grass, thereby minimizing foreign object damage to aircraft engines, particularly to those overhanging engines which extend well beyond the existing runway and taxiway shoulders.

Abstract: A vehicular test course surface is provided which permits tests to be conducted in a snow-covered road condition no matter in which season the tests may be conducted. Snow is made to fall or accumulate like artificial snow onto a road surface.

Abstract: A paving member (2) comprising a surface (4) for being walked on, an image (6) below the surface (4), and a source of light for illuminating the paving member (2), the paving member (2) being of such a material and construction that the image (6) is viewable by a person walking on the surface (4), and the source of light being such that it makes the image (6) visible at night and also provides light at night for the environment (8) adjacent the paving member (2). The image may be a static image or a moving image. The image may be a hologram. The image may be changed by remote control means.

Abstract: A high traction anti-icing road cover system; the system includes a pair of base magnetic covers, for example steel plates or flexible non-porous magnetic layers, disposed in grooves in a road surface, such as a bridge span or deck, along the expected tire tracks followed by vehicles. A road cover is constructed of a lamination of a flexible non-porous magnetic layer, an intermediate thermal insulating layer and a tube layer including a plurality of bonded parallel tubes. The plurality of tubes extend obliquely across the width of each road cover. Most of the tubes contain a substance that collapses upon the temperature falling below about freezing; other tubes remain extended above the collapsed surface, to provide better traction in the event of icing of the road surface. All of the tubes are somewhat deformable by the weight of passing vehicles, which mechanically breaks forming ice. Selected tubes may contain a heating coil, coupled to a switch that controllably applies current thereto.

Abstract: The present invention provides a composite action system and a method for fabricating the same to meet OSHA safety requirements and allow for welding off the work site. An improved structural system achieves the desired composite behavior by providing one or more structural members, plates coupled with the structural members, transverse reinforcing members passing through apertures in the plates, and additional reinforcing members positioned parallel and transverse to the structural members to provide an interlocking composite action between the structural members, reinforcing members, and concrete.

Abstract: A method of reconstructing a road is provided. This method includes taking representative cores of the road, analyzing the cores, selecting a substantially solvent-free emulsion based on climate history, mixing the emulsion and reclaimed asphalt pavement particles to form an asphalt emulsion mix, testing the asphalt emulsion mix for performance using a raveling test, a thermal cracking prediction test by an indirect tensile testing, a moisture susceptibility test utilizing vacuum saturation, and a dry Marshall stability test. It also includes designing a CIR layer based on this test data. It further includes grinding off a layer of the existing asphalt road leaving at least about an inch, adding an emulsion to the reclaimed asphalt pavement particles, applying the designed cold in-place recycling layer to the road, and compacting it.

Abstract: A high traction anti-icing road cover system is disclosed. The system includes a pair of base magnetic covers, for example steel plates or flexible non-porous magnetic layers, disposed in grooves in a road surface, such as a bridge span or deck, along the expected tire tracks followed by vehicles. A road cover is constructed of a lamination of a flexible non-porous magnetic layer, an intermediate thermal insulating layer and a tube layer including a plurality of bonded parallel tubes. The plurality of tubes extend obliquely across the width of each road cover. Most of the tubes contain a substance that collapses upon the temperature falling below about freezing; other tubes remain extended above the collapsed surface, to provide better traction in the event of icing of the road surface. All of the tubes are somewhat deformable by the weight of passing vehicles, which mechanically breaks forming ice. Selected tubes may contain a heating coil, coupled to a switch that controllably applies current thereto.

Abstract: There is described a method for controlling the amount of ionized gases and/or particles suspended in the air above roads, streets, open spaces or the like. This is done by establishing an electrical field between the top layer of a road, street, open space or the like, and the said ionized gases and/or particles. By means of controlling the electrical field we will be able to control the amount of ionized gases and/or particles. The invention also indicates how the electrical field can be established between surfaces in the immediate vicinity of a road, street, open space or the like, for example in tunnel walls. The electrical field is established by making at least the top layer of the surface concerned electrically conductive and connecting it to earth or to one pole of an electrical voltage source.

Abstract: A system for applying a liquid, such as a deicing liquid, to a surface material, such as soil, sand, gravel, concrete, and asphalt. The system includes a mat possessing an array of upstanding tubular members and a pipe system maintained in the interstitial regions between the tubular members. In addition, a series of ports or nozzles may extend upwardly from the pipe such that the liquid drips or is sprayed on the surface of the material.

Abstract: According to the method for heating the paving screed of a road finisher, said paving screed including a heating means with several heat elements being supplied with electric power from a rotary current generator and being switched on and off by means of a control device, at least two of said heating elements are switched on and switched off periodically and alternatingly in dependence from the operation temperature of said generator and/or the operation temperature of paving screed components contacting paving material. Said heating means comprises in its control device a microprocessor management section with a program for alternatingly switching between heating elements in cycles under consideration of a predetermined combination of operational parameters.

Abstract: An adsorptive-filtration media for the capture of waterborne or airborne constituents. The media comprises a granular substrate and an amphoteric compound bonded to the substrate in the presence of a crystal inhibiting agent. The media can also comprise a substrate having a specific gravity of less than 1.0 and an amphoteric compound bonded to the substrate. Another media comprises a substrate with a specific surface area of greater than 0.1 m2/gm and an amphoteric compound bonded to the substrate. Another media includes a granular substrate and a manganese oxide amphoteric compound formed on the substrate. Also disclosed is a pavement material for the capture of waterborne constituents. The pavement material comprises a porous pavement substrate and an amphoteric compound bonded to the substrate. Also disclosed is a method for producing a porous, cementitious material.

Abstract: A porous pavement construction formed from environmental porous pavement materials is formed with a number of aqueduct channels located underneath the pavement surface, so that water can percolate downward into the pavement and enter the channels. Methods of forming this pavement structure are also discussed.

Abstract: Environmental porous pavement materials are formed by encapsulating inner aggregates with cementitious material, adhesive admixture and sealant compounds. Recycled asphalt and recycled concrete products can be used. A mixing machine produces a homogeneous mix of the paving material by surrounding at least part of an aggregate with a coating liquid.

Abstract: A pavement mat to be used in the construction of temporary roadways comprising a plurality of vehicle tire segments tightly compressed and bound between preceding and succeeding stabilizer members. Each of the stabilizer members has an end plate and a plurality of tie rods that extend perpendicularly outward from its surface. The end plates also have rod holes to receive the tie rods the next succeeding stabilizer member. The preceding and succeeding stabilizer members are held in place by bolts or other means. When the vehicle tires are compressed together between the stabilizer members they are penetrated by the tie rods of its preceding stabilizer member. These tie rods stitch the tires together and keeps the tires tightly compressed together between the stabilizer members. A cap plate stabilizer member, without tie rods, is for use as the last of the succeeding stabilizer members, the cap plate has holes for receiving each of the tie rods of its immediately preceding stabilizer member.

Abstract: A drive-through window station of a restaurant has a food preparation area adjacent a food preparation viewing window. A driveway exterior the window positions a customer in a vehicle at an enhanced elevation whereby the customer may look inward and downward to view and direct the food selection, preparation and packaging by continuous communication using one or more spaced two-way speaker-microphones units. A canopy over the driveway enables proper lighting to view the interior food preparation. Sensor activated lighting increases the interior and/or exterior illumination when a vehicle enters the driveway, and decreases the interior and/or exterior illumination when a vehicle exits the driveway.

Abstract: Vehicle arresting beds, for installation at the ends of aircraft runways, are effective to safely decelerate aircraft entering the bed. The arresting bed is assembled of a large number of blocks of cellular concrete having predetermined compressive gradient strength, so that aircraft landing gear is subjected to drag forces effective to slow a variety of types of aircraft, while providing deceleration within a safe range of values. An arresting bed typically includes an entry region of a depth increasing from 9 to 24 inches formed of blocks having a first compressive gradient strength. A second region, which may be tapered into the first region and increase in depth to 30 inches, is formed of blocks having a greater compressive gradient strength. An aircraft thus experiences increasing drag forces while it travels through the bed, to provide an arresting capability suitable for a variety of aircraft.

Abstract: A prefabricated highway with end supports. The end supports include a first elongated support member for transverse engagement of a longitudinal end of the prefabricated highway section and a second elongated support member parallel to the first support member and aligned with the first member along an orthogonal axis for abutting an earth support of the prefabricated highway. The end supports further include a connecting member joining the first and second elongated members in a rigid spaced-apart relationship.The support structure is used as part of a prefabricated highway system. The prefabricated highway system uses the support structures for support of individual lane sections. The prefabricated lane sections are fabricated out of prestressed concrete and are designed to be supported longitudinally in a direction of traffic flow at each end by an upper surface of the first elongated support member of each support section.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus installation for de-icing roadways (1) automatically, to which is applied a melting-agent solution in water to lower the freezing point. The run-off from the roadways may be mixed with precipitation water and melted snow and ice as melt water.

Abstract: A conformable magnetic article for underlayment beneath a traffic-bearing surface which sends a magnetic signal to a sensor traveling over the traffic-bearing structure. The magnetic article comprises at least one conformable magnetic layer comprising a binder and a sufficient amount of magnetic particles dispersed within the binder to provide a magnetic signal through the traffic-bearing structure to a sensor.

Abstract: A way of using fly ash and water to make a road base material is disclosed. Class C fly ash, which sets up very quickly, is mixed with a hydrating liquid and compacted prior to initial set. To facilitate mixing, transportation and placement of the wet mixture, a set sequestering additive may be added to the water before mixing the water and the fly ash. Also disclosed is a mixing device designed to be attached to the underside of a tanker trailer of the type used to transport dry fly ash. The mixer introduces water to the inside and outside areas of a falling tubular stream of fly ash.

Abstract: In order to provide an integral whole unit for continuously measuring the quantity of heat needed to melt snow lying on a road, and prevent freezing of the road; and for controlling a supply of heat to the road for melting the snow lying on the road and for preventing the freezing of the road, it uses a road-simulated device. The road-simulated device is put outdoors while it is snowing, and it is heated and kept at a temperature of -0.degree. C., thus keeping the road-simulated surface free of snows, and preventing the freezing of the road-simulated surface. In this condition the thermal energy required to keep the simulated road surface unfrozen is determined, and every control variable is determined on the basis of this so determined thermal energy.

Abstract: Deadening pavement for roads, comprising: an upper layer (10), formed by a wearing course of asphalt having an average granulometry, and a lower layer (12) supporting the wearing course (10), and which is made of cement, concrete, or similar materials, wherein in the lower layer (12) there is obtained a plurality of cavities (18), facing directly the upper layer (10),which act as Helmholtz resonators.

Abstract: An apparatus or clip is disclosed, which can be used both to securely hold and support a heating cable or mat at a desired depth within a slab form, and to easily locate the cable or mats once embedded using a simple magnetic field. The clips of this invention are constructed from a material that has a suitable magnetic susceptibility for permitting detection by a weak magnetic field. Consequently, the clip can be located using a simple bar magnet or a common stud finder. The high magnetic permeability of the clip compared to the surrounding earth, asphalt or concrete allows the clip to be readily located by a stud finder. As a stud finder is passed over the clip, the magnetic needle is attracted to the clip apparatus by the emitted magnetic flux. The configuration of the clip includes two upright legs and two horizontal feet. The legs are bent to support and space the mat or cable above the feet.

Abstract: A roadway for use on permafrost terrain is described together with methods of construction, the roadway generally including a porous embankment and a pavement structure disposed on the top of the embankment. The embankment has a desired vertical separation between the bottom and the top of the embankment and comprises material of sufficient permeability to allow buoyancy-driven pore air convection to occur within the embankment when an unstable density stratification exists therein. This unstable density stratification occurs in the winter months when a temperature differential between the top of the embankment and the ground adjacent the bottom of the embankment exists, whereby the roadway promotes natural convection within the porous embankment which enhances heat removal from the embankment and underlying ground to preserve the permafrost layer throughout the year.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying contaminated air has an air inlet exposed to a road surface, an air outlet spaced from the road surface, a soil bed for being populated with microorganisms, the soil bed being disposed between the air inlet and the air outlet and allowing air to pass therethrough, a pipe interconnecting the soil bed and the air outlet, and embedded underground, and a fan for introducing air from the air inlet, passing the air through the soil bed, delivering the air from the soil bed through the pipe to the air outlet, and discharging the air from the air outlet.

Abstract: A road surface formed by laying a multiplicity of molded elastic plates 2 each containing a rubber material 6 mixed with an aggregate 7 having anti-wear properties. These elastic plates 2 are laid on a roadbed 3, and are fixed by fixing means 20. Strong adhesive force between this rubber material and the aggregate greatly suppresses peeling of the aggregate 7 from the rubber 6 and prevent formation of pit holes on the surface of the road. The highly elastic nature of the elastic plates prevents plastic deformation and cracks of the road due to vehicle load, suffer little change with temperature variation, providing long-term durability. Accordingly, the frequency of repairs or modifications carried out to improve durability is drastically reduced, and the number of defects is reduced so that the safety of vehicles using the road is increased.

Abstract: A sign support stake may be combined with a jack for extraction of the stake. The sign support stake may also provide a heater to melt frozen earth. The sign support can be provided with releasable attachment means to the support to avoid removal by vandals and may be provided with level indicating means to assist achieving vertical orientation for a driven stake.

Abstract: A slump-resistant, curable polymer concrete composition, suitable for coating onto a concrete surface or an asphalt surface to resurface same, comprising (a) 5 to 95 weight percent of an aggregate at least 20 percent of which has a minimum particle dimension of 1/16 inch or greater, (b) 5 to 95 weight percent of a curable polymer composition containing an ethylenically unsaturated polymer containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the molecule and carbon-bonded carboxyl groups or carbon-bonded hydroxyl groups or both in the molecule, (c) an effective amount of a curing catalyst effective to initiate the curing of the polymer, and (d) at least one reactive, time-delay thickener comprising (1) a Group IIA metal oxide or hydroxide in the amount of 0.1 to 20 equivalents per carbon-bonded carboxyl group of the polymer, the Group IIA metal oxide or hydroxide being reactive with the carboxyl groups of the polymer to thicken said polymer concrete composition and/or (2) a polyisocyanate in the amount of 0.

Abstract: A process for de-icing roadways to which is applied a melting agent to lower the freezing point. In order to save melting agent (salt), the melt water running off the roadway is collected and re-used for de-icing purposes provided that its melting agent content is adequate. To implement the process, use is made of a device for de-icing roadways including, along the length of the roadway, components such as spray nozzles (34) to apply the melting agent and run-off channels (16) to divert the water into a drainage channel (18) connected to a collector channel in its cycle. According to the invention, the run-off channels (16) lead into at least one collector tank (20) which returns the adequately concentrated melt water to the spray nozzles (34) via a supply line (26).

Abstract: A heated screed assembly (10) for use with a paving machine (12) includes a screed (16). An elastomeric, electrically-powered heating element (36) is carried on the upper surface (28) of the screed. A retaining member (48) is disposed to overly the heating element, whereby the heating element is retained in contact with the upper surface of the screed during operation of the paving machine. Electric power is supplied to the elastomeric heating element by a generator (44).

Abstract: A snow melting device which includes a plurality of heating bodies arranged at intervals perpendicularly to the direction of traffic running and pedestrians walking on the road, each heating body including a planar heat generating element having at least a load bearing side thereof coated with a protective layer and having a terminal for connection to a power source.

Abstract: A method of making hot air in the range of 200 degrees (F) from the sunlight striking the paved surface of a parking lot is described. The transparent surface is above an opaque surface forming a homogeneous solid. Beneath the pavement are parallel pipes for the movement of air. The air is compressed into the pipe and sucked out of the pipes via photovoltaic powered fans. Due to the heat transfer through the walls of the pipes, ambient air is made hot. The hot air can then be used economically as precombustion air to a typical fossil fuel burner as oil, coal or gas. While the hot air would not be able to provide enough heat to power an entire power plant or oil refinery, the net result is more efficient fuel burning, with less air pollution produced, perhaps reducing fuel consumption by 5 to 10 percent. While the parking lot pavement may be made of recycled materials as glass or plastic, the pavement is still capable of supporting the weight of an automobile while also producing hot air.

Abstract: A self-guidance bicycle track is formed of a plurality of longitudinally aligned, end-to-end coupled, upwardly open U-shaped molded plastic track sections, each track section has a generally flat, central traction portion and integral, upwardly oppositely facing concave side walls. The central traction portion is recessed below the upwardly concave, laterally opposed sidewalls. The sidewalls terminate in reversely curved, outwardly directed lips. Longitudinally spaced, transverse narrow slots within the molded track central traction portion permit rain water accumulating on the track to drain and surface grit to pass therethrough. Recessing of the traction surface below the lower ends of the concave sidewalls form lateral abutments which prevent a bicycle rear wheel from wandering off the traction surface without inhibiting side-to-side motion of the bicycle front wheel.

Abstract: A method of forming and the construction of a temporary roadway mat system, comprising a number of longitudinally arrays of overlapping on-road truck tire sidewalls, the arrays covering the expected width of the roadway and being supported from beneath by a floor member made up of a number of relatively flatly arranged on-road truck tread portions, in which the sidewalls are connected together and also connected to the tread portions to create a strong unitary floatational instant roadway surface over unstable ground.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved system for quick detection of driver impairment as evidenced by the driver's inability to keep a vehicle on an assigned course, utilizes parallel strips defining a relatively narrow lane through which the driver is to operate the vehicle. The strips and their associated equipment, are readily portable, and are thus adapted to be set up by police officers at any location desired, in a minimum amount of time, thereby permitting spot checks with little or no advance warning to motorists approaching the check point. The strips are hollow, and contain pressure chambers, the volume of which is reduced when a vehicle tire crosses or rides along on top of one of the strips. Reduction of the pressure chamber volume is adapted to carry air pressure through tubes to locations near to or remote from the hollow strips to actuate electrical switches located at predetermined intervals along and out from the traffic lane defined by the hollow strips.

Abstract: A method for emulsification of rock asphalt, the resulting low asphalt emulsion and low asphalt emulsion binder for aggregate is disclosed. Fine mesh rock asphalt is emulsified by using a hydrocarbon fluxing agent to sufficiently wet the rock asphalt to produce a fluid mixture, followed by addition of water, small amounts of surfactant and salts, heating the fluid mix while the mixture is being gently stirred. The rock asphalt emulsion can be formed from rock asphalts having low asphalt content, as low as 5, 6, or 7% by weight and greater. Depending on the rock asphalt ore source, the emulsion is comprised of varying amounts of hydrocarbon fluxing oils which are present in sufficient volume to form a fluid mix, from less than about 25% to greater than matching parts by volume of water, and lesser amounts of surfactants and salts. These emulsions have been found to be effective as binders for limestone aggregate coatings, seal, coats, pliable mats and other surprising applications.

Abstract: A moving type three-dimensional road which can travel to a region where road surface repair work is to be carried out, includes a working road constituent unit associated with a traveling device and a plurality of access road constituent units associated with traveling devices. The working road constituent unit includes a horizontal floor plate disposed above and supported by a plurality of extensible/retractible support legs to form a working space thereunder. The access road constituent units are connected to the opposite ends of the working road constituent unit, and each includes an inclined floor plate disposed above and supported by a plurality of extensible/retractible support legs.

Abstract: An underground water warmed by the geothermy in an aquifer is pumped up by a pumping means disposed in a pump-up well and the pumped up underground water is introduced into a heat exchanger located in the pump-up well near the opening thereof. The heat exchanger is connected to a heat radiating pipe laid under a road or a building structure on the ground through feed and return conduits. An antifreezing fluid is filled in the heat radiating pipe and circulates through the heat radiating pipe and the heat exchanger through the conduits. The antifreezing fluid warmed in the heat exchanger by the heat exchanging operation stores the heat in the road and transfers the heat to the snow on the ground during the passing through the heat radiating pipe by the heat radiating operation, whereby snow lying on the road is melted without sprinkling water.

Abstract: An intersection of a main road and a branch road is described. A safety island is provided longitudinally parallel to the main road at the center line of the intersection. The safety island prevents cars from the branch road to cross the intersection. Circular detour roads beneath or above the main road are provided for traffic circulation. Underground passages for motorcycles and pedestrians may be provided beneath the intersection to eliminate interference with car traffic. Cars on the inner lane of the main roadway then can proceed through the intersection without interruption.

Abstract: A modular overpass that uses interlockable roadway units. These interlockable units include ramp units adapted for fitting together to create entry and exit ramps having a low end and a raised end, cantilever units for attachment to the raised ends of the ramps, and suspended span units for joining the cantilever units. Flexible footings are provided to support the roadway units. The flexible footings comprise a resilient base, a covering cap sealably fitted over the base to define a cavity, and a packable bearing material partially filling the cavity. A system of pilings are used to anchor the roadway units in position. The system can be used to create an overpass over intersections between highways and secondary roads so that highway traffic travels over the overpass and local secondary road traffic is controlled by traffic lights. The modular overpass is shaped to conform to the existing highway surface and is supported on that surface by the flexible footings.

Abstract: The invention is a reduced radar detectable runway. In detail, the invention comprises a runway having a plurality of holes randomly orientated and randomly dispersed across and along the surface thereof. The holes are preferably polygons, and ideally square in shape, and filled with a dielectric material. Additionally, the minimum necessary perimeter of the runway should include an extended portion in an irregular pattern about a least a portion of the necessary perimeter. This portion should also incorporate the randomly positioned and orientated holes.

Abstract: A mat comprising an elastic material which serves as an underlay for a ballast bed of crushed stone, metallic particles, or the like is provided with a plurality of projections on its underside and with an upper layer of a material different from the elastic material. This upper layer on the upper side of the mat advantageously comprises a strong fabric. Particularly the upper layer may comprise a multilayered fabric with inlay layers of elastic material positioned between the individual layers of the multilayer fabric as well as a coverying layer of a softer material on the upper surface of the upper layer of the mat. The fabric of the upper layer of the mat advantageously comprises a water and rot resistant plastic material, such as a polyamide.

Abstract: A fascine capable of conforming to the contours of a supporting surface, comprises a core of cylindrical pipes loosely disposed within a surrounding flexible sleeve comprised of similar pipes transversely and continuously interconnected by tensioned flexible ties. All the pipes are capable of elastic cross-sectional deformation, the sleeve pipes being held in diametral compression by the flexible ties to provide increased resistance to external compression forces acting substantially perpendicularly to the direction of diametral compression, and the core pipes being selected to have less resistance to deformation than the sleeve pipes so as to absorb external point loading forces acting on the sleeve pipes. The fascine is suitable for use by both wheeled and tracked vehicles.

Abstract: A reversible playing and/or performing area having at least one reversible tray which has separately utilizable opposing plane surfaces. The tray has a bottom and shallow sides. The outer surface of the bottom of the tray provides a first playing surface. The space of the tray defined by the inner surfaces of the bottom and the sides of the tray holds a bedding material which provides the base for a second, opposing playing surface. Suitable device is provided for rotatably reversing the playing surfaces. The reversible area may have a plurality of abutting trays which may be of different shapes and dimensions.

Abstract: A method of forming wood fibres for use in the production of a riding surface comprises feeding wood chips having a length, in the grain direction, of from 18 mm to 35 mm, to a milling machine adjusted to break the wood chips into wood fibres, the lengths of the fibres produced by the milling machine being substantially in accordance with the following percentages, by volume, of the total volume:______________________________________ Wood fibre length Percentage of Total Fibre ______________________________________ 0 mm-5 mm 10%-20% 5 mm-15 mm 40%-55% 15 mm-35 mm 35%-50% ______________________________________It is found that a surface formed from a compacted layer, several inches deep, of fibres produced by the above method has excellent characteristics for horse riding and these characteristics are not unduly affected by variations in weather conditions.

Abstract: A fascine capable of conforming to the contours of a supporting surface, comprises a core of loose cylindrical pipes disposed within a surrounding sleeve of similar pipes transversely and continuously inter-connected by flexible ties. Binding straps attached to the sleeve are reeved so as to cause axial pleating of the sleeve when tensioned, thereby to bind the core into rigid cylindrical form. The fascine is transported in bound condition and the binding straps slackened on deployment.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for controlling the temperature of asphalt and concrete bodies (1) in connection to storing of heat in the ground or in rocks, whereby channels (3) are drilled into the ground or the rock at or underneath the asphalt or concrete body the temperature of which is to be controlled, and in the said drilled channels (3) are inserted adaptor elements comprising two or more inner tubes or channels (6; 17) for supply and removal of a heat transport medium. The inner tubes (6; 17) in the adaptor elements are preferably formed so as to open on different levels of the channel (3) and also preferably the adaptor element is formed with cross partition walls (13) providing severaL zones distributed along the channel whereby heat can be transported between the zones and between a particular zone and the body the temperature of which is to be controlled.

Abstract: A heated screed assembly (10) for use with a paving machine (12) includes a screed (16). An elastomeric, electrically-powered heating element (36) is carried on the upper surface (28) of the screed. A retaining member (48) is disposed to overly the heating element, whereby the heating element is retained in contact with the upper surface of the screed during operation of the paving machine. Electric power is supplied to the elastomeric heating element by a generator (44).