Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for placing at least one duct/communication cable below a road surface in an area, said area comprising a first layer (L1 and a second layer (L2), said first layer (L1) being a road layer, such as asphalt or concrete, and said second layer (L2) being a bearing layer for said first layer (L1) and being located below said first layer (L1), said method comprising the steps of: cutting a micro trench in said area through said first layer (L1) into said second layer (L2); placing at least one duct/communication cable in said micro trench so that said at least one duct/communication cable is placed below said first layer (L1); and filling said micro trench so as to restore said road surface.

Abstract: The invention is directed to methods for supporting trench pipes with polyurethane foams which are flotation resistant with sufficient strength and density to provide stability and inhibit erosion at pipeline trench sites, and other uses, wherein at least 50% of the foam is open cell and has a density of approximately 1.3 lbs/ft3 to 3.5 lbs/ft3. The invention also provides methods for making compositions used to make polyurethane foams that exhibit such characteristics.

Abstract: A bending restrictor assembly for use with a pipeline section has a sleeve affixed to the pipeline section, an outer collar slidably positioned relative to and over the sleeve, and an inner collar slidably positioned relative to an interior of the outer collar. The inner collar in spaced longitudinal relation to an end of the sleeve. The inner and outer collars are slidable relative to a bending of the pipeline section. A series of holes and keyways are formed in the inner and outer collars. Pins are inserted into corresponding holes and keyways so as to correspond to a limit of the bending radius of the pipeline section.

Abstract: A method includes the positioning of a rising column (22) in a vertical configuration and the total immersion of a buoy for retaining the rising column (22). The method includes the insertion of a male connecting member (62) borne by the buoy in a female connecting member (64) borne by the rising column (22) and the immobilization of the male connecting member (62) in a receiving passage (92) defined by the female connecting member (64). The female connecting member (64) includes at least one surface (98) for guiding the male connecting member (62) towards the receiving passage (92). The insertion step including the guiding of the male connecting member (62) towards the receiving passage (92) by contact with a guiding surface (98) of the female connecting member (64) which has a vertical section diverging away from the receiving passage (92) towards the male connecting member (62).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to aquatic systems and methods for off-shore energy production, and particularly to systems and methods for generating large amounts of methane via anaerobic digestion, purifying the methane produced, and sequestering environmentally deleterious by-products such as carbon dioxide. The energy production systems contain one or more flexible, inflatable containers supported by water, at least one of which is an anaerobic digester containing bacteria which can produce energy sources such as methane or hydrogen from aquatic plants or animals. The containers of the present invention can be large enough to provide adequate amounts of energy to support off-shore activities yet are relatively easy to manufacture and ship to remote production sites. The systems can also be readily adapted to sequester carbon dioxide or recycle nutrients for growing feedstocks on site.

Abstract: A method of driving a pipe into the ground includes steps of placing a pipe to be driven into the ground onto a series of at least two spaced skids each having an upwardly opening cradle thereon so that the pipe spans and is supported by the skid cradles, one skid proximate a front end of the pipe and the other skid proximate a rear end of the pipe, each skid including a vertical jack mechanism for raising and lowering the pipe supported by the skid, positioning the pipe in a position for ramming into the ground by operating the vertical jack mechanisms as needed to raise the pipe into the ramming position, and ramming the pipe using an impact ramming tool applied to push the pipe into the ground.

Abstract: A method and device for stabilizing a conductor (4) in a submerged conductor guide (6) on an offshore installation (8) where an annulus (2) is present between the conductor (4) and the conductor guide (6), wherein the method includes:—establishing any misalignment between the conductor (4) and the conductor guide (6);—producing a support body (1) that is adapted to said misalignment and where the support body (1) is designed to fill a sector of the annulus (2); and—moving the support body (1) axially into the annulus (2) between the conductor (4) and the conductor guide (6).

Abstract: A method of driving a pipe into the ground includes steps of placing a pipe to be driven into the ground onto a series of at least two spaced skids each having an upwardly opening cradle thereon so that the pipe spans and is supported by the skid cradles, one skid proximate a front end of the pipe and the other skid proximate a rear end of the pipe, each skid including a vertical jack mechanism for raising and lowering the pipe supported by the skid, positioning the pipe in a position for ramming into the ground by operating the vertical jack mechanisms as needed to raise the pipe into the ramming position, and ramming the pipe using an impact ramming tool applied to push the pipe into the ground.

Abstract: A pipe support has an outer tubular support wall, an inner tubular support wall, spaced inwardly from the outer tubular support wall, and a connecting portion for maintaining the outer tubular support wall and the inner tubular support wall in a fixed, spaced apart relationship. The pipe support is intended for use in-trench and out-of-trench for supporting a pipeline during assembly, installation, testing and operation.

Abstract: A power supply apparatus is for supplying power to an electric vehicle by a magnetic induction mechanism. The apparatus includes a power supply structure including a multiple number of power supply rail modules connected in a forward road direction, each power supply rail module including at least one power supply line passage elongated in the forward road direction, a power supply core of a lattice structure provided below the power supply line passage, and a concrete structure incorporating the power supply line passage and the power supply core; at least one power supply line accommodated in the power supply line passage in the forward road direction and surrounded by an insulating pipe; and at least one common line provided in the forward road direction and surrounded by an insulating pipe, for supplying power to the power supply apparatus.

Abstract: A flexible bag-type pipeline weight, configured to straddle a pipeline, has internal tie means to prevent excessive bulging of the weight after being filled with ballasting material, thus facilitating installation in narrow trenches. Built-in loading loops facilitate filling the weight with ballasting material without need for special loading equipment. The bag-type pipeline weight is formed with a pair of leg sections on either side of a central, pipeline-receiving recess. Once filled with ballast, the legs remain separated, thus facilitating installation on a pipeline. The filled pipeline weight is also freestanding and stable for purposes of transport and storage prior to installation. Hoisting slings facilitate lifting and manipulation of loaded pipeline weights without the need for spreader bars.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for introducing at least one pipe (2) for at least one optical cable (3) into a solid bed with the aid of a laying device, wherein at least one groove (1) is milled or cut in the bed and the at least one pipe (2) is inserted in the at least one groove (1), wherein at least one side wall (1?) of the at least one groove (1) is configured with a step (1?) for supporting a filler material (5, 6), by which after laying the at least one pipe (2) the possibly remaining volume of each groove (1) is filled, or a pipe (2) formed according to the groove (1). Preferably both side walls (1?) of the at least one groove (1) are configured with a supporting step (1??), resulting in a substantially T-shaped cross-section of the groove (1).

Abstract: A flexible bag-type pipeline weight, configured to straddle a pipeline, has internal tie means to prevent excessive bulging of the weight after being filled with ballasting material, thus facilitating installation in narrow trenches. Built-in loading loops facilitate filling the weight with ballasting material without need for special loading equipment. The bag-type pipeline weight is formed with a pair of leg sections on either side of a central, pipeline-receiving recess. Once filled with ballast, the legs remain separated, thus facilitating installation on a pipeline. The filled pipeline weight is also freestanding and stable for purposes of transport and storage prior to installation. Hoisting slings facilitate lifting and manipulation of loaded pipeline weights without the need for spreader bars.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a support system for supporting a conduit. In one exemplary embodiment, the system includes support beams extending across an excavated opening. For example, a pair of beams may be positioned to span the excavated opening with the opposing ends of the beams supported on the ground above the excavated opening. Support rods may be positioned to extend through and/or from the beams and into the excavated opening. In one exemplary embodiment, the support rods include a J-hook configured for receipt within an opening in sections of curved sheet pile positioned beneath a conduit. By using a plurality of rods, the individual sections of curved sheet pile may be connected to the beams to provide a support structure for the curved sheet pile and, correspondingly, the conduit extending above the curved sheet pile and below the beam.

Abstract: An oil recovery system recovers oil released at the bed of a body of water. The system includes a fluid collector assembly positionable proximate to the bed of the body of water. The collector assembly has an open lower end to receive fluid and has an upper end coupled to a lowermost fluid transfer tube. Fluid transfer tubes are interconnected in a string between the lowermost fluid transfer tube and a vessel positioned to receive fluid transferred through the fluid transfer tube. A guide cable is anchored at the bed of the body of water to guide the fluid collector assembly and the fluid transfer tubes to the bed. A lift cable selectively lowers the fluid collector assembly and the fluid transfer tubes to the bed. Fluid entering the collector assembly rises to the water surface via the transfer tubes.

Abstract: A subsea structure for supporting pipes/pipe assemblies (2?) that are connected to subsea installations. The structure has a generally horizontal support member (5) for supporting said pipes/pipe assemblies. The horizontal support member is movably engaged with a generally vertical supporting member (2) at one or both ends thereof the vertical support member is anchored to a base member (3). In the vertical support member (2) a lifting mechanism with intermeshing ratchet dogs (32, 33) and elongate ratchets (12) is arranged, which is operated by a vertical screw (13).

Abstract: A flexible bag-type pipeline weight, configured to straddle a pipeline, has internal tie means to prevent excessive bulging of the weight after being filled with ballasting material, thus facilitating installation in narrow trenches. Built-in loading loops facilitate filling the weight with ballasting material without need for special loading equipment. The bag-type pipeline weight is formed with a pair of leg sections on either side of a central, pipeline-receiving recess. Once filled with ballast, the legs remain separated, thus facilitating installation on a pipeline. The filled pipeline weight is also freestanding and stable for purposes of transport and storage prior to installation. Hoisting slings facilitate lifting and manipulation of loaded pipeline weights without the need for spreader bars.

Abstract: A support system supports a pipe or conduit. In one exemplary embodiment, the apparatus, systems and methods include support beams extending across an excavated opening. For example, a pair of beams may be positioned to span the excavated opening with the opposing ends of the beams supported on the ground above the excavated opening. Support rods may be positioned to extend through and/or from the beams and into the excavated opening. In one exemplary embodiment, the support rods include a J-hook configured for receipt within an opening in pipe or conduit support members positioned beneath and supporting the pipe or conduit. In another exemplary embodiment, a pipe contacting support member is positioned beneath and contacting a pipe for supporting the pipe and fully excavating the pipe.

Abstract: A thermally enhanced, single component, geothermal grout from recycled materials, such as class F fly ash and cement kiln dust. Additional components can include a mid-range water reducer and a dry caustic.

Abstract: A tensioning device in particular for bracing string sections of a string includes a traction element, which extends between an abutment and an adapter on the rear end of the string. A linear tensioning device is arranged in parallel relationship to the string for applying the tension force. A sliding brake engages the traction element in a self-locking manner in sole response to a tensile load applied by the linear tensioning drive to thereby allow the tensioning device to move on its own in a direction on the traction element.

Abstract: A soil penetrating plate to position a flexible geothermal conduit loop in spoil is described. The soil penetrating plate has a leading soil penetrating formation which is provided with hook arrangements to hook an end loop portion of a conduit loop. The soil penetrating plate is securable to a force transmitting shaft or cable to displace the soil penetrating plate in soil whereby to position the conduit loop thereinto.

Abstract: A support assembly for a drive mechanism adapted to drive a force transmitting shaft having a soil penetrating head with a geothermal conduit loop attached thereto into the ground under an existing basement concrete floor of a building structure, through a hole formed in the concrete floor. The support assembly may also be secured to opposed transverse foundation walls adjacent the building structure and outside the structure in a small excavated hole. The support assembly comprises a support platform formed of platform sections having interconnecting flanges for interconnection together. Attachment flanges are also provided at opposed ends of the support platform for detachable securement to a respective one of opposed transverse foundation walls adjacent the concrete floor whereby the support assembly extends diagonally between the opposed transverse walls when mounted internally in a basement of the building structure.

Abstract: A pipe-laying vessel for S-laying a pipeline is provided, the vessel defining a pipe-laying path extending along the vessel. The vessel includes one or more track tensioners disposed along the pipe-laying path, and a travelling clamp assembly, including a clamp mounted for movement along a length of the pipe-laying path. The vessel may also include a fixed clamp assembly located on the pipe-laying path for clamping the pipeline in a fixed position on the pipe-laying path. At least one of the clamp assemblies may include a load bearing structure and a clamp wherein a downstream-facing portion of the clamp is in an abutting relationship with an upstream-facing portion of the load bearing structure such that a downstream force exerted, in use, by the pipeline on the clamp is transmitted to the load bearing structure.

Abstract: A mine safety system having at least a substantial portion of a mine conduit buried within a trench that is formed in the mine floor is provided. The mine safety system can be sturdy and durable in construction and in operation because a substantial pressure from a mine collapse is transferred to the surrounding earth or soil when the mine conduit is partially or fully buried in the mine floor. The mine safety system can be simply and inexpensively installed in newly constructed mines or retrofitted in existing mines. The mine conduit can be made of a lightweight plastic which can make handling of the conduit easier. Moreover, installation of the trench and the mine safety system is quicker and easier with use of a cutter drum that can form a curved trench bottom when the conduit is circular.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for forming a substantially uniform path within a trench, laying tile thereon, and covering the tile with dirt from the trench, are provided. One apparatus includes a housing, a hook, a pipe insertion frame extending upwardly from the housing, a sloping support wall inside the housing for directing tile from a top side of the housing to an exit at a rear side of the housing, a blade adjacent the housing rear side above the exit, a grip extending above the housing and the pipe insertion frame, and a rigid curved portion extending beneath the housing for forming a substantially uniform path in the trench as the housing is moved along the trench. The blade extends beyond at least one of the housing sidewalls to obtain dirt from the trench. The hook and the grip are configured to engage a machine bucket.

Abstract: Dual gradient drilling may be performed by anchoring drilling tubulars from a drilling ship on the seabed. The drilling tubulars may include an inline pump for pumping mud through another set of tubulars that actually drill the well. Then dual gradient drilling may be instituted by controlling the pressure by controlling the operation of the pump.

Abstract: A pipelayer having an undercarriage with at least two tracks and a main assembly. Each track has a track frame coupled to the undercarriage and a track shoe supported by and movable around the track frame. The main assembly is supported by and rotatable relative to the undercarriage, and has a main frame, a boom pivotally mounted to the main frame, an operator cab, and a cab riser connecting the operator cab to the main frame. The cab riser is operable to selectively raise and lower the operator cab relative to the main frame. Also provided is a movable cab assembly having an operator cab, an adjustment mechanism to connect the cab to a vehicle frame and move to change the operator's view, and a guide to align the cab. A method for laying pipe using a pipelayer having a movable cab is also provided.

Abstract: Guide arrangement for marine risers, in particular for offshore oil and gas operations. The guide arrangement has at least one guide structure (21, 22) for a length of riser, a frame assembly (10, 10A-D) for supporting said guide structure, anchor means (11, 12) at the seabed, tether means (13, 14) connecting said frame assembly to said anchor means, and a buoyancy element (1) for keeping said guide structure (21, 22) at a desired level in the sea during operation. The guide structure (21, 22) is pivotably supported by said frame assembly (10, 10A-D) with a pivot axis (21P, 22P) being substantially horizontal.

Abstract: A method of installing an off-shore tidal hydroelectric turbine generator is described. The method provides for a number of safety features, ensuring that all components are safe to handle during the installation operation, and also ensuring that the turbine will not start spinning during the installation operation.

Abstract: A pipeline buoyancy control assembly is operable to simultaneously retain a plurality of pipelines against buoyancy forces. Respective ends of two retaining straps corresponding to two respective pipelines engage a tie-down member of a single control assembly. The retaining straps are placed over the respective pipelines and other ends of the retaining straps are attached to additional control assemblies. Further, stresses exerted on the retaining straps when the pipelines are subjected buoyancy forces are minimized by the unique structure of the tie-down member and the manner by which the retaining straps attached thereto.

Abstract: A device is described for a foundation to be placed in a sea bed, comprising a housing-formed, downwardly open, coat-forming construction set up for placing in the sea bed, said construction comprises a top part, and the top part comprises an extended hollow body (140) that stretches a distance into the inside of the construction. The invention is characterised in that the length of the inner pipe is shorter or longer than the length of the coat. When the inner pipe is shorter, its length is of the order of 10-90% of the length of the skirt 10, preferably 25 to 60%, and most preferred 50%. When the inner pipe is longer, its length is more than 100% and up to 300% of the length of the outer coat (10), preferably 150 to 200% and most preferred 300%. A method and different applications are also described.

Abstract: A pipeline weighting device to straddle the longitudinal axis of a pipeline adapted to be lifted by transverse lifting straps. The pipeline weighting device includes three or more interconnected, generally tubular-shaped fabric lobes arranged to straddle the pipeline in a balanced manner along its longitudinal axis. Adjacent lobes are interconnected by a longitudinal seam, and are arranged as one or more left outermost lobes, one or more right outermost lobes and one or more innermost lobes. Central transverse lifting straps extend around the innermost lobe(s). Left transverse lifting straps form a loop around the left outermost lobe(s). Right transverse lifting straps form a loop around the right outermost lobe(s). Left transverse lifting straps interconnect to the central transverse lifting strap, and right transverse lifting straps interconnect to the central transverse lifting strap.

Abstract: The method of protecting two subsea pipelines which cross each other in a subsea environment from damaging one another when subsea currents slide the upper pipeline along the upper surface of the lower pipeline by providing roller around the upper pipeline and rollers around the lower pipeline which are connected together by a rotatable connection which allows the sets of roller to match the angle of the pipeline.

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment, curved sheet pile is driven underneath an existing conduit using a pile driver guided hydraulically by an excavator or other heavy machinery. By vibrating the curved sheet piles, the soil is placed in suspension, which allows the piles to be directed through the soil along an arcuate path that has a curvature that substantially matches the radius of curvature of the piles. Once the pile is positioned as desired, each individual pile sheet can be welded to one another to form a unitary structure. In one exemplary embodiment, the curved sheet pile is inserted beneath a conduit using a vibratory pile driver that rotates about a fixed pivot element on an excavator or other heavy machine for positioning the pile driver to advance the curved sheet pile along a fixed arc.

Abstract: A method is disclosed that comprises the steps of preassembling the connector pipe in a support; coupling a frame to the pipeline at or towards an end thereof such that the location of at least one part of the frame is known with reference to the throughbore and the end of the pipeline; engaging the support with a portion of the frame; substantially aligning the connector pipe with the end of the pipeline; and connecting the connector pipe to the end of the pipeline. A cutting tool is also disclosed that can be coupled to a portion of a guide means and used to cut the pipeline at a predetermined distance from the guide means such that the end of the pipeline is created. A remotely operable vehicle can be used to remotely actuate and control the connection of the pipe and the pipeline.

Abstract: For regulating the lateral buckling of a section of pipe, at least one device permanently applies a force to a point on the section of pipe. The force is preferably applied substantially horizontally and perpendicular to the axis of the pipe. Preferably, two of the devices that apply equal and opposing forces are positioned at a distance from each other along the section of a pipe. Each device comprises a clamp, a cable, a return device and a buoy or a weight.

Abstract: An installation technique is shown for use with a pre-insulated steam piping system having an inner steel carrier pipe surrounded by a layer of foam insulation and then by an outer protective jacket. An expansion loop is used to create an artificial low point in the overall pipeline which allows the pipeline to avoid a buried obstruction without the necessity of increasing the depth of the remaining portion of the pipeline on either side of the loop. The expansion loop has a pair of oppositely arranged side legs which are joined by a cross-leg portion of the loop, the cross-leg portion of the loop being angled downwardly at a predetermined angle, to thereby provide a change in elevation which avoids the buried obstruction in the pathway of the pipeline.

Abstract: In one exemplary embodiment, the present invention includes a plurality of individual curved sheet piles that are positioned beneath an underground conduit, such as a raceway, to support the conduit during excavation. In one exemplary embodiment, the individual sections of curved sheet pile are interfit and/or interconnected. This allows the individual sections to work in combination with one another to support the conduit. Specifically, opposing ends of a length of interfit and/or interconnected curved sheet piles extend into unexcavated soil on both sides of an excavated hole to form a bridge across the hole that supports the conduit and any soil or other subterranean material positioned above the curved sheet pile.

Abstract: The invention is a means to eliminate thermal or pressure walking of a pipeline by applying a constant axial force to the pipeline through the interposition of a constant-thrust device between a point fixed to the pipeline and a point on a foundation, which pair of points are otherwise unconstrained relative to each other in the longitudinal direction of the pipeline.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems and methods are utilized to relocate subsurface conduit. Specifically, the movement of underground conduit is accomplished via the apparatuses, systems and methods described herein, including movement thereof in either or both of laterally from a first lateral position to a second lateral position and/or vertically from a first vertical position to a second vertical position.

Abstract: An installation tool for installation of earth loops includes a cylindrical body with slots in its outer surface, for receiving of tubes of the earth loops, and a central passage extending therethrough from a grout fitting to a central opening at a leading end face of the cylindrical body. An anchor fits over the end face and includes a face plate with tube apertures extending therethrough, a retainer ring which serves to hold the earth loops in place within the slots during insertion of the tool into the borehole, and a pair of flexible plates extending from opposing positions on the retainer ring, approximately in parallel with the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical body.

Abstract: An articulated flowline connection, or coupling, between a flowline and a structure. In some embodiments, the coupling includes a housing and three cylindrical members, each disposed within the housing. The housing has a first longitudinal centerline. The first cylindrical member is rotatable relative to the housing about the first centerline, the first cylindrical member supporting the flowline, whereby the flowline is rotatable about the first centerline relative to the housing. The second cylindrical members are immovable relative to the structure. The housing and the first cylindrical member disposed therein are rotatable about a second axis normal to the first centerline relative to the second and third cylindrical members, whereby the flowline is rotatable about the second axis relative to the structure. In some embodiments, the flowline is also rotatable about a third axis normal to the first centerline and the second axis relative to the coupling.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for supporting a flexible pipe. The method includes the steps of responsive to a change in at least one condition experienced by a flexible pipe, varying an amount of support provided at least one location on the flexible pipe.

Abstract: An apparatus for placing foundation devices and/or pipes and/or augers in the ground, as an attachment to be attached to the boom of a construction vehicle, including a mounting hinged to a coupling point of the boom, and a drive head, which is rigidly connected to the mounting and configured as a rotational driving and/or drilling and/or impact drilling and/or pile-driving drive and to which the foundation device/pipe/auger for placement in the ground can be coupled. The coupling point can be displaced with respect to the drive head in at least one first direction which is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the foundation device/pipe/auger, and optionally in a second direction, which is transverse to the first direction. The mounting can be a universal joint in which a first joint axis extends so that a first and a second joint part can be displaced thereon, relative to each other, in the first direction, so as to displace the coupling point.

Abstract: A guide device for supporting an underwater pipeline along a feed path as it is being laid. The device is fitted to a laying ramp and has a cradle housing the pipeline; a frame fixed to the laying ramp; and a spacer mechanism located between the frame and the cradle to selectively adjust the distance between the cradle and frame. The device further includes a shock absorber connected to the cradle. The invention includes a method for using the device.

Abstract: A device for maintaining very long tubes or pipelines in position and damping same in relation to fixed support structures is inserted between a pipeline and a fixed support which can be used to position a plurality of pipelines. The device includes a cylindrical sleeve comprising a central hub and side walls which project out externally, such that a pipeline can be passed through a central hole. An elastically-deformable shaped component is provided around the central hub and between the side walls of the sleeve in order to provide damping at least radially and to perform an elastic return function. The component deforms temporarily when it abuts against the fixed support in accordance with the movements of the pipeline owing to environmental stresses. The device controls and absorbs axial and radial movements following the positioning of the pipeline and the expansion thereof.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to methods and systems for pipeline rehabilitation. The methods and systems disclosed herein permit the rehabilitation of long lengths of previously installed pipe and minimize the need for creating multiple access points to the pipeline. The disclosed systems and methods are particularly suited for rehabilitating buried and undersea pipelines or pipelines installed in areas of restricted access.

Abstract: An underwater termination assembly for use with a subsea system such as a well tree, comprises a construction having first and second limbs substantially at a right-angle to each other, which construction may be lowered having an umbilical connected to one of the limbs so that said one of the limbs sits on the bed of a body of water.

Abstract: A system and method for generating and distributing a closed loop riparian geothermal energy infrastructure. This system fills the need for the average home to tie into an existing geothermal “grid” constructed along, adjacent to or underneath a riparian body. The user may not need to invest in the geothermal infrastructure necessary outside the home to enable a geothermal system inside a home. The user, instead, is responsible for creating the section of the geothermal system that exists in the interior home infrastructure. In one embodiment of the invention, the infrastructure comprises at least one distribution flow line having a forward line for a first phase and a return flow line for circulatory second phase. The distribution flow line is coupled to any point along a main flow line. The main line flow line is buried to a sufficient depth within a riparian body for converting the first and second phases.

Abstract: A soil penetrating plate to position a flexible geothermal conduit loop in spoil is described. The soil penetrating plate has a leading soil penetrating formation which is provided with hook arrangements to hook an end loop portion of a conduit loop. The soil penetrating plate is securable to a force transmitting shaft or cable to displace the soil penetrating plate in soil whereby to position the conduit loop thereinto.