Abstract: Disclosed is a self-drilling resin anchored rock bolt with an elongate body of a suitable metal material extending between distal and proximal ends; and a drill bit engaged to the distal end; which body includes a threaded portion at the proximal end, a resin bore which extends through the elongate body, opening at each of the ends, a first integral anchor on the body, including integrally formed paddle formations; wherein the drill bit engaged with the body has a resin conduit which communicates an exterior of the drill bit with the resin bore; wherein the threaded portion has a first section, with a first thread density, extending from the proximal end, and a second section, with a second thread density, starting at the end of the first section and extending towards the distal end; and wherein the first thread density is lower than the second thread density.

Abstract: Disclosed is a rock bolt assembly including: a rock bolt with an elongate body which extends between a distal end and a proximal end and which has an integrally formed anchor portion and, where the body is not so formed, cylindrical stem portions; a tubular sleeve with a first diameter, which longitudinally extends between a first end and a second end, partially encasing the rock bolt so at least a proximal end portion of the bolt projects from the first end of the sleeve; a grout-input element which engages the rock bolt on the proximal end portion and which engages the first end of the sleeve in sealing contact; wherein, over each stem portion, the tubular sleeve is adapted along a band section by a reduction in the first diameter in a diametric plane; and wherein, over the anchor portion, the tubular sleeve retains the first diameter.

Abstract: A rock bolt dolly (10) which connects a self-drilling rock bolt (300), to a rock bolting apparatus and transfers percussive energy applied to the dolly (10) by the rock bolting apparatus (50) to the rock bolt during installation of the rock bolt in strata and rock is disclosed. The dolly includes coupling means (30a, 30b) for coupling the dolly to the output shaft of the rock bolting apparatus and a percussion plate (42) comprising an end plate (44) and integral side walls (47) defining an internally threaded recess for receiving the threaded end of the rock bolt, for applying percussive loading to the elongate hollow rod of the rock bolt (300) via the end plate and threaded side walls. The dolly also includes a body portion extending between the coupling means and the percussion plate transmitting forces from the output shaft to the percussion plate; which defines at least one passageway (136) for the passage of grout or resin from a reservoir through the rock bolt dolly and into the rock bolt.

Abstract: An underpinning pile assembly for supporting a structure upon the earth has a plurality of pile segments, a cable extending through a continuous passageway of the plurality of pile segments, and an anchor assembly positioned at the top of the plurality of pile segments. Each of the plurality of pile segments is stacked one upon another. The cable has a lower end affixed to one of the plurality of pile segments. The anchor has an opening that receives a portion of the cable therein so as to fix a position of an upper end of the cable. The anchor assembly has at least one column extending upwardly from an upper surface thereof. An adjustable support is affixed to the column and has a surface opposite the column that is adapted to support the structure thereon.

Abstract: A remote driving system includes: an acquisition unit for acquiring operation information related to an operation of a steering wheel by a user who remotely drives the target vehicle; and a control unit for controlling a resolution and a frame rate of each camera mounted on the target vehicle. When an operation amount of the steering wheel is relatively small, at least one of the resolution and the frame rate of a camera that captures an image of a front region of the target vehicle in a traveling direction is maintained or improved. When the steering wheel has been rotated to one of right and left and the operation amount is relatively large, at least one of the resolution and the frame rate of a camera that captures an image of a region of the one of right and left of the target vehicle is maintained or improved.

Abstract: A directional drill vice and associated methods are shown. A directional drill and associated methods are also shown. Examples of directional drill stem configurations include gripping jaws configured with a common jaw pivot. Examples of directional drill stem configurations also include a slot in a vice frame to allow lateral insertion of a drill stem segment.

Abstract: A boom for supporting a drilling and bolting tool includes a first portion including a first end and a second end, a longitudinal axis extending between the first end and the second end; a second portion including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end supported for translational movement relative to the first portion in a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis, the distal end configured to support the drilling and bolting tool; an actuator for moving the second portion relative to the first portion parallel to the longitudinal axis; and a fluid passage for conveying pressurized fluid between the first end of the first portion and the drilling and bolting tool adjacent the distal end of the second portion, the fluid passage positioned within the first portion and the second portion.

Abstract: An expanding anchor and/or pile system wherein an outer shell of the pile/anchor is split lengthwise into at least two pieces and can be placed or driven into a hole in the earth in a retracted state and can subsequently be expanded such that the two or more pieces are forced outwardly—away from one another, thus causing them to exert a lateral force against the sides of the hole and thereby resulting in greater axial load carrying capacity in tension or compression of the anchor/pile.

Abstract: A mining bolt system to anchor mining roofs. A bearing plate has a top bearing surface, a bottom bearing surface and a central hole. An L-shaped angle bracket having an upstanding portion and an upper portion has further defined therein a pair of bracket holes. A bolt including a rod portion and a bolt head passes through the central hole and into a mine roof. A threaded staff is then adapted to pass through one of the bracket holes underneath the bottom bearing surface, wherein, in combination, the bearing plate, angle bracket and threaded staff can be tensioned to provide a lifting force against the mine roof.

Abstract: Disclosed is a seismic reinforcement structure and a seismic retrofitting method, including: a first bracket including a horizontal part extending in contact with the bottom surface of the building, and a vertical part formed in connection with the horizontal part and extending in contact with the wall surface of the building; a second bracket including a horizontal part extending in contact with the ceiling of the building, and a vertical part formed in connection with the horizontal part and extending in contact with the wall surface of the building; and a connecting support rod having a vertically long shape and vertically connecting the horizontal part of the first bracket and the second bracket, wherein the relative position to the bottom of the whole building is fixed, thereby preventing the building from collapsing.

Abstract: The invention provides an umbrella-shaped anchor for rapid reinforcement of rock mass. The umbrella-shaped anchor for rapid reinforcement of the rock mass comprises an umbrella-shaped anchor head and a connecting rod. The umbrella-shaped head comprises the sliding mechanism, bearing block, guide block and main rod of anchor head. The main rod of anchor head is connected with the sliding mechanism after passing through the through-hole located in the middle of the guide block The sliding mechanism is connected with the connecting rod through the main rod of the anchor head.

Abstract: A pile is disclosed which includes an elongate member having a longitudinal axis, and an anchoring portion connected to the elongate member. The anchoring portion has a plate and also an arcuate member that is radially spaced from the elongate member. The plate has an arcuate distal edge. The plate is connected to the elongate member at a non-perpendicular angle to the longitudinal axis. The arcuate member is located on the arcuate distal edge of the plate. The plate has a leading portion which includes a lower portion of the arcuate distal edge that extends beyond the arcuate member and engages the earth as the pile is screwed into the ground.

Abstract: The invention relates to the technology of rib spalling. In the present invention, adjacent support anchors are tightly connected with each other by anchor cables; each of the support anchors are at least connected with an anchor cable tightly extending from four different directions, so that each of the anchor cables constitutes a mesh structure, and a flexible gap corresponding to the thickness of the support anchor is formed between the inner flexible support net and the outer support net at the anchor cable, which not only allows the support anchor to tighten an anchor bolt, but also makes the anchor bolt in the entire region form a whole.

Abstract: It discloses a grouting bolt-cable composite beam and supporting method for advanced support of fractured surrounding rock in deep coal mines. The quadrate plates are fixed at both ends of the steel beam, the anchor cable holes are arranged in the center of the steel beam and the quadrate plates, and the diameter of anchor bolt holes should be larger than that of the grouting cables. There are four anchor bolt holes on each quadrate plate, and each anchor bolt hole corresponds to a anchor plate, the horizontal surface of the anchor plate is close to the quadrate plate, and the arc parts of the four anchor plates are all facing the center of the quadrate plate.

Abstract: A self-drilling rock anchor assembly includes: a friction fit tubular sleeve extending longitudinally between leading and trailing ends; a rod extending through the sleeve between first and second ends, and projecting from each sleeve end; a drill bit member engaged with the rod's first end having an exterior surface part of which tapers towards a back end of the member; a backstop element engaged with the rod's second end having a first drive surface; a load bearing element on the rod between the sleeve's trailing end and the backstop that has a second drive surface. The rod moves relative to the sleeve between a drill position, wherein the drill bit is spaced from the sleeve's leading end, and an insertion position, wherein the sleeve's leading end abuts the bit. The drill and insertion positions are achieved by applying a force to the first and second drive surfaces, respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides a retainer device 1 for retaining or holding an anchor rod 11 of a rock anchor, especially a self-drilling anchor, in a hole H drilled above horizontal. The retainer device 1 comprises: a body portion 2 configured to be mounted on the anchor rod 11, and especially on an outer or external periphery of the anchor rod, and at least one locking arm or tab 6, 7 that projects from the body portion 2 in a direction transverse to a longitudinal extent of the anchor rod 11. The body portion 2 is configured for movement relative to the anchor rod 11 in use, and the at least one arm or tab 6, 7 is configured to deform so as to engage and bear against an inner wall W of the hole H when the retainer device 1 mounted on the anchor rod 11 is driven into the hole H.

Abstract: A roof frame (1) for a roof structure (2) of a motor vehicle is closed in the circumferential direction and can be mounted on a body shell structure of the motor vehicle and connected to a roof outer shell (3). The roof frame (1) is produced from a fiber composite material. A side of the roof frame (1) that faces the body shell structure of the motor vehicle has height-adjustable installation domes (5) and spacer elements (6) are attached to each of the installation domes (5). The roof frame (1) and the roof outer shell (3) are connected to each other in an integrally bonded manner.

Abstract: A rock bolt and meshing assembly is arranged for installation of a meshing sheet against a surface of rock strata. The rock bolt includes an adapter having a first portion connectable to a trailing end of an elongate shaft of the rock bolt and means configured to receive and mount a meshing clamp to overlay a second section of meshing sheet against an already laid first section of meshing sheet.

Abstract: A cap configured for providing a sealed cavity around an end of a fastener and a method of bonding a cap to a structural member in which a contact adhesive is provided for fixing the cap to the structural member and a curable sealant is provided for bonding the cap to the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a yieldable rock anchor (10), comprising an elongated tendon (12) extending longitudinally along a tendon axis (A) from a proximal end (16) to a distal end (18), wherein the tendon includes a substantially non-yielding rigid first anchor portion (20) at or near said distal end (18) and extending towards said proximal end (16), and at least one plastically deformable axially yielding portion (26) intermediate said non-yielding rigid first anchor portion (20) and said proximal end (16). The first anchor portion (20) may be a hollow bar member, and the first anchor portion (20) and the at least one yielding portion (26) are integrally joined or coupled to one another to form at least part of said elongated tendon (12).

Abstract: A hot-melt anchor head which belongs to technical field of fixed-foundation buildings. Hot-melt anchor head includes anchor ring provided with through hole, guide wire, electrical hot-melt member arranged on anchor ring, clamp piece arranged in through hole to clamp anchor cable reinforcement, and strain gauge connected to guide wire arranged on surface of anchor ring, wherein bottom of anchor ring is provided with bearing plate; which is provided with opening opposite to through hole, and anchor ring is made of metal material; and surface of anchor ring is formed with coating layer by injection moulding with hot-melt material, strain gauge is coated by coating layer and is in close contact with surface of anchor ring to be integrally formed, an end, close to bearing plate, of anchor ring extends inwards and is provided with flange, and flange is used for holding part, located inside through hole, of coating layer.

Abstract: An expansion anchor, including at least one anchor body as a first element and at least one bolt as a second element, wherein the bolt has an expansion body, which pushes the anchor body radially outward when the expansion body is moved in an extraction direction in relation to the anchor body is provided. A double coating having an inner layer and an outer layer covering the inner layer is provided on one of the two elements in an area of contact with the other element, wherein the outer layer has a coefficient of friction with respect to the other element that is greater than a coefficient of friction of the inner layer with respect to the other element.

Abstract: The present invention is a manually bendable rebar bolt for use in ground reinforcement, particularly in mining operations. The rebar bolt is a steel rod having a length and a width. The cross-sectional area of the bolt taken along the width generally perpendicular to said length has a long axis and a short axis. The bendable rebar bolt can be manually bent in a direction generally perpendicular to said long axis.

Abstract: A mine bolt includes an elongated body having a first end and a second end positioned opposite the first end, and an anchor comprising a tube defining a central opening and a slot extending at least a portion of the length of the tube. The anchor is secured to the elongated body. The anchor is configured to compress upon installation of the mine bolt to anchor the elongated body within a bore hole.

Abstract: Rock anchors, such as those described herein, allow for substantially complete draining of fluids from interior volumes of the rock anchors. In various situations, corrosive fluids may be introduced to the rock anchor, including inflating the rock anchors and during normal use, such as by groundwater intrusion. The rock anchors described herein include multiple passages for more effectively draining fluid from the rock anchors during inflation processes and during general use.

Abstract: An arrangement and method of utilizing rock drilling information in a mine whereby drill holes are drilled in a surrounding rock material by a first mining vehicle. During drilling measuring data is produced and is inputted to a monitoring device for analyzing procedures. The monitoring device produces rock condition data of the rock material being drilled. The produced rock condition data is then implemented in a second mining vehicle.

Abstract: This invention puts forward a sectional modular large-deformation-resistant impact-resistant composite rock bolt and its assembling method. The outer anchor module of this composite rock bolt consists of the outer anchor end, anchor tubes and anchor piers, all of which are bonded with the borehole wall through the anchorage agent to act as a full-grouted bolt. And the inner anchor module consists of the outer anchor end, anchor piers, springs and threaded rod. The threaded rod, under the traction by the outer anchor end, presses the inner anchor springs to distribute the anchoring force to the anchor piers, which then pass such force as a pressure to the anchoring agent, thus playing the role of a pressure-dispersive anchor.

Abstract: A mine rib support includes first and second elongate members each having a first end and a second end, a center plate having a body defining a first opening that receives the first elongate member, a second opening that receives the second elongate member, and an installation opening configured to receive a mine bolt, a first end plate defining first and second openings for receiving the first end of the first and second elongate members, respectively, and a second end plate defining first and second openings for receiving the second end of the first and second elongate members, respectively.

Abstract: Arrangement (10) for a rock grouting equipment for positioning at least one cartridge (11) is described. The arrangement incorporates at least one magazine (12), arranged around an axis (15). The magazine (12) incorporates at least one space (13), in which space (13) a plurality of said cartridges (11) is stored. The arrangement further incorporates at least one, radially extending, catching device (3, 14), arranged and formed such that it catches at least one cartridge (11) between itself and the inner surface (4) of the magazine body (12), when it performs a rotating movement around the axis (15). The invention also relates to a method.

Abstract: A method of treating a formation that includes injecting gelling components curable by a moisture cure into a selected region of the formation; and controlling the onset of curing of the gelling components by contacting the gelling components with a drying agent is disclosed.

Abstract: A ground anchor system configured for introducing into a borehole, and comprising a plurality of straps each having a length dimension extending along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system. Each of said straps has a width dimension taken along a major axis and a thickness dimension taken along a minor axis. The major axis and the minor axis are disposed at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system and intersect at a middle point. The middle point of each of said straps is intersected by an imaginary line extending through the longitudinal axis at the transverse plane. The imaginary line forms an angle smaller than 90° with the major axis of the respective strap.

Abstract: A joint is disclosed having a structure, a fastener passing through the structure with an end of the fastener protruding from the structure, and a cap installed on the end of the fastener. The end of the fastener includes an axially extending shaft, a fastener head carried by the shaft, and one or more washers located between the fastener head and the structure, the one or more washers spacing the fastener head and the structure apart by a distance. The cap has a cap body with a cavity which encloses the end of the fastener, and the joint further comprises a cured sealing material which seals the cavity. One of the fastener head and the cap body is formed with two or more first locking features which are axially spaced apart by a pitch.

Abstract: An injection-molded plastic roofing membrane plate includes a body and multiple cleats. The cleats extend from a bottom surface of the body. Each of the cleats has a rounded terminal end with a rounded terminal surface. The rounded terminal surfaces make surface-to-surface abutment with an underlying membrane in installation. The rounded terminal surfaces reduce wear on the underlying membrane that may otherwise occur.

Abstract: Disclosed is a bone fixation device of the type useful for connecting two or more bones or bone fragments together or connecting soft tissue or tendon to bone. The device comprises an elongate body having a distal anchor thereon. An axially moveable proximal anchor is carried by the proximal end of the fixation device, to accommodate different bone dimensions and permit appropriate tensioning of the fixation device. A sleeve can surround at least a portion of the bone fixation device to promote bone in-growth with or at the bone joint or fracture to facilitate fusion of the bone segment.

Abstract: A ground anchor system configured for introducing into a borehole, and comprising a plurality of straps each having a length dimension extending along a central longitudinal axis of the ground anchor system. Each of said straps has a width dimension taken along a major axis and a thickness dimension taken along a minor axis. The major axis and the minor axis are disposed at a transverse plane of the ground anchor system and intersect at a middle point. The middle point of each of said straps is intersected by an imaginary line extending through the longitudinal axis at the transverse plane. The imaginary line forms an angle smaller than 90° with the major axis of the respective strap.

Abstract: A rib support system, a rib support device, a rib support method, a method for manufacturing a rib support device, and a computer readable medium are provided as described herein. The rib support device is configured to support a mine or tunnel rib (or wall) or roof to prevent spalling, and to provide safety and long term protection of tunnel (or open) areas. The rib support device may be made from a high density polyethylene (HDPE) material, or the like, that is resistant to corrosion, has superior overall performance and strength, has few (or no) sharp edges, is light weight, and is easy to handle.

Abstract: A surface mining system for removing material from a mining face generally includes a conveyor extending substantially parallel to the mining face, a miner supported by and moveable along the conveyor, and a conveyor translation device associated with the conveyor and operable to move the conveyor and the miner toward the mining face. A method for advancing a surface mining longwall system generally includes moving the longwall shearer along a face conveyor, operating load translation devices to move the face conveyor and the longwall shearer toward the mining face, resetting a first group of load translation devices, and then resetting a second group of load translation devices. A load translation device generally includes an actuator, a ground drilling device coupled to and moveable with a portion of the actuator, and a frame coupled to and moveable with another portion of the actuator.

Abstract: The invention provides a roof bolt installation tool which has a central drill bit. A plate surrounds the central drill bit and has radial drill bits attached to it so that when the central drill bit rotates, the plate rotates. A boot surrounds the plate and is rotationally isolated from the plate and central drill bit. When the drill bit cuts a central bore into a mine roof, the radial drill bits cut a recess having a horizontal surface. A roof bolt and support plate are installed such that the bolt is inserted in the central bore and the support plate abuts the horizontal surface.

Abstract: A method for anchoring a device in multilayer soil includes analyzing the soil to determine the depth, hardness and density of at least two layers of soils. The anchoring device is prepared for positioning by attaching a self-drilling bit to a bottom end of a hollow rod, attaching a drilling disc to the rod at a position above the self-drilling bit, attaching at least one helical disc to the rod above the drilling disc, and attaching a positioning plate to the rod at a distance from the drilling disc such that the distance from the bottom of the drilling disc to the bottom of the positioning plate is approximately equal to the depth of a first layer of soil. The anchoring device is drilled into the soil until the drilling disc rests on top of the second layer and the positioning plate rests on top of the first layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for installing a pipe (313) when drilling a first hole with the aid of a rock drilling apparatus (100), wherein a tool (309) which can be connected to a drilling machine (306) via one or more drill rods (308) is used in said drilling, which method comprises—drilling a first part of said first hole,—installing a pipe (313) in at least a part or said first drilled part of said first hole, wherein the method further comprises:—installing said pipe (313) in said first hole while drilling of said first part of said first hole is in progress.—pulling said drill rod (308) out of said first hole before finishing drilling of said first hole to the desired, compared with said first part, deeper depth. The invention also relates to a system and to a rock drilling apparatus.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for installation of a rock bolt (124) in a first drill hole by means of a rock bolting rig (100), wherein said rock bolting rig (100) comprises a carrier (101), a boom unit (102) fastened to said carrier (101), and a bolt unit (103) fastened to said boom unit (102) via first joint means (106), wherein said bolt unit (103) comprises a feeder unit (104) including means for displaceable carrying of a drilling machine (105), wherein said bolt unit comprises a first (103A) end and holding means (123, 125) for holding said rock bolt (124).

Abstract: A method for lining mining and tunnel constructions with a support material (20) comprises the steps of: •a. providing a plurality of lay wires (24) in the long direction; •b. providing a plurality of stay wires (22) in the cross direction, the stay wires making intersections with said lay wires (24); •c. providing knot wires (28) to attach the lay wires (24) to the stay wires (22) in at least some of the intersections so as to form the support material; •d. installing the support material (20) against a ceiling or a wall of a mining or tunnel construction by means of bolts.

Abstract: A grouting method for anchoring with polymer is provided, wherein the method includes steps of: a) rod body processing; b) tying up a geotextile bag and grouting tubes on the anchoring rod body; c) hole drilling; d) polymer grouting: I. hole sealing grouting; II. anchoring grouting. The present invention has advantages of a sufficient adaptability, non-water reaction, convenient and fast construction, being economic, a high strength and a high durability. An expansive polymer material has an obvious compacting effect on soil, and is capable of increasing a friction force between a grout and a base; the water-proofing polymer material is an impermeable material for a steel rod body, and is of benefit to anti-corrosion and durability of the rod body; a solidifying time of the polymer material is short and no maintenance is needed in such a manner that construction periods are shortened.

Abstract: A rock bolt to be installed into a borehole (1) drilled in a rock is described. The rock bolt includes wherein an expansion member (9) of the rock bolt includes an internal second cone abutment surface (12) in the interior of the expansion member in the vicinity of a second end thereof. A second cone member is at least partially fitted in the interior of the second end of the expansion member. The second cone member includes a hole (14), through which a drawbar is adapted to extend with a clearance, and a second cone surface (15) tapering inward relative to the expansion member and abutting against the second cone abutment surface (12) of the expansion member.

Abstract: A rock anchor includes an elongate tubular body which extends between a first end and an opposing second end and a cartridge contains a multi-component adhesive system in the tubular body. The cartridge has a rigid tubular housing within which at least one compartment is defined, and in which is contained an adhesive component of the system. The at least one compartment yields to volumetrically reduce under fluid pressure created by a fluid input into the housing, to thereby extrude the adhesive components.

Abstract: An open mat system to reinforce turf includes an anchor arrangement to help secure the mat to the turf. The anchor arrangement includes an anchor head embedded in the earth, a cable connected to the anchor head, a cable connector device, and a brace. The cable is inserted into the connector device, which holds the cable against withdrawal from the connector device. The brace includes a receiver, in which the cable connector device is removably oriented in the receiver.

Abstract: A cable bolt includes a multi-strand cable segment constructed from steel wire strands, and a drive head. A compressible porous backer rod is placed along cable segment adjacent the drive head. A tubing portion provides a conduit for liquid grout injected under pressure into the bore hole. Tubing portion includes discharge holes that may be predrilled through the wall of the tubing portion. The holes provide a predetermined distribution path for the liquefied grout that is injected into the bore hole. Discharge holes may be evenly dispersed longitudinally along the wall, or distributed to provide a desired, unequal distribution of grout. Distribution holes may be larger at the top of the tubing, or may be distributed adjacent to the top of tubing portion to allow greater cross-sectional flow of grout from the tubing to compensate for factors that restrict grout flow nearer the top.

Abstract: A ground stabilizing device (10) comprises a securing arrangement (16) and a load spreading arrangement (18) on the securing arrangement. The securing arrangement defines a through passage (40) for an elongate article (12). The securing arrangement comprises a guide member (54) extending towards the passage, and a clamping assembly (38). The clamping assembly is movable along the guide member towards the passage to clamp the elongate article in the passage and secure the elongate article to the ground stabilizing device.

Abstract: A rock bolting system comprises independently movable hydraulic stinger, drill feed and bolting feed. The stinger is hydraulically extended to sting or engage the face of the rock. With the stinger stinging the rock face, the drill feed drills a hole in the rock. With the stinger still stinging the rock face, the bolting feed is indexed into position and a rock bolt is installed in the hole. A flexible elastomeric bolt centralizer may be mounted to the bolting feed to guide the rock bolt into the hole drilled by the drill feed.

Abstract: A system and method provides for repair/reconstruction of bridge and culvert constructions. Geosynthetically confined soils are used in combination with soil nails. The soil nails provide additional tensile strength below the areas reinforced with the geosynthetically confined soils. The soil nails may include both horizontal and vertical soil nails. Various forms of vertical tensioning support can be provided to include soil nails, micro-piles, sheet piling, and the like. The confined soils are installed at locations under and adjacent to the man made constructions, and can be provided in both symmetrical and asymmetrical configurations. For bridge constructions, the confined soils may be installed at a desired depth under the bridge girders, and under other primary support members of the bridge. Horizontal nails may be installed under and adjacent to the confined soils.