Abstract: A compressor wheel for a compressor of a turbocharger has a hub and a multiplicity of blades on the hub. In intermediate spaces of the multiplicity of blades, a channel is in each case formed between a suction side and a pressure side. The channel guides fluid that flows in axially in relation to a rotation axis radially or radially-axially outward. The hub in relation to the rotation axis is contoured such that the hub has a rotationally symmetrical portion and a non-rotationally symmetrical portion. On the non-rotationally symmetrical portion, a transition between the hub and each of the blades is embodied with a radiused connection and facing the suction side has a region of modified thickness. A region formed by control rays is generated in at least one channel between the suction side and the pressure side on the hub. A method produces the compressor wheel.

Abstract: A method for milling a workpiece by way of at least one substantially polygonal cutting insert, which is arranged in a tool holder. A spindle axis of the tool holder encloses an angle of more than 0° with a plane normal to a machined workpiece surface. An effective lead angle between a main cutting edge of the cutting insert and the machined workpiece surface lies between 0° and 20°.

Abstract: When a closed type impeller is manufactured from one block, a rough cutting process of cutting a flow path region of a block using a rough cutting tool, and a residue-cutting process of cutting a cutting residue in the cutting process using a residue-cutting tool are executed. The residue-cutting tool has a tool main body having a blade formed on an outer periphery thereof, and a handle having the tool main body fixed to a distal end thereof. A maximum outer diameter of the tool main body is larger than a minimum outer diameter of the handle. Further, the tool main body has a rear blade directed in a direction including a tool rear side component.

Abstract: A tool support is disclosed including-a fixed part, a moving part that is movable relative to the fixed part, a first crossmember linked to the moving part and a second crossmember. A tool includes a tool axis linked to the first and second crossmembers by pivoting links including articulation axes. A pointer is provided with a pointer axis parallel to the tool axis, the pointer being linked to the first and second crossmembers by pivoting links including articulation axes, with the articulation axes being parallel to one another. The tool support includes an immobilizer of occupy a first immobilized state in which it prevents a rotational movement on at least one articulation axis and a second released state in which it allows rotational movement on the articulation axes.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mass producing customized engraved articles of manufacture based on orders from multiple different customers.

Abstract: An output circuit of a bidirectional side microphone element includes an inverting amplifier inverting a phase and outputting an inverted signal, adds a non-inverted output signal of the side microphone element to an output signal of a middle microphone element having unidirectivity to produce a signal for one channel of the left and right channels; and adds an inverted output signal of the side microphone element being the output signal from the inverting amplifier to the output signal of the middle microphone element to produce another signal for the other channel. An input resistor and a feedback resistor to the inverting amplifier are dividable. The division ratio of the input resistor to the feedback resistor is varied to change the levels of the non-inverted output signal and the inverted output signal of the side microphone element, and to change the angle between the left and right directional axes.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for processing workpieces to form parts. Tools associated with a multi-spindle machine may be positioned with respect to a plurality of workpieces on a fixture comprising a plurality of platforms and an adjustment system. Each platform may be individually moveable with respect to others in the plurality of platforms about a number of axes. The plurality of platforms may be configured to hold the plurality of workpieces in which each platform may be configured to hold a workpiece in the plurality of workpieces during operations performed by the multi-spindle machine. The adjustment system may be configured to move each of the plurality of platforms about the number of axes independently from the others in the plurality of platforms. The operations may be performed on the plurality of workpieces using the multi-spindle machine and the fixture to form a plurality of parts.

Abstract: Engraving an article of manufacture by receiving the article of manufacture contained in packaging having a removable portion which covers a targeted engraving area of the article contained therein, removing the removable portion of the packaging to expose the targeted engraving area of the article of manufacture for engraving the exposed targeted engraving area of the article of manufacture.

Abstract: A collaborative approach, incorporating a server for data transmission, security verification, and authentication verification, is implemented between a dental office and a dental laboratory to fabricate a designed dental restoration. A scanner is used in a dental office to take a scan of a patient's mouth. The dental laboratory designs the dental restoration with specialized design software taking into account the scan of the mouth as well as a prescription from the dental office. The parameters defining the designed dental restoration are contained in a design file. The design file is used to create milling specifications defining instructions for milling the designed dental restoration. The materials for the dental restoration are loaded into a mill, where the dental restoration is fabricated in accordance with the milling specifications. Security verification ensures authorized materials are used, and authentication verification ensures authorized materials and processes are used.

Abstract: A cluster mill blank includes a framework constructed to cooperate with a blank holder of an existing CAD/CAM system, and a plurality of sub-blanks attached to the framework forming an addressable matrix or cluster blank. CAD/CAM systems including such a framework, as well as associated methods are described.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a machining control apparatus capable of decreasing a machining error, comprising: a rotation velocity decision process part for deciding a rotation velocity of the rotation tool in such a way that an amplitude of vibration of the rotation tool is decreased, based on a vibration state of the rotation tool and a vibration phase of the rotation tool when the rotation tool receives the cutting resistance force, in the case that the rotation tool vibrates due to the interrupted cutting resistance force generated in the rotation tool during the interrupted cutting; and a rotation velocity control part for controlling the rotation velocity(S) of the rotation tool based on the rotation velocity decided.

Abstract: A cluster mill blank includes a framework constructed to cooperate with a blank holder of an existing CAD/CAM system, and a plurality of sub-blanks attached to the framework forming an addressable matrix or cluster blank. CAD/CAM systems including such a framework, as well as associated methods are described.

Abstract: A cutting device for a mill plate including a cutting tool supported for movement in a Y-direction and cutting in a Z-direction, and a conveyor for conveying a mill plate in the X-direction. A measuring device is movable in the X-direction along one side of a mill plate supported on the conveyor to map the X-axis and Y-axis positions of the mill plate one side. Positioning guides adjacent one side of the conveyor are adjusted in the Y-direction to follow the mapped Y-axis position of the mill plate one side at the X-axis position of the mill plate one side aligned with the positioning guides as the mill plate is conveyed in the X-direction. A clamp on the side opposite the mill plate one side is adapted to push the mill plate opposite side in the Y-direction to maintain the mill plate one side in engagement with the positioning guides.

Abstract: Multiple fluid nozzles are mounted in a machine tool such that the cutting tool in the spindle is targeted with liquid or gas cutting fluid from multiple directions, providing better coverage and thereby more effectiveness. This provides more efficient and safer use of a machine tool by automating the aiming of fluids at a desired location. Multiple nozzles at respective multiple physical locations are preferably controlled by a single control unit, so they can be synchronized to maintain a common target point on a cutting tool, even if the nozzles are located asymmetrically or non-uniformly with respect to the spindle axis or target point. Preferably, modular nozzle assemblies can be configured for flexibility in mounting on the machine tool.

Abstract: This invention concerns an apparatus and method for perforating a beam. The apparatus comprises a main longitudinal support structure to support the beam. A cutting zone is located along the main longitudinal support structure. Controllable translating means translate the beam longitudinally in the cutting zone. A detector detects a presence of the beam in the cutting zone and in response, a router is controllably moved substantially orthogonally and transversally with respect to the beam, while the beam is translated. The combined controlled movement of the router and the beam results in a perforation of the beam following a predetermined perforation pattern.

Abstract: Systems and methods for mass producing customized engraved articles of manufacture based on orders from multiple different customers.

Abstract: A coated cemented carbide insert is particularly useful for wet or dry milling steels at high cutting speeds, milling of hardened steels, and high feed copy milling of tool steels. The insert is formed by a cemented carbide body including WC, NbC and TaC, a W-alloyed Co binder phase, and a coating including an innermost layer of TiCxNyOz, with equiaxed grains, a layer of TiCxNyOz with columnar grains and a layer of ?-Al2O3.

Abstract: Since a tool holder is formed of a structure which is elastically deformed by a centrifugal force produced as the tool holder rotates around a rotation center axis, the rotation radius of a tool with a cutting edge directed to the rotation center axis varies from zero to an arbitrary value. The structure of the tool holder includes two beams elastically deformable to the same degree in opposite directions by the centrifugal force, and centrifugal force components acting on the two beams cancel each other so that a rotation balance is maintained even when the rotational speed of the tool holder is changed.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some aspects a custom orthopedic implant is designed, fabricated and sterilized for immediate surgical use to treat a patient's injury. In some aspects, the orthopedic implant is designed using patient and injury specific scan data, fabricated using a five axis milling machine, and sterilized with a sterilization system. In other aspects, the fabricated orthopedic implant is transferred into the sterilization system with a transport system. In some aspects, methods to design, fabricate and sterilize a custom orthopedic implant are presented. In other aspects, patient and injury specific scan data is used to design and plan the placement of a custom orthopedic implant to treat the injury, and the custom orthopedic implant is then fabricated and sterilized to be used in surgery.

Abstract: A method of generating control code for a CNC machine is described. The method includes the steps of: (1) generating in a computer a first plurality of coordinate values, xi, yi, zi, said first plurality of coordinate values representing a plurality of first connected line segments which surround a vertical axis, said first connected line segments gradually descending to a first predetermined depth, (2) generating in a computer a second plurality of coordinate values xj, yj, zj, said second coordinate values representing a plurality of second connected line segments which surround the vertical axis, said plurality of second connected line segments having a starting point at approximately the first predetermined depth, and gradually descending to a second predetermined depth greater than the first depth, and (3) converting the first and the second coordinate values to a code for controlling the CNC machine.

Abstract: An engraving system operable to engrave user-loaded items is provided. The engraving system may have a housing, an engraver located within the housing, and a carrier configured to receive from a user a cartridge holding then item to be engraved and to position the cartridge relative to the engraver. The carrier may be configured to engrave the item via windows in the cartridge, and to flip the cartridge relative to the engraver for engraving on multiple sides of the item.

Abstract: A method and machine tool for machining a workpiece on the machine tool comprising at least 5 axes with a tool by using an NC program, the machine tool comprising a clamping means for clamping a workpiece and a work spindle including a tool holding means for holding a workpiece, where the workpiece is clamped on the tool holding means of the work spindle of the machine tool, the tool is clamped in the clamping means of the machine tool, and the workpiece clamped in the tool holding means of the work spindle is controlled in a program-controlled manner in relation to the tool clamped in the clamping means for removing material from the workpiece.

Abstract: A method for setting a working origin for a rotary tool in contact with a work piece to be machined, having: applying to a main spindle which holds the rotary tool, with a tip of a cutting edge of the rotary tool in contact with an outer surface of the work piece fixed to a work table, a load torque to such an extent that the rotary tool is not caused to be rotated; applying the load torque to the main spindle, and moving either the work table or the main spindle in a jog feed in a direction of any one of feed shafts such that the tip of the cutting edge is moved away from the outer surface along an axial direction of the rotary tool or in the direction orthogonal to the axial direction; and setting a coordinate at the moment when the main spindle starts rotation as a working origin of the jog feed in the direction of the any one of the feed shafts.

Abstract: Machine tool systems and methods include methods of synchronizing cutting tools with a workpiece retainer. In some embodiments, the methods and systems provide at least two cutting tools that are synchronized to machine a common surface of a workpiece in a quick and efficient manner. A controller having a single line of code for controlling both cutting tools and the workpiece retainer may be used. The cutting tools may be synchronized such that they engage substantially opposite portions of the workpiece, thereby to reduce resulting forces in the workpiece that may tend to induce workpiece deflection and/or chatter. In other embodiments, a cutting tool is synchronized with a split workpiece holder that may be controlled to induce a compression, tension, or torsion pre-load in the workpiece.

Abstract: The invention is a method of creating greater accuracies for wear compensation of a finishing tool during the finishing of workpieces, in which a reference surface is ablated by initially traversing the finishing tool over the reference surface and determining the actual wear of the finishing tool as a result of this initial feed motion of the finishing tool controlled by an NC feed program of an NC machine. The actual measured wear of the finishing tool as a result of the initial traversing feed motion over the reference surface is compared to a known empirical wear trend line for the workpiece and the feed motion of the NC feed program for the next workpiece is recalculated as a function of the comparative actual wear of the finish tool with respect to the known empirical wear trend line.

Abstract: A method and system design and manufacture of the monogrammed faceted and stone adorned eyeglass lenses via a computer program allowing a design, intricate facet cuts and stone placement on a computer lens model. Software may utilize a touch probe or laser scanner to gather point data from a previously designed lens, converting the data to a computer model. The data is then used to send signals to an articulated robotic arm holding a lens shape. The robotic arm receives the commands from the computer, moving and rotating the lens shape against an abrasive wheel, rotating cutter blade or rotating drill thereby duplicating the facet cuts, slots notches or depressions or other designs contained in the computer lens model. Varying pressure is applied by the articulated arm and various degrees of abrasiveness of the abrasive wheel.

Abstract: A process for machining a blank from all directions with a machine tool, such as a milling machine, involves the machining from all directions being based on a three-dimensional template. In a first step, the three-dimensional form and, if need be, also the surface finish of the three-dimensional template may be automatically measured, and the associated data may be saved. In a second step, a blank may be held by at least one clamping adapter and a first region is brought into its final, ready to use partial form by the machine tool or the milling machine using said data for numerical control. In a third step, the partially machined blank may be held by at least one clamping adapter in the first, finally machined region and the remaining region may be brought into its final, ready to use overall form by the same machine tool or milling machine.

Abstract: The method of shaping an optical lens (100) comprises at least one operation of edging along a desired outline that includes cutting through the material of the lens (100) by means of a cutting-out tool (637). Cutting out comprises a plurality of passes, each performed along the desired outline as a pass that is axially shallow.

Abstract: A cluster mill blank includes a framework constructed to cooperate with a blank holder of an existing CAD/CAM system, and a plurality of sub-blanks attached to the framework forming an addressable matrix or cluster blank. CAD/CAM systems including such a framework, as well as associated methods are described.

Abstract: A method of milling at least one hole into a honeycomb structure positioned on a part includes storing dimensional information of the part in a computer processor, locating a timing mark on the flange, positioning a milling tool at an angle relative to the honeycomb structure, and milling a first hole into the honeycomb structure at a feed rate of between approximately 1 inch per minute and approximately 3 inches per minute.

Abstract: An eyeglass lens processing apparatus includes: a hole forming portion that includes a hole forming tool which forms a hole for attaching a rimless frame in an eyeglass lens; and breakage detector that detects whether or not the hole forming tool is broken.

Abstract: A method of engraving includes providing a computer data system capable of receiving information, transmitting information, creating files, storing files, and editing files. Providing an engraving software compatible with such computer data system. Operably connecting the engraving software to such computer data system. Creating a file within such computer data system for use with the engraving software, such file containing predetermined information for engraving on an engravable item. Operably connecting an engraving mechanism to such computer data system for receiving instructional information relating to engraving from such computer data system. Transmitting such instructional information from such computer data system to the engraving mechanism. Providing an engravable item.

Abstract: The invention relates to a machine tool for milling workpieces, provided with at least two linear displacement axes and at least one pivot axis for carrying out relative movements between a tool and the corresponding workpiece with a workpiece mounting in which a workpiece may be clamped between two clamping points, whereby one of the linear displacement axes is provided as workpiece axis of the workpiece mounting, by means of which the workpiece may be linearly driven, which is furthermore provided with a tool holder for mounting a cutting machining tool, driven in rotation about a tool axis by means of a tool drive. The same conditions are achieved for workpieces of greatly different length for a highly accurate production, whereby two physically separate carriages (27, 28) for the workpiece mounting are provided, on each of which one of the clamping points (16, 17) is arranged and which both may be linearly driven along the same workpiece axis independently of each other.

Abstract: A system for generating milling codes includes a plurality of personal computers (10), a database (14), and an application server (12). The application server, connected between the personal computers and the database, includes a circular hole handling module (125), for handling circular holes of an engineering drawing, and receiving relevant parameters of the circular holes; a non-circular hole handling module (126), for determining and handling all non-circular holes of the engineering drawing, and receiving relevant parameters of the non-circular holes; a milling path generating module (128), for generating milling paths according to the parameters of the circular holes and the non-circular holes; and a milling code generating module (129), for generating milling codes according to the milling paths. A related method for generating milling codes is also provided.

Abstract: A method for machining a workpiece 1 by means of a rotating cutting tool 2, in which the tool 2 is moved along paths 3 relative to the workpiece 1, characterized in that limits of machining portions to be machined by means of at least one tool 2 are determined, that within the range of the limits of machining portions to be machined by means of the tool 2 an infeed and/or lifting movement of the tool 2 is defined and that the infeed or lifting movement during machining of the workpiece 1 is carried out within the range of the limits of machining portions to be machined by means of the tool 2.

Abstract: An object is to increase precision in straightness on a journal thrust surface relative to the outer peripheral surface of the journal in a crankshaft, and in the control system for controlling the movement of a cutter in axial directions by running a control program transferred from an automatic programming apparatus, the automatic programming apparatus is provided with a machining data correcting means for correcting machining data on the basis of the data for correcting the straightness gained through comparison between the results of measurement of the machining dimensions of the journal thrust surface in the workpiece on which a cutting process has been carried out in advance and the target machining dimensions for the journal thrust surface; and a program preparing means for preparing a control program on the basis of the corrected machining data after correction of the machining data using this machining data correcting means.

Abstract: A wear amount of a working tool T during the machining of a workpiece is estimated during the machining, and a positional command generated in accordance with a predetermined machining program is sequentially corrected during the machining based on the estimated wear amount of the working tool T. The workpiece W is machined in accordance with the corrected positional command. Also, the wear amount of the working tool T upon the interruption of the machining operation is calculated, and the positional command generated in accordance with the predetermined machining program is corrected based on the calculated wear amount of the working tool so that a tool edge position of the working tool T upon the interruption of the machining operation coincides with the tool edge position of the working tool T upon the restart of the machining operation when the machining operation is restarted at a position where the machining operation has been interrupted.

Abstract: An end mill 10 is a tool for milling a metal block such as a metal mold and is placed in a machine tool such as a milling machine when in use. The end mill 10 is used to provide a rotary milling cutter and a milling method using the same, in which it is possible to perform orthogonal milling and pocket milling to efficiently form four corners with small radius, without repeatedly milling using a small-diameter end mill. The end mill 10 has two cutting edges 11a and 11b at its distal portion, and an edge angle D1 formed by the two cutting edges 11a and 11b is 70.53 degrees.

Abstract: Relative movements of a tool and a workpiece are controlled by moving a tool axis in all spatial dimensions for the material-removal machining of the workpiece to produce a desired target contour of the workpiece by a sequence of relative movements along a tool trajectory of the tool. The tool trajectory is subdivided into a multiplicity of target segments along which the tool is in engagement with the workpiece so that the orientation of the tool axis is consistent within a target segment, while the orientation of the tool axis is variable over the entire tool trajectory, and a respective and point of a target segment is connected by a linking pivot movement, during which the tool does not engage the workpiece and in which the orientation of the tool axis is altered, with a starting point of a further target segment.

Abstract: A milling method is for producing milled structural components of materials that are difficult to machine by chip-cutting. A milling tool with a tool radius is rotationally driven about an axis of the milling tool to ensure a central rotation thereof, whereby a reference point of the milling tool preferably lying on the axis is moved on several curved paths, whereby the paths preferably comprise different curvatures, and whereby the milling tool is moved on the paths with a radial miller feed relative to the material. The curvature at each path point of each path is determined in such a manner that an optimized or maximized circumferential contact of the milling tool is ensured for each path point.

Abstract: A key cutting machine for cutting a notch pattern on a key blank is disclosed. The key cutting machine comprises a pair of cutting heads and a clamp mechanism. Each cutting head includes a cutting wheel having an edge and an alignment structure mounted behind the cutting wheel. Each alignment structure has a key guide portion aligned tangent to the edge of a corresponding cutting wheel to engage and position a key blank laterally. The clamp mechanism is positioned between the cutting heads and is configured to hold the key blank stationary.

Abstract: End-mill machining control method and apparatus in which cutting forces tangential and normal to tool motion are detected and machining is controlled based on the detected cutting force values. A primary component Ft and motion axis components Fx, Fy of a cutting force are determined from current values of a spindle motor and motion axis motors for tool feed. A cutting-engaged angle ?en is determined from a radius R of a tool and a depth of cut I into a workpiece. A motion direction angle ? is determined from distribution motion amounts ?X, ?Y to the axes. The cutting forces Fm, Fs tangential and normal to tool motion are determined from the primary component Ft and a motion axis component Fx or Fy whichever is the largest, the cutting-engaged angle ?en, the motion direction angle ?. The accuracy of the determined cutting forces Fm, Fs is high since they are determined from the primary component Ft less affected by disturbance and the largest axis component of the cutting force.

Abstract: A key cutting machine for the cutting of keys includes a spindle adapted to be driven rotatably about an axis thereof. The spindle has an axially extending throughbore. A milling cutter is selectively mountable in the throughbore for corotation therewith. A carriage for supporting a clamp assembly is movable relative to the spindle in a plane that is orthogonal relative to the axis. A key blank is clamped in the clamp assembly for cutting by the milling cutter. A securing mechanism is disposed on the spindle for rigidly mounting the milling cutter to the spindle when the milling cutter is positioned adjacent a first spindle end. A stem is selectively receivable in the throughbore by axial insertion into a second spindle end to position the milling cutter adjacent the first spindle end. The stem is removable from the throughbore after the milling cutter is rigidly mounted to the spindle by the securing mechanism.

Abstract: An apparatus for positioning a key blank relative to a key cutter. The apparatus includes a frame having an axis. A carriage assembly is attached to the frame and arranged for movement in a generally axial direction and a generally transverse direction relative to the axis. A key blank holder is attached to the carriage assembly. A drive assembly coupled to the carriage assembly is selectively operable to move the carriage assembly in a generally transverse direction. A bias assembly is selectively operable to bias the carriage assembly toward the key cutter.

Abstract: A machining feed rate for machining a workpiece portion to be machined by a machining tool based upon a machining program is set by reading a data of the workpiece portion, by sectionalizing the workpiece portion in an area corresponding to a workpiece shape of the workpiece portion, and by determining a shape change point based upon a workpiece shape of the workpiece portion. The machining feed rate is set for each area and for each shape change point with reference to a predetermined parameter corresponding to an attribute of the each sectionalized area and corresponding to an attribute of the each determined shape change point.

Abstract: A method for making a double sided, metal Rabies I.D. tag with an electronic engraving machine capable of inscribing data on both sides such as one side of the I.D. tag has inscribed personal contact information along with the name of the pet, and the other side has inscribed the rabies vaccination information.

Abstract: An NC apparatus 1 replaces a required machining shape of a workpiece 5 with a predetermined canned machining cycle depending on a specification of machining conditions including a machining start point, a machining end point, and the size of an end mill E to be used. Calculation of an estimated value of cutting force exerted on the end mill E fed along the assumed tool path during the replaced canned machining cycle is repeated until a predetermined comparison and evaluation result is obtained in comparison with a predetermined appropriate value. Accordingly, the tool path of the end mill E together with the feed rate in each portion of the tool path is determined. This permits generation of an NC program which is used in a NC machine equipped with an end mill serve as a cutting tool, and which optimizes the tool path of the end mill together with the feed rate in each portion of the tool path such as to achieve high machining efficiency and accuracy.

Abstract: In a method of machining a first and a second surface recess in a workpiece, the workpiece has a longitudinal axis and a first local Cartesian coordinate system. The machine tool has a longitudinal axis and a second local Cartesian coordinate system, the first and second surface recess are associated with a first and second recess longitudinal axis and a non-circular cross-section. The recesses are separated on the surface of the workpiece such that they are mirror images of each other about a plane along the longitudinal workpiece axis. A skew angle is defined between the first recess longitudinal axis and the workpiece axis in the first plane.

Abstract: The invention relates to an automatic machine tool, for the production of base structures, for false teeth, in particular, for tooth crowns and/or tooth bridges of exact three-dimensional shape. Said base structures may be fixed to prepared natural and/or artificial tooth stumps. The machine tool comprises a machine frame, or a body, a work piece carrier, with a rotation shaft, at least one digitization unit, at least one machining unit and an electronic arithmetic and control unit for all drive lines. A carrier for the workpiece, a blank, and/or for the machining unit(s), serves as displacement unit, with three translational axes in the x-, y- and z-directions. The digitization of the preparation model and the machining of the blank are carried out on the same machine tool, at different times. The machining paths for the blank are calculated from the measured and stored digitized data and a predetermined material-specific scaling factor, before the machining of the blank.

Abstract: Coated milling insert has a WC—Co cemented carbide with a low content of cubic carbides and a highly W-alloyed binder phase and a coating including an inner layer of TiCxNy with columnar grains followed by a layer of ?-Al2O3 and a top layer of TiN. The coated milling insert is particularly useful for milling of grey cast iron with or without cast skin under wet conditions at low and moderate cutting speeds and milling of nodular cast iron and compacted graphite iron with or without cast skin under wet conditions at moderate cutting speeds.