Oppositely Disposed Prongs Patents (Class 411/458)
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Patent number: 11008757Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of securing multiple layers of roofing material onto a building with need for ballasting objects. A plurality of roofing panels are installed across a roof deck forming a first layer. Then a plurality of fasteners are installed in each roofing panel of the first layer of roofing panels. Each fastener comprises a base having opposing longitudinal surfaces and a fastening member secured to and extending away from each opposing longitudinal surface. An adhesive is then applied to a surface of either the first layer or a second layer of roofing panels. The plurality of fasteners then perforate the surface of each roofing panel of the second layer to secure the second layer to the first layer, thereby allowing the adhesive to cure, preventing wind from resetting the panels, and without external ballasts.Type: GrantFiled: April 1, 2020Date of Patent: May 18, 2021Assignee: DECKER HALL INNOVATIONS, LLCInventors: Andrea L. Decker, Reba G. Hall
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Patent number: 10716604Abstract: A bone fusing device to connect and facilitate fusion between two adjacent phalanges in a body has a single elongated body having a first distal end and a second proximal end connected by a middle portion having four radially extending anti-rotation fins. Each end has a bone entry tip and a plurality of adjacent barbs. Each of the barbs has a sloped surface for entry into the bone and a sharp surface to prevent extraction once press fit into one of the phalanges. Preferably, the first distal end is shorter than the second proximal end. The elongated body is straight or has affixed bend at a location in the middle portion.Type: GrantFiled: July 21, 2014Date of Patent: July 21, 2020Assignee: Maurho Medical, Inc.Inventors: Barron Douglas Elleby, Douglas Henry Elleby, Daniel Brian Lanois
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Patent number: 10669723Abstract: Floor panels which are provided with a mechanical locking system including a displaceable tongue in a displacement groove. The tongue is moulded and provided with bendable protrusions. A building panel having an edge portion provided with a groove, in which a tongue formed as a separate part is received, wherein the tongue includes at least two bow shaped protrusions at a first long edge of the tongue, and wherein the protrusions are arranged bendable in the groove.Type: GrantFiled: June 3, 2016Date of Patent: June 2, 2020Assignee: VALINGE INNOVATION ABInventors: Darko Pervan, Agne Palsson
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Patent number: 10507020Abstract: Implantable fasteners that can be repositioned after implantation, and implants including these repositionable implantable fasteners, have been developed. The fasteners are designed to fixate medical devices and other implantable components in the body, and can be adjusted after initial fixation in tissue to reposition the implanted medical device. The fasteners include a plurality of tissue retainers emanating from a supportive backing, wherein the tissue retainers can swivel from the plane of the supportive backing to engage tissue. The fasteners are fixated in tissue by movement in a first direction, and can be removed when pulled in a direction opposite to the first direction. The fasteners may be attached to medical devices before or after implantation. In one embodiment, the implant is a mastopexy device in the form of a mesh and the repositionable fastener.Type: GrantFiled: October 13, 2016Date of Patent: December 17, 2019Assignee: Tepha, Inc.Inventors: Skander Limem, Bruce Van Natta, Kevin Cristadoro
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Patent number: 10352346Abstract: An integrated amalgamation carrier can join parts. The integrated amalgamation carrier includes an amalgamation carrier body elongated along a longitudinal axis. In addition, the integrated amalgamation carrier includes a plurality of fasteners protruding from the amalgamation carrier body. The fasteners are integrated with the amalgamation body to form a one-piece structure.Type: GrantFiled: August 12, 2016Date of Patent: July 16, 2019Assignee: GM Global Technology Operations LLCInventors: Robert N. Saje, Bhavesh Shah, Matthew P. Simonin, Kevin Stang
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Patent number: 9482044Abstract: A forced entry resistance system for a wooden door built with a lock-stile and a hinge-stile includes one or more metal mounts pre-installed inside the door stiles and concealed by door panels. A doorframe mount may be pre-installed inside the lock-jamb at the lock-strike-plate and multiple doorframe mounts may be installed inside the hinge-jamb in the vicinity where door-stile fracture-resistant mounts and hinge reinforcement latch bolts are installed. A method for manufacturing a door and a doorframe with the forced entry resistance system is also disclosed.Type: GrantFiled: January 15, 2015Date of Patent: November 1, 2016Inventor: Lung Fai Wong
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Patent number: 8636457Abstract: A two-way fastener includes a first member configured to be attached to a first workpiece via a tool selected from the group consisting of: a pair of pliers, a screwdriver, a nutdriver and a hammer; and a second member configured to be attached to a second workpiece such that the second workpiece comes together with the first workpiece and at least substantially hides the entire two-way fastener, the second member extending in an opposite direction as the first member.Type: GrantFiled: June 24, 2010Date of Patent: January 28, 2014Inventor: Robert W. Connors
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Patent number: 8240101Abstract: A roofing material fastener comprises a shank having a length dimension and a point. The shank is adapted to enable it to be driven through at least a first course of roofing material and into a roof deck. A fastener head is positioned in a region of the shank distal from the point. A spike protrusion projects from the distal region of the shank to a terminus. The length of the spike protrusion is less than one half the length of the shank, measured from the point to the fastener head. The spike protrusion is adapted to penetrate a depth less than the full depth of a second course of roofing material installed above the first course. The spike protrusion is shaped to inhibit sawing through the second course of roofing material by the spike protrusion.Type: GrantFiled: July 12, 2011Date of Patent: August 14, 2012Assignee: Building Materials Investment CorporationInventors: Jesse Alvin Binkley, Jason L. Wolfe, Lou Hahn
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Patent number: 8192571Abstract: Provided in some embodiments is a method that includes coupling portions of one or more members using at least one impact driven fastener. At least one impact driven fastener includes at least one penetrating portion formed of plastic, and at least one head portion having a heat deformation temperature less than about 250° F. Plastic of the penetrating portion provides the penetrating portion with a flexural strength greater than about 9500 psi. The method also includes applying heat to at least partially deform the head portion of at least one fastener.Type: GrantFiled: August 19, 2009Date of Patent: June 5, 2012Assignee: Utility Composites, Inc.Inventors: Pamela S. Tucker, Nancy Showers
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Patent number: 8109689Abstract: The invention relates to a plug connector (1) for hollow profiles (4) in spacer frames for insulated glass panes. The plug connector (1) comprises at least two connector parts (2, 3) which may be plugged together and which have an essentially U-shaped or rectangular cross-section, which, in the plugged position, have adjacent side walls (6,17) and a positive fit (9). One connector part (2) has at least one retainer element (12) on the side walls (6) thereof (12) with a corresponding wall opening (13). In order to form the positive connection (9), the other connector part (3) has a projection (10) with a positive fit engagement in the wall opening (13) of the retainer element (12) when in the plugged position.Type: GrantFiled: May 18, 2007Date of Patent: February 7, 2012Inventors: Ralf M. Kronenberg, Max Kronenberg
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Patent number: 8066464Abstract: The present invention is a hidden fastener for securing deck boards to supporting joists. The fastener consists of a head shaft; one or more blades attached to the head shaft oppositely, if there are two blades, at the top outer surface of the head shaft and being formed to penetrate into deck boards, whether wood or composite, when rotated therein to; a driver attachment being located in the upper portion of the head shaft and shaped to fixedly hold a driver for turning the head shaft and one or more blades; and a fastening device in a lower portion of the head shaft. The fastening device may be an integral part of the head shaft or a screw mounted in lower port of the head shaft. After the location of the fastener is defined on the joist, the fastening device is driven into the joist to hold the head shaft thereto. One or more adjacent boards are butted against the head shaft.Type: GrantFiled: October 9, 2008Date of Patent: November 29, 2011Inventor: Mark S. Van Dyke
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Patent number: 8057148Abstract: A roofing material fastener comprises a shank having a length dimension and a point. The shank is adapted to enable it to be driven through at least a first course of roofing material and into a roof deck. A fastener head is positioned in a region of the shank distal from the point. A spike protrusion projects from the distal region of the shank to a terminus. The length of the spike protrusion is less than one half the length of the shank, measured from the point to the fastener head. The spike protrusion is adapted to penetrate a depth less than the full depth of a second course of roofing material installed above the first course. The spike protrusion is shaped to inhibit sawing through the second course of roofing material by the spike protrusion.Type: GrantFiled: August 8, 2008Date of Patent: November 15, 2011Assignee: Building Materials Investment Corp.Inventors: Jesse Alvin Binkley, Jason L. Wolfe, Lou Hahn
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Patent number: 7905698Abstract: The present invention provides mounting members useable for fastening two objects together and their mounting tools. In one embodiment, the mounting member includes a first tapered tip and an opposite, second tapered tip defining a shank therebetween, where the shank has an exterior surface and a structure formed on the exterior surface.Type: GrantFiled: September 5, 2008Date of Patent: March 15, 2011Inventors: Lisong Liu, Jessica Sofia Liu
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Publication number: 20090047099Abstract: A roofing material fastener comprises a shank having a length dimension and a point. The shank is adapted to enable it to be driven through at least a first course of roofing material and into a roof deck. A fastener head is positioned in a region of the shank distal from the point. A spike protrusion projects from the distal region of the shank to a terminus. The length of the spike protrusion is less than one half the length of the shank, measured from the point to the fastener head. The spike protrusion is adapted to penetrate a depth less than the full depth of a second course of roofing material installed above the first course. The spike protrusion is shaped to inhibit sawing through the second course of roofing material by the spike protrusion.Type: ApplicationFiled: August 8, 2008Publication date: February 19, 2009Applicant: BUILDING MATERIALS INVESTMENT CORPORATIONInventors: Jesse Alvin Binkley, Jason L. Wolfe, Lou Hahn
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Publication number: 20080240886Abstract: According to the present invention, a fastener for securing a first board to an underlying supporting member and to at least one other board running adjacent and parallel to the first board. The fastener includes a body portion, first and second prongs, and a flange. The first prong extends outwardly from the body portion for driving into a first board. The second prong extends outwardly from the body portion for penetrating a second board. The body portion of the fastener includes an opening for receiving a connector. When installed, the connector passes through the opening in the body portion and into the supporting member, which supports and underlies the first and second boards. The flange extends outwardly from the body portion in order to maintain a desired gap between the first and second boards. The prongs may have concave insertion ends as defined by two spaced-apart insertion points.Type: ApplicationFiled: June 10, 2008Publication date: October 2, 2008Applicant: Tiger Claw, Inc.Inventors: David Martel, David Young Hartmann
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Patent number: 7429143Abstract: An improved connector (15) for selectively joining two parts (16, 32), each of the parts having inner (18, 33) and outer (19, 34) surfaces and a keyhole opening (20, 35) between the inner and outer surfaces, each of the keyhole openings having first (21, 36) and second (22, 38) spaced enlargements and a slot (23, 39) extending between the first and second enlargements, comprising a body (48) having a first portion (49) configured to pass through the first enlargements but not to pass through the second enlargements, a second portion (50) configured to not pass through the second enlargements, and a third portion (51) configured to move in the slots between the first enlargements and the second enlargements, a member (58) in engagement with the body and moveable relative to the body between a first position (61) and a second position (62) and having a first portion (59) configured to move in the slots between the first enlargements and the second enlargements, and a second portion (60) configured to extend thrType: GrantFiled: May 4, 2005Date of Patent: September 30, 2008Inventor: Wlodzimierz M Tyski
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Publication number: 20070286704Abstract: Picture Stabilizers are a special class of devices that provide an easy and effective means to stabilize pictures, paintings, mirrors, plaques, signs and other objects. Picture Stabilizers help to maintain the aesthetic positioning of these objects so that they do not need to be straightened or reoriented due to misalignment caused by disturbances such as vibrations from vehicles, jets, trains, loud music, slamming doors, minor earthquakes, being bumped, jarred, touched, or due to being otherwise disturbed and brought out of alignment from the way such objects were originally intended to be displayed.Type: ApplicationFiled: March 14, 2007Publication date: December 13, 2007Inventor: Steven Lynn Signor
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Patent number: 7264431Abstract: A rigid fastener, for securing to one another adjacent portions of a cover member made of resiliently deformable material, has an end portion with an outward end section of relatively small outside diameter and an axially adjacent inward section of relatively large outside diameter. The end portion of the fastener is engagable in either of two positions in a corresponding recess formed into at least one of the adjacent portions of the cover piece, affording a high level of holding power in its filly inserted position and affording a low level of holding power in a partially inserted position.Type: GrantFiled: September 30, 2003Date of Patent: September 4, 2007Assignee: Watertite Products, Inc.Inventors: Thomas W. Trueb, Steven R. Trueb
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Patent number: 7070356Abstract: A plug-in connector for hollow sections of spacer frames for insulating glass panes with two connector parts which can be plugged together. The connector parts have one of an essentially U-shaped and box-shaped cross section. The connector parts include side walls which are adjacent to each other in a plugged-together position of the two connector parts. A positive-locking connection is arranged on the connector parts and acts on all sides at the side walls.Type: GrantFiled: June 7, 2004Date of Patent: July 4, 2006Inventors: Ralf Max Kronenberg, Max Kronenberg
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Patent number: 7056074Abstract: A connecting element is adapted to be placed between two pieces of wood to be joined and includes a body with two opposite main surfaces and with an engaging device which protrude from each main surface. In addition, a joint comprises a connecting device which is adapted to be passed through the pieces of wood and the connecting element and apply a compressing force on the pieces of wood in such a manner that the engaging device of the intermediate connecting element penetrates into opposite wood surfaces. The connecting element comprises a through hole perpendicular to the main surfaces for passing through the shank-shaped connecting device. The hole exhibits engaging formations around its circumference, and the connecting device exhibits matching engaging formations on its shank part in such a manner that longitudinal displacement is allowed while rotary motion of the connecting device relative to the connecting element is prevented.Type: GrantFiled: May 24, 2002Date of Patent: June 6, 2006Inventor: Allan Bas
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Patent number: 6669425Abstract: A fastener that cuts into or self-threads into an article upon movement of the article towards the fastener and a method of securing the article via the fastener. The fastener includes a connecting member having a first end which is adapted to be secured to a surface and a second end, a member rotatably mounted on the connecting member and being substantially axially retained with respect to the connecting member. The member includes at least one of an external thread, a spline and a row of teeth. A stop surface is arranged between the first end and the second end, and the stop surface is adapted to engage the surface. Wherein, when the article is moved into engagement with the member of the fastener, the member is caused to at least one of rotate with respect to the connecting member and cut into the article. The method provides for attaching the first end of connecting member to the surface, and moving the article towards the member.Type: GrantFiled: March 25, 2002Date of Patent: December 30, 2003Inventor: John Preta
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Publication number: 20020164228Abstract: A fastener and an installation tool are disclosed. The fastener is double-ended and allows two opposed items to be joined. The fastener also produces a blind joint, so that the fastener itself is invisible after the joint has been formed. An accompanying installation tool assists in installing one end of the fastener.Type: ApplicationFiled: December 7, 2000Publication date: November 7, 2002Inventors: Dannie E. Martin, Michael S. Lee
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Patent number: 6416269Abstract: The invention resides in a fastener for securing a first board to an underlying supporting member and to at least one other board running adjacent and parallel to the first board. The fastener has a thin flat body portion having front and rear faces, with a first prong extending outwardly from the front face of the body portion for driving into a first board. The fastener also includes a second prong extending outwardly from the rear face of the body portion for penetrating a second board, with the second prong running adjacent and parallel to in a direction opposite from that of the first prong. The body portion of the fastener has an opening for receiving a connector through the opening which is inclined to and passes through the body portion for fastening the body portion to a supporting member which supports and underlies the first and second boards.Type: GrantFiled: October 25, 2000Date of Patent: July 9, 2002Inventors: David Martel, David Young Hartmann
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Patent number: 6299400Abstract: A deck board fastener has first and second parallel straight prongs for insertion respectively into a deck board and a supporting joist, a crown coplanar with and joining the first and second prongs, a third prong extending from the crown at an angle to the first prong for securing a second deck board to the joist adjacent the first deck board and the crown has a driving surface in the plane of the first and second prongs and at a right angle to the axes of the first and second prongs. The angle between the third prong and the first prong is formed at the juncture of the third prong and the crown.Type: GrantFiled: June 28, 2000Date of Patent: October 9, 2001Inventor: Glenn J. Tebo
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Patent number: 5927923Abstract: A fastener for securing boards to joists includes first and second sharp, pointed prongs. The first prong has a driving portion for driving the prong at an angle through a first board and a joist thereunder. The second prong extends from a lateral member connected to the driving portion of the first prong, defining an angle between the first prong and the second prong in the range of about 30 to 60 degrees. The second prong acts to secure an adjacent board to the first board. In another aspect, a fastener for securing boards to joists thereunder includes a first member having two parallel sharp, pointed prongs, and a third sharp, pointed prong extending from the first member at an angle in the range of about 35-55 degrees One of the prongs of the first member is driven into a first board and the other of the prongs is driven into the joist. The third prong secures an adjacent board to the first board.Type: GrantFiled: April 14, 1998Date of Patent: July 27, 1999Inventor: Glenn J. Tebo
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Patent number: 5924830Abstract: Method for the manufacture of a nail element comprising a plate-shaped body and one or more elongate elements whereby in accordance with the invention in each case at least one elongate elements is set at an angle relative to the face of the plate-shaped body and brought into contact with it, whereupon heat, for example from electric resistance welding, is generated at the point of contact for melting the material of the elongate elements and the plate-shaped body in order to weld these to each other, so that a nail element may be obtained in a simple manner and inexpensively.Type: GrantFiled: January 30, 1995Date of Patent: July 20, 1999Inventor: Klaas Willem De Groot
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Patent number: 5842319Abstract: An invisible decking connector for wood decking structures fastens elongate decking boards to each other in side-to-side adjacency and fastens the decking boards to underlying perpendicularly oriented joists for positional maintenance thereon. The connector provides a medial disk having axially aligned ribbed nails extending perpendicularly from the medial portions of each of its sides. The periphery of the disk defines a slot to receive the head of a fastening screw extending in angulated orientation through an adjacent decking board and into a joist therebeneath. A tool with a body defining a medial hole to receive one of the ribbed nails to aid installation of the fastener by use of a hammer is disclosed.Type: GrantFiled: May 5, 1997Date of Patent: December 1, 1998Inventor: George D. Ravetto
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Patent number: 5619836Abstract: A sheetrock patch fastener that includes an integrally formed unit that is capable of supporting repair patches of various sizes and which is non-intrusive to the hidden surface of the sheetrock wall being repaired. The sheetrock patch fastener includes an upper portion, an intermediate portion, and a lower portion. The upper portion has an upper portion distal edge, an upper portion proximal edge, and a pair of upper portion distal edge corner teeth which extend downwardly from the upper portion at the ends of the upper portion distal edge. The intermediate portion extends downwardly from the upper portion and has an intermediate portion upper edge that is collinear with the upper portion proximal edge, and an intermediate portion lower edge.Type: GrantFiled: July 21, 1995Date of Patent: April 15, 1997Inventors: Duane A. Rouch, Mark S. Andrews
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Patent number: 5263665Abstract: A mounting bracket for holding a heat insulating mat in an aircraft cabin has a lower and an upper section configured to conform to a trough-shaped flange of a stringer secured to the fuselage. A holding pin forms part of the lower section and can be connected to the insulating mat. The two sections are onto the stringer (2) as a clip. For this purpose the lower section (4) fits with a trough (10) around the stringer (2) and the upper section (5) formed with a snap-in locking device including an expander pin (9) is arranged with a barrel portion in the trough of the stringer. The upper section (5) has a plate (14) tangentially merging into the barrel portion and extending outside the stringer (2) for the snap-in action.Type: GrantFiled: March 17, 1993Date of Patent: November 23, 1993Assignee: Deutsche Aerospace Airbus GmbHInventors: Manfred Koneczny, Hartmut Tijssen
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Patent number: 5006006Abstract: A connector for connecting wooden beams to one another, in which the capacities of a conventional toothed plate to transfer tensile and compressive forces have been improved by securing one or several toothed plates (3, 4, 5) to a mutual frame plate (2).Type: GrantFiled: September 11, 1989Date of Patent: April 9, 1991Assignee: Metsa-Serla OyInventor: Markku S. Lehtonen
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Patent number: 4795294Abstract: The fixing device comprises a body adapted to be secured directly onto a brittle wall or secured to the brittle wall with a member to be attached to the wall interposed therebetween. The body is formed with at least two guide holes passing therethrough from the top to the bottom thereof each for receiving therein a fixing member such as a set screw or a nail so that it is driven into the wall to thereby fixedly secure the body onto the wall. The guide holes are oriented in such an inclinded direction with respect to the normal to the wall that the fixing members do not intersect with each other and do not extend in parallel to each other when they are inserted into the body and driven into the wall, thereby permitting the body to be securely fixed to the wall. An engaging member having integrally formed therewith a supportng portion such as a hook or a hanger may be detachably engaged over the body.Type: GrantFiled: October 14, 1986Date of Patent: January 3, 1989Assignee: Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd.Inventors: Tetsuo Takada, Mikio Kita, Kenzo Yonemochi
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Patent number: 4696300Abstract: A fastener comprises a filament having two opposing heads. The heads have two ends defining non-parallel planes, forming acute angles which share a common ray. The fastener is installed by being driven through two needles having slotted bores.Type: GrantFiled: April 11, 1985Date of Patent: September 29, 1987Assignee: Dennison Manufacturing CompanyInventor: Gary Anderson
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Patent number: 4679367Abstract: A rigid wooden composite assembly such as a beam, post or the like, includes a plurality of elongated wooden boards of varying lengths disposed in face-to-face relationship and forming a plurality of layers. At least one of the layers includes a plurality of boards, the inner ends of which abut to form a joint therebetween. A connector device has a base plate with openings therein. Prongs extend outwardly from the plate and initially generally normal thereto. The prongs of adjacent openings extend in opposite directions from the plate. The connector device is disposed between the layers so that the base plate bridges the inner portion of the joint and the oppositely extending prongs penetrate the opposing board faces. When the assembly is compressed together, the prongs deform and clinchingly engage the wood surrounding the joint. The abutting boards are spliced together, and the facing boards are held tightly together.Type: GrantFiled: August 29, 1985Date of Patent: July 14, 1987Assignee: Jack Walters & Sons, Corp.Inventor: Alan C. Geisthardt
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Patent number: 4584808Abstract: A first wallboard and a second wallboard in edge-to-edge abutment are secured to an underlying stud by a double acting fastener which bends around the stud from a flange to the web where a screw passing through a bight in the fastener holds it in place. Oppositely oriented wire talons 20 and 25 are extensions of a first arm 17 and a second arm 18, respectively. Talon 20 is impaled in the edge of the first wallboard and talon 25 is impaled in the edge of the second wallboard. A loop 23 in the second arm 18 rests behind the first wallboard and both arms rest behind the second wallboard. A force tending to move either wallboard away from the stud is resisted by both arms.Type: GrantFiled: April 9, 1984Date of Patent: April 29, 1986Assignee: United States Gypsum CompanyInventor: Alan C. Wendt
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Patent number: 4488389Abstract: A building wall comprising the plurality of stacked logs with flat top and bottom surfaces into each of which is cut a deep slot. A metal bar is received in the aligned slots of vertically adjacent logs and pointed projections penetrate into the wood of the logs to prevent separation. In one embodiment, the projections are spaced clusters of downwardly extending nails which prevent separation of logs placed end to end and upwardly extending nails which prevent shear movement of adjacent logs. In another embodiment, the bar has sharp projections which are punched from the surface thereof to be received in the aligned slots of adjacent logs and penetrate a side wall of said slot.Type: GrantFiled: December 20, 1982Date of Patent: December 18, 1984Inventor: Johann H. Farmont
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Patent number: 4429500Abstract: A building log comprising a length of timer with essentially planar top and bottom surfaces interrupted by a pair of parallel tongues running along and near the edges of the top surface, and a complementary pair of grooves running along the bottom surfaces so that stacked logs are interlocked. A segment adjacent the end of the log is cut away at top, and bottom and both sides to a reduced cross-section, so that similarly reduced sections of cross loop may be received in nested relationship. The cuts to the reduced cross section on each sides is at a 45.degree. angle.Type: GrantFiled: October 10, 1980Date of Patent: February 7, 1984Inventor: Johann H. Farmont
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Patent number: 4299021Abstract: The invention relates to an axial impact tool for driving nails or staples into normally inaccessible places. The tool consists of a guide tube and impact rod slidable inside of said guide tube and containing a heavy handle extending outside of one end of said tube and a magnetic fitting which fits onto the guide rod for grasping and driving a ferromagnetic fastening means such as a nail or staple into position. Additionally, the invention contemplates the use of spacer elements which fit between the guide rod and the handle so as to prevent the guide rod from making a full stroke leaving a portion of the nail or staple exposed. This is for purposes such as hanging pictures, or for temporarily placing a board or panel into position so that it can be easily removed later.Type: GrantFiled: November 19, 1979Date of Patent: November 10, 1981Inventor: Luther M. Williams