Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a stove with a mosquito repellent component, the stove with a mosquito repellent component includes a stove component and a mosquito repellent component, the stove component is configured to contain fuel and allow the fuel to burn; the mosquito repellent component is provided below the stove component, the mosquito repellent component is configured to atomize mosquito repellent liquid to generate rising mosquito repellent smoke, and the bottom of the stove component blocks the mosquito repellent smoke and causes the mosquito repellent smoke to spread around along the bottom surface of the stove component. Through the arrangement of the above structure, when in use, users can use the stove component for heating, lighting and cooking, and effectively killing and driving mosquitoes around the stove and protecting users around the stove. The stove is simple in structure, convenient to use and excellent in mosquito repellent effect.

Abstract: Provided is an oxygen candle starting device, comprising a pull line column (17) and a percussion cap (15), wherein a pull line hole (155) is provided in the pull line column in an axial direction of the pull line column, a percussion cap cavity (154) is provided inside one end of the pull line column, a fire-preventing cavity is provided inside the other end of the pull line column, and the pull line hole passes through the fire-preventing cavity and the percussion cap cavity; the percussion cap is mounted in the percussion cap cavity, and sand grains (16) are packaged in the fire-preventing cavity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a new way to manufacture and incorporate decorative features within a candle using a floating candle and a suspension base. The present disclosure describes a floating candle that may be located over a base with suspended decoration. In some aspects, the floating candle may comprise an ignitable wick that may extinguish prior to reaching the base. In some implementations, the base may comprise a liquid that may allow for movement of the decorations within the base. In some aspects, the base may comprise a rigid material, such as a hardened epoxy or polymerized monomer, wherein the curing of the material may occur after the decorations may be placed in the base.

Abstract: An interdental brush includes a handle, a shank extending therefrom, and a bristle portion disposed around the shank. The bristle portion has a plurality of bristle units, each of which has a loading surface facing the handle and having a diameter larger than a diameter of the shank, and a surrounding wall extending from the loading surface toward a direction opposite to the handle with the extent progressively decreasing therefrom. The loading surface and the surrounding wall converge at a brim. The gradually-reduced arrangement of each surrounding wall facilitates an easy entrance into slits between teeth and provides each loading surface and brim with sufficient support to scrape and remove food debris and tartar while pulling the brush out. The revolution of bristle units around the shank helps the brush touch and massage gingivae in a large area, thereby increasing the effect of cleaning teeth and convenience of use.

Abstract: A micro-fluidic device. The device includes a semiconductor substrate attached to a fluid supply source. The substrate contains at least one vaporization heater, one or more bubble pumps for feeding fluid from the fluid supply source to the at least one vaporization heater, a fluid supply inlet from the fluid supply source in fluid flow communication with each of the one or more bubble pumps, and a vapor outlet in vapor flow communication with the at least one vaporization heater. The one or more bubble pumps each have a fluid flow path selected from a linear path, a spiral path, a circuitous path, and a combination thereof from the supply inlet to the at least one vaporization heater.

Abstract: An incense holder assembly and method of manufacture. The incense holder assembly has a base including a cavity, and an ash collector, and an upper housing including a first end with an incense material support including an incense aperture that can support an incense structure inserted into the incense aperture. An external cavity is positioned coupled to the incense material support and the ash collector, and a channel fluidly extends from the incense aperture to an internal cavity. The assembly also includes incense material support surfaces that can support the incense structure by coupling to a side of the incense structure. An incense material support surface is positioned within a channel or the internal cavity, and an incense material support surface is adjacent to or proximate the at least one aperture.

Abstract: A system and methodology of delivery fluids and monitoring their status which is voice actuated. This system has application where a hands-free environment is preferred. Voice commands are given by the user via a Bluetooth® headset and received typically by the user's Smartphone. Voice recognition circuitry is programmed to recognize the simple commands and through complementing electronics, and electro-mechanical and mechanical elements, delivery at corresponding flow rates is accomplished. A further feature allows for respective voice commands to initiate a monitoring function where the status of any particular characteristic of the fluid can be relayed back to the user via the headset.

Abstract: A pod for processing used cooking oils is disclosed that allows a higher energy efficiency of the process and better quality of the final result obtained, in view of different possible uses. This increase in terms of energy efficiency makes it possible to use an apparatus of the domestic appliance type, for processing a given quantity of used cooking oils together with the processing pod according to the invention. Providing the user with the possibility of opting among different combinations of functional substances provided in a main structure and in a secondary structure of the processing pod should, together with the possibility of using an apparatus of domestic use, allow the valorization of used cooking oils directly at the point of consumption.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fragrant formulation comprising a fragrant composition, and an alkyl ketal ester. Disclosed herein too are methods for manufacturing the fragrant formulation.

Abstract: An electronic incense assembly includes a burning chamber, an electronic stick, a camera module, an image processor and a controller. The burning chamber includes a sidewall. The electronic stick is positioned on the burning chamber, and includes a light guide bar and a light source. The light guide bar includes a first end and a second end away from the first end. The light source is positioned on the second end. The camera module is positioned on the sidewall. The image processor includes an environment brightness sensor. The controller is electrically connected to the camera module and the image processor. The environment brightness sensor is configured to sense an environment brightness based on a captured image captured by the camera module. The controller is configured to receive the environment brightness and to drive the light source to emit suitable light according to the environment brightness.

Abstract: A compact ignition system for chemical oxygen generators for possible use in an aircraft. The chemical oxygen generator is configured such that a majority of the ignition system can be accommodated within an interior of the generator body. In some embodiments, the ignition system is positioned within a recess of an upper surface of the core of the generator. Housing a majority of the ignition system within the generator allows the overall oxygen-generating capacity of the generator to be increased without requiring a corresponding increase in the overall length of the generator.

Abstract: An electronic censer includes a seat and an incense detachably mounted on the seat. The seat includes a base, a supporting plate mounted on the base, two pins protruding from the plate and an annular rib surrounding the pins. A bottom of the incense is inserted within the annular rib. The incense includes a light guiding rod, a shell enclosing the rod, an LED, a circuit board and a battery embedded within the shell. An induction coil is fixed in the shell to control the lighting of the LED.

Abstract: The present invention relates to candles capable of diffusing a plurality of volatile active substances simultaneously, a base portion, at least one wick and a plurality of cartridges carrying the volatile active substances to be diffused, the base portion being provided with a plurality of holes adapted to receive the cartridges. The invention further relates to a method for diffusing a plurality of active substances simultaneously comprising manufacturing and burning such candle.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally Portable censer bag, where the censer elements are mounted inside the said bag. The portable bag is designed to mount all censer elements inside, so we can take it everywhere and use it easily. The censer bag is power by electric power supply 220 v AC and also, with rechargeable battery 12 v DC through the adapter. Every piece of the censer mounted in a suitable place in the bag according to its size or height. And so, each piece is fixed while carrying the bag. There is a decoration lighting strip surround the bag which also used as indication of the charging of the battery according to light intensity. The Bag made of strong materials to withstand the shocks and coated with a layer of sponge and an artificial skin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to candles capable of diffusing a plurality of volatile active substances simultaneously, a base portion, at least one wick and a plurality of cartridges carrying the volatile active substances to be diffused, the base portion being provided with a plurality of holes adapted to receive the cartridges. The invention further relates to a method for diffusing a plurality of active substances simultaneously comprising manufacturing and burning such candle.

Abstract: An electronic incense stick includes a transparent tube, a first non-transparent coating, a second non-transparent coating, and a laser diode. The tube includes an opened end and a bulb portion formed at an opposite end. The first non-transparent coating is formed on a major part of an outer surface of the tube adjacent to the bulb portion. The second non-transparent coating is formed on a part of the outer surface that is not covered by the first non-transparent coating. The laser diode is positioned at the opened end and configured for emitting a laser light beam which transmits to the bulb portion along a central axis of the tube.

Abstract: An oil burning lamp comprises an oil container, a wick and a heating structure. The wick includes a first end located in the oil container to draw fragrance fuel oil therein, a second end to draw the fragrance fuel oil from the first end to be ignited for burning and a middle section interposed between the first end and second end. The heating structure is coupled on the wick and includes a heat transfer portion coupled annularly on the second end to get heat energy generated by burning of the fragrance fuel oil, a heating portion to clamp the middle section of the wick, a diffusing portion to bridge the heat transfer portion and heating portion and a diffusing chamber located in the diffusing portion.

Abstract: An electronic censer includes a censer body, an incense branch and a circuit board. The circuit board is received in the censer body. The incense branch is positioned on the circuit board and includes a heat dissipating board, a light-emitting diode, a first incense core, a second incense core enclosing the first incense core and a reflecting layer on a periphery of the second incense core. A tubular passage is defined between a periphery sidewall of the first incense core and a sidewall of the heat dissipating board to receive liquid fragrance therein. Heat generated by the LED is transferred to the liquid fragrance via the heat dissipating board. Vapor of the liquid fragrance and light of the LED leave the electronic censer via a top of the incense branch.

Abstract: An incense burner and storage device includes a lower housing with a base and a storage compartment. The device also includes an upper housing and an upwardly extending column for supporting the upper housing. The upper housing includes a support for charcoal and incense and an ashtray for collecting ashes. The ashtray is also rotatable about a vertical axis between a loading position and a burning position. The ashtray also includes a perforated screen-like bottom that allows a flame to pass therethrough. A cigarette lighter is used for heating the charcoal and is pivotally mounted within the column for removal and replacement of the lighter. An adjustment mechanism is fixed to one side of the upper portion of the column and allows the charcoal and incense support to be raised or lowered with respect to the cigarette lighter.

Abstract: An electronic incense assembly includes a first tube, a second tube, a light source, two electrodes, and two wires. The first tube includes a first opaque coating on the outer surface thereof, a first end, and a second end. The first tube defines a first through hole. The second tube includes a second opaque coating on the outer surface thereof and defines a second through hole. The second end of the first tube is sleeved on the second tube. The first through hole communicates with the second through hole. The light source is positioned on the first end and covers the first through hole. The two electrodes are received in the second tube but extend across and out of the second tube. The two wires connect the light source to the two first electrodes.

Abstract: A material intended for personal protective equipment, such as a suit for escaping chemicals or a flash fire is disclosed, wherein the material includes at least four different layers, the layers being: an outer first layer of a material comprising at least one polymer, which material is self-extinguishing; a second layer of a fiber material, which fiber material is self-extinguishing; a third layer being adhesive; and an inner fourth layer being a barrier laminate. All of the at least four different layers individually are attached to layers located next to them.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method of producing acetic acid includes condensing overhead vapor to provide reflux to the light ends column as well as condensing vapor from a central portion of the light ends column to increase capacity. Throughput or load on the light ends column is substantially reduced without compromising product quality.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a chemical oxygen generator to produce cool oxygen gas comprising: a. a charge housing, b. a solid but porous charge contained in the said housing, the charge being made of a chemical mixture that generates oxygen upon decomposition and that will undergo a self-sustained exothermal decomposition after initiation, the said charge containing at most 3.0 wt. % of binder material, the said porous charge allows the generated oxygen to pass through the charge without damaging the virgin material and without creating volumetric burning, the said charge is mounted in the housing in such a way that the generated oxygen passes through the charge and under the pressure difference flows from the moving decomposition front towards the vent, c. an ignition device mounted at one end of the cartridge in such a way that it is capable to initiate a self-sustained decomposition of the charge at the charge surface adjacent to the initiator, d.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention provide a fragrance distribution device comprising an electrical resistor, a plug or other power source, and a fragrance in a polymer or thermoplastic carrier. The polymer or thermoplastic carrier may include, for example, metal inclusions, which may be powdered metal. These metal inclusions are believed to enhance heat distribution throughout the carrier, thus allowing a more uniform and reliable release of fragrance.

Abstract: The apparatus is a cemetery incense burner having a removable resin incense holder retained in a container for accommodating the incense holder. The top and bottom sections of the removable incense holder serve two separate functions. The top concave surface of the removable incense holder is used as a censer for burning incense when inserted into the container in a right side up position. The container has a protrusion in a bottom center thereof to support the removable incense holder and to allow it to rise above the surface of the ground while it is being used as a censer. The bottom surface of the removable incense holder forms a seal with the top of the container and has a built in handle for easy removal when placed upside down (censer side down) in the container for storage. In another embodiment, the container has a flat bottom so that the holder is flush with the surface of the ground and container even in the use position.

Abstract: An incense burner and storage device in accordance with the present invention includes a lower housing with a base and a storage compartment for storing incense, charcoal and the like and a plurality of small disposal cigarette lighters. The incense burner and storage device also includes an upper housing and an upwardly extending column having upper and lower portions fixed to the base and extending upwardly therefrom for supporting the upper housing above and at a small distance from the lower housing. The upper housing includes a ceramic support for charcoal and incense, an ashtray for collecting ashes remaining after the charcoal and incense have been burned. The ashtray is also rotatable about a vertical axis between a loading position and a burning position. The ashtray also includes a perforated screen-like bottom that allows a flame to pass there through.

Abstract: This deer lure with scent dispenser has an outer casing with an interior plenum, a lower end and an upper end, with air inlet holes adjacent the lower end, a base adapted to fit into the lower end and extend into the plenum, and a scent dispenser assembly with a reservoir adapted to fit into the upper end with its exterior extending into the plenum. The base is adapted to serve as a pedestal for a candle and to hold the candle above the air inlet holes. The base also allows air for the candle to enter the plenum from the air inlet holes and reach a flame of the candle. The reservoir has an interior in communication with air exterior to the casing for holding a volatile scented liquid, and the invention allows hot gases produced by the candle to escape from the plenum into air exterior to the plenum around and/or through the reservoir, volatilizing the scented liquid in the reservoir.

Abstract: A fragrance diffuser kit is provided comprising a decanter, a fragrance refill set, a removable snuffer cap and a removable decorative vented lid. The decanter may be selected from a plurality of unique and decorative designs that are suitable for prominent display as a piece of home décor. The fragrance refill set comprises a bottle of high-quality fragrance composition for filling the decanter and a replacement wick, whereby the user may select and change the fragrance emitted by the fragrance diffuser. The decanter incorporates a wick holder having a top opening that communicates with a top opening in the decanter body so that a wick from the fragrance refill set may be inserted and held in a position to absorb and emit the fragrance composition contained in the decanter. The snuffer cap may be used to stop the emission of the fragrance composition and the vented lid may be used to hide the wick and snuffer cap, if present.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a duration of burn of a stick of incense includes a base and a ferric rod extending away from and over the base. A hole is provided in the base for placement of a bottom end of the incense. A cylindrical portion is adapted to fit over and slide along a longitudinal length of the incense. A magnet is attached to the cylindrical portion and is adapted to secure the cylindrical portion, where desired, along a longitudinal length of the rod. Accordingly, the incense is supported in two locations and is disposed under and generally parallel to the rod. The incense is able to burn until the area of combustion reaches the cylindrical portion, at which time it is extinguished. Two alternate embodiments are described that allow use of modified forms of the cylindrical portion with prior art types of incense burners.

Abstract: The invention is directed to devices and containers for emitting volatile compositions. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a device that includes a holding mechanism for substantially concurrently and releasably retaining two containers. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a first container having a first volatile composition and a second container having a second volatile composition where the first and the second containers are operably connected to each other to form a cartridge. In one embodiment, the invention is directed to a method of emitting a first and a second volatile composition.

Abstract: A candle and appertaining methods of manufacturing and using the candle involve a candle having a first section with a first wax that melts at a first temperature, and a second section with a second wax with a fragrance that melts at a second temperature so that the candle can be manufactured to keep the first wax and the second wax separate during manufacture and storage, but so that the first wax and the second wax combine when burning. The second section can comprise multiple inner portions, each having their own unique fragrance, the candle being constructed so that the fragrances combine when the candle is burned.

Abstract: A fan containing apparatus has a first enclosure which can accommodate a conventional mosquito coil/mosquito candle/vaporizing device, etc. The smoke/vapors are blown by the fan through an outlet in the apparatus to provide a much better distribution of the gas/smoke/vapor into a room. A perforated hose can be attached to the outlet to provide a much better positioning of the gas/smoke/vapor in a room or outdoor area.

Abstract: Systems and methods for heating a candle fuel generally comprise: a vessel to contain a quantity of a liquid fuel, and a wick system configured to float upon the quantity of the liquid fuel and to transfer heat to the liquid fuel, wherein the wick system comprises a wick and a wick holder. The wick comprises a first wick material configured to support a flame from a combustion and a second wick material, proximate to the first wick material, and configured to absorb combustion products from the combustion. The wick holder is configured to support the wick, such that at least a portion of the wick is immersed in the quantity of the liquid fuel.

Abstract: Methods and devices for generating gas from nitrous oxide are provided as well as downstream uses for the product gas. Reactor devices of the invention are compact and incorporate a novel heat-exchange/regenerative cooling system to optimize N2O decomposition and reactor durability.

Abstract: Candles are provided with a band on a wall of their outer housing for sealing an air treatment chemical placed adjacent the housing. The candle includes a housing containing a combustible fuel. An air treatment chemical is mounted on a radially outward portion of the housing in a position where it can be heated through a side wall of the housing by the fuel when it is combusted. A seal is positioned over the air treatment chemical to inhibit dispensing of the air treatment chemical prior to combustion of the fuel, and is removable to permit the air treatment chemical to be dispensed when the fuel is combusted.

Abstract: A device for introducing active substances, such as aromatic substances, insecticides and the like, into ambient air, comprises a holder for a carrier with a wick impressed thereon, which carrier can be placed in the holder and is replaceable. A mechanism to be operated by hand is provided for operating an ignition element, which can be placed in the holder and is replaceable, as for instance a gas lighter, to enable a wick to be ignited when a carrier with this wick has been placed in the holder.

Abstract: An oxygen generator comprising an oxygen generating unit including: (a) a chlorate oxygen generating candle for generating oxygen when ignited; and (b) an ignition device for igniting the candle to initiate oxygen generation from the candle. The candle is arranged during operation to sustain propagation of a plurality of burn fronts therethrough, the fronts propagating in different directions.

Abstract: A small, portable tabletop type burning apparatus for burning an aroma producing combustible material in a manner to produce soothing plumes of smoke for inhalation by the user.

Abstract: A fluid-burning lamp that delivers a fragrance(s) and is aesthetically pleasing. The fluid-burning lamp includes a fragrance-dispensing element that contains a material that slowly melts and forms a liquid pool when the lamp is lit. The slow-melting material gives the fluid-burning lamp the appearance of a traditional wax candle, when the lamp is viewed from the top. Other elements of the fluid-burning lamp include a fluid container for holding a combustible fluid to be used as fuel for the burn, and a wick assembly containing a wick having a lower portion that extends into the combustible fluid. The fluid container for holding the combustible fluid may also hold various immersions, such as, for example, fruits, colored marbles, leaves, seeds, sprigs, or flowers, in order to provide the ultimate in flexibility for home décor.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for producing hydrogen are provided. The methods and apparatus utilize reforming catalysts in order to produce hydrogen gas. The reforming catalysts may be platinum group metals on a support material, and they may be located in a reforming reaction zone of a primary reactor. The support material may an oxidic support having a ceria zirconia promoter. The support material may be an oxidic support and a neodymium stabilizer. The support material may also be an oxidic support material and at least one Group IA, Group IIA, manganese, or iron metal promoter. The primary reactor may have a first and second reforming reaction zones. Upstream reforming catalysts located in the first reforming reaction zone may be selected to perform optimally under the conditions in the first reforming reaction zone. Downstream reforming catalysts located in the second reforming reaction zone may be selected to perform optimally under the conditions in the second reforming reaction zone.

Abstract: A device which uses a heat source for heating and diffusing fragrant oils or insecticidal oils. The oil is contained in a reservoir remote from the heat source and the device comprises means for transferring the oil from a reservoir to a surface of a heat-absorbing means wherein heat from the heat source is transferred by conduction to said surface to volatilize the oil.

Abstract: An exemplary oil burning lamp comprises a reservoir configured for storing a supply of oil, a base, a burner tube and a wick. The base is being sized and shaped to receive the reservoir. The burner tube is movably mounted to the reservoir between a retracted position and an extended position. The burner tube has a first end, an opposing second end and at least one opening. In the retracted position, the both ends are located within the reservoir. In the extended position, the first end is located within the reservoir, the second end is located outside the reservoir, and the opening is located such that fragranced components of oil stored in the reservoir can be entrained by air and emanated from the base. The wick is mounted to the burner tube, extends into the reservoir, and extends outwardly from the second end of the burner tube.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and a method for improving the delivery of volatiles from a burning candle by providing a stabilized laminar gas flow adjacent a volatile-containing molten pool, ensuring an enlarged molten pool by close regulation of thermal transfer between a monolithic candle mass and the surrounding atmosphere, and minimizing volatile loss through unregulated thermal gradients.

Abstract: An incense burner is provided with an upper compartment comprising a bottom, surrounding side wall structure, and an open top. An array of openings is provided in the bottom that permits air to move upwardly through the bottom into a burning chamber defined above the bottom and interiorally of the surrounding side wall structure. A series of legs extends downwardly from the bottom to where they join a base. An open space is defined between the bottom and the base. In addition, there is provided a series of side openings that are formed between the bottom and the base, and between the respective legs. This enables air to move inwardly through the side openings into the space between the bottom and the base, and therefrom upwardly through the array of openings in the bottom into the burning chamber of the incense burner.

Abstract: This invention is directed to an improved combination incense and candle holder that can be easily transported and which can use refillable fragrance solids and liquids that are ignitable. One embodiment is directed to a holder consisting of a vertically disposed base having an inner surface that is configured to be capable of accommodating a candle from the top portion of said base and that is configured to be capable of accommodating a receptacle through an aperture in said base, and a removable receptacle disposed in said aperture on a wall of said base that is capable of receiving an ignitable fragrant solid or an ignitable fragrant oil. Another embodiment is directed to a holder that is further comprised of a receptacle mounted on the top portion of the housing that is capable of receiving an ignitable fragrant solid or oil. Another embodiment is directed to a holder with a base that is further comprised of an air well disposed in said base for passage and escape of air from said receptacle.

Abstract: An improved incense burner depicting a real or imaginary creature for providing smoke escaping from active areas of the creature (e.g., its nose or mouth) including a hollow enclosed container having an outer surface, at least the head of a real or mythical character formed on the outer surface of the container, a first grouping of vent holes for permitting external air to enter the interior of the container, and a second grouping of vent holes passing from inside the container to its outer surface for permitting incense-bearing smoke to escape therefrom.

Abstract: The invention provides a system and a method for improving the delivery of volatiles from a burning candle by providing a stabilized laminar gas flow adjacent a volatile-containing molten pool, ensuring an enlarged molten pool by close regulation of thermal transfer between a monolithic candle mass and the surrounding atmosphere, and minimizing volatile loss through unregulated thermal gradients.

Abstract: A combustion exhaler for the vaporization of an insecticide or perfumed substance, comprises a housing (1, 2) having intake and exit vents (4), and a solid porous combustible element (6, 9) impregnated with said substance, placed inside said housing between said intake and exit vents, and fixed onto appropriate support means. The combustible element shows a high ratio between the mass of the active substance and the mass of the combustible element and, in one embodiment, a low mass/length ratio.

Abstract: The present invention relates to dispensers for active materials, which dispensers employ heat conductive elements to distribute heat from a burning flame at a wick to a simmer plate and to the body of a solid fuel containing the active material, so as to more rapidly liquify the solid fuel, such as paraffin wax, and to more uniformly and intensely heat such fuels to volatilize the active material. The heat conductive elements and simmer plate are configured so as to engage said solid fuel, and to cause the flow of liquified fuel to the wick. The fuel may comprise various active ingredients, such as fragrances, air fresheners, deodorizers, odor eliminators, odor counteractants, insecticides, insect repellants, herbal and medicinal substances, disinfectants, sanitizers, mood enhancers, aroma therapy compositions, and the like, and may be provided in various forms.

Abstract: A diffuser includes a base portion and a lid portion. The diffuser is adapted to allow emanation of vapor from a burning block of combustible material and contains a block receiving portion elevated from a surface of the base portion. The block receiving portion has one or more grooves formed in a top surface of the block receiving portion and extending below the top surface of the block receiving portion. The base portion further includes apertures forming channels extending from within the base portion to an outer surface of the base portion. The lid portion is preferably substantially pyramidal in shape and has an apex at an end remote from the base portion. The lid portion further includes apertures positioned towards the apex. In use, a burning block of combustible material, impregnated with fragrance, is placed on the block receiving portion, and the lid portion is placed over the block.