Abstract: A novel composition of a confectionery or pharmaceutical product, characterized in that it includes 30 to 70 wt % of a bulking agent other than maltitol having a specific surface area smaller than 0.5 m2/g and also having a reduced amount of base gum, with no negative effect on the organoleptic properties, relative to the prior art products. Also, a method for using the novel composition in the production of a chewing gum characterized in that it enables the amount of base gum in said products to be considerably reduced.

Abstract: Provided is a crystallization reaction apparatus for recovering resources, which includes at least one agitating impeller provided inside, a seed injection port provided to improve a crystallization effect, and plug-flow formed using at least one isolation layer in order to remove nutrient salts, such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), exiting in an effluent to cause eutrophication, are removed, the effluent being produced from a dehydration process for sludge discharged through a digestion tank in an sludge waste treatment process for the nutrient salts, such as phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N), existing in a wastewater treatment water to cause eutrophication, wastewater sludge, food waste and excreta of livestock.

Abstract: Described is a device for inducing crystal nucleation in a crystalliser. The device comprises a vessel for fluid and a surface abrader, wherein the surface abrader is configured to abrade a surface within the vessel to induce crystal nucleation. The friction of the abrader against the surface within the vessel creates nano-sized particulates which induce crystal nucleation. Crystal growth can then take place in the crystalliser. Also described is a crystallisation apparatus comprising the device and a crystallisation process using the device or similar. The device is significantly cheaper and more reliable than known ultrasound devices and facilitates the separation of crystal nucleation and crystal growth. The device also enables the avoidance of the use of seeding as a source of secondary nucleation.

Abstract: A reaction-crystallization apparatus for carrying out reaction and/or solvent extraction and/or crystallization of soluble salts has an upper section having a top and a decanter. The decanter has a vertical vessel having a horizontal weir at the top of the upper section. The top of the upper section has an outlet for removing a light phase at the top of the decanter. The apparatus has a lower section, including a crystallizer. The crystallizer includes: a coaxial draft tube; a feed pipe; an agitator inside the draft tube; and at least one outlet at the bottom for crystal slurry removal. The apparatus has an intermediate section sandwiched between the lower section and the upper section such that the sections are in fluid communication and includes at least one coaxial vertical baffle with a gap between the draft tube and the coaxial vertical baffle and is adjustable by moving the baffle.

Abstract: Reactor designs for use in ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Internal heating is used to enhance and/or engineer fluid motion, gas mixing, and the ability to create solubility gradients within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Novel baffle designs are used for control and improvement of continuous fluid motion within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals.

Abstract: Reactor designs for use in ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Internal heating is used to enhance and/or engineer fluid motion, gas mixing, and the ability to create solubility gradients within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals. Novel baffle designs are used for control and improvement of continuous fluid motion within a vessel used for the ammonothermal growth of group-III nitride crystals.

Abstract: Provided is a method for the separation and purification of high-purity 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene from a reaction mixture of dimethylnaphthalenes by continuous crystallization. According to the method, shell-tubetype crystallization apparatuses are used to perform crystallization operations under a continuous flow of a reaction mixture of dimethylnaphthalenes, which is obtained from the synthesis of dimethylnaphthalenes using o-xylene and butadiene as starting materials. As a result, high-purity 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene is separated and purified in a high yield from the reaction mixture. In addition, the method is advantageous in terms of energy saving when compared to conventional separation methods and enables continuous separation and purification of 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene on an industrial scale. A system for implementing the method is further provided.

Abstract: A method for forming colloidal photonic crystals comprises; surrounding an outer circumference of a cylinder with a flexible substrate, spacing the cylinder a predetermined distance from a panel coated with a colloidal solution, and rotating the cylinder to form colloidal photonic crystals on the flexible panel.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for separation of hydrocarbon oil and wax from a hydrocarbon waxy feedstock is disclosed. Said method comprises cooling the feedstock by a cooling agent so as to induce crystallization of hard wax crystals containing some quantity of oil.

Abstract: A silicon oxide powder can be continuously prepared by feeding a raw material powder mixture containing silicon dioxide powder into a reaction chamber (2) at a temperature of 1,100-1,600° C., to produce a silicon oxide gas, transferring the silicon oxide gas to a deposition chamber (11) through a transfer conduit (10) maintained at a temperature of from higher than 1,000° C. to 1,300° C., causing silicon oxide to deposit on a substrate (13) which is disposed and cooled in the deposition chamber, scraping the silicon oxide deposit, and recovering the deposit in a recovery chamber (18). The method and apparatus is capable of continuous and stable production of amorphous silicon oxide powder of high purity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for size classifying ammonium sulfate crystals using a screen, said process comprising feeding a feed suspension to the screen, said feed suspension comprising said ammonium sulfate crystals in an ammonium sulfate solution, size classifying the ammonium sulfate crystals, and keeping both sides of the screen immersed in liquid during said size classifying.

Abstract: A filtration assembly operable in connection with a crystal form screening workstation that provides for automated crystal form screening is disclosed. The assembly includes first and second valves, with each valve having an internal passage and first, second and third ports. A filter line is interposed between the first and second valves in fluid communication with the second port of the first valve and the second port of the second valve. A filter medium is in disposed in or at the end of the filter line and adapted to filter a drug-containing suspension flowing through the filter line. The filter medium is operable to filter fluids under both positive and negative pressure conditions.

Abstract: A multi-stage counter-current crystallization apparatus for crystallizing and subsequently separating a component in pure form from a solution comprises a first concentration stage for forming crystals in the solution and a first crystallization vessel for further growth of the crystals to obtain a first crystal suspension mixture containing larger crystals and first separating means for separating the larger crystals from the first crystal suspension mixture to form a concentrated mother liquor. A second concentration stage forms crystals in the concentrated mother liquor solution and includes a second crystallization vessel for further growth of the crystals. A bypass conduit circulates the crystal suspension mixture in a crystal-growing vessel, and includes a filter for extracting part of the mother liquor solution from the crystal suspension mixture.

Abstract: Multi-phase extraction apparatus comprising two chambers forming a partition stage. Said chambers are connected by connection channels in their upper and lower portions. The upper portion of the first chamber is connected to the lower portion of the second chamber, while the upper portion of the second chamber is connected to the lower portion of the first chamber.

Abstract: The invention provides a crystallization apparatus that includes an agitation tank, a liquid circulation means for circulating a liquid or a slurry along a wall of the agitation tank, and one or more temperature difference creation means capable of creating a temperature difference at the wall of the agitation tank, wherein the temperature difference creation means is installed to the agitation tank. The temperature difference creation means is, for example, arranged at a region where liquid or slurry spouted by rotating the liquid spouting device contacts the wall of the agitation tank or a region below that region, and which increases or decreases the temperature of the spouted liquid or slurry compared to the temperature of surrounding liquid or slurry. Since the apparatus with this configuration has a large vaporization area and a large heat transfer area, the induction period for crystal generation can be shortened, and crystals with narrow size distribution and large size can be obtained.

Abstract: Apparatus for separating wax from a feedstock mixture comprising solvent and a wax component is described. The apparatus includes a crystallization column and a plurality of compartments for forming the crystallized wax. Scraping means are employed to resume the crystallized wax for recovery by a filter.

Abstract: A crystallizer comprising an elongate housing with a drivable shaft extending in the longitudinal direction of the housing, at least one cooling element being placed astride on the shaft, which cooling element to that end has a slotted recess, the cooling element being swept clean by a sweeping element rotating along with the shaft.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and installation for the crystallisation of a liquid from a solution, a suspension or a mixture of liquids using a crystalliser 2 which, for example, is provided on its wall with a heat exchanger 4 and comprises a single chamber for both nucleation and growth. Depleted mother liquor is withdrawn from the crysiallisation vessel via a filter 10 located in the crystalliser, so that the crystal content in the vessel can be accurately adjusted for the purpose of optimum separation of the crystals, preferably using a packed-bed wash column. The crystalliser preferably contains a stirrer with the filter on the stirrer 5 shaft. The filter rotates past a scraper 12, which is arranged in a fixed position, as a result of which the filter cake can be reintroduced into the suspension without damage to the crystals.

Abstract: An apparatus for performing centrifugal crystallization of organics, which unifies all the individual steps for the removal of impurities into a single operation. The apparatus consists of two coaxial rotors and stationary parts. A crystallizable feed stock is mixed under pressure with a suitable refrigerating solvent and injected into a rotating liquid ring of the process materials. A faster drum-shaped outer rotor rotates the process materials while a slower frame-shaped inner rotor distributes the combined feed, collects refined product and recycles crystal fines as seeds. Advantage is taken of the centrifugal force and of the radial pressure gradient for gradual adiabatic evaporation of the solvent and simultaneous crystallization of the substance to be purified, as well as for the separation of phases, counter-current crystal washing with its own melt, followed by product melting by external heat, and withdrawal of a product from the apparatus.

Abstract: A flowable material, such as a supercooled melt or supersaturated solution, is dispensed onto a take-up member such as a belt or drum. Either prior to, or after being dispensed onto the take-up member, the material is exposed to ultrasound to promote the crystallization of solid substances in the material. All of the material or only a portion of the material can be exposed to ultrasound. If only a portion is exposed, it is later combined with the rest of the material prior to being dispensed onto the take-up member.

Abstract: Crystallization of a melt is induced by causing the melt to flow downwardly in a gap which is defined by upwardly moving cooled walls so that crystallate adheres to the walls and is carried upwardly for recovery. The walls are formed by endless belts which are cooled by fluid sprayed from nozzles. The walls are adjustable so as to be parallel or upwardly divergent.

Abstract: An apparatus of forming non-agglomerated nanostructured ceramic (n-ceramic) powders from metalorganic precursors combines rapid thermal decomposition of a precursor/carrier gas stream in a hot tubular reactor with rapid condensation of the product particles on a cold substrate under a reduced inert gas pressure of 1-50 mbar. A wide variety of metalorganic precursors is available. The apparatus is particularly suitable for formation of n-SiC.sub.x N.sub.y powders from hexamethyl-disilizane or the formation of n-ZrO.sub.x C.sub.y powders from zirconium tertiary butoxide. The n-SiC.sub.x N.sub.y compounds can be further reacted to form SiC or Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 whiskers, individually or in random-weave form, by heating in a hydrogen or ammonia atmosphere. The non-agglomerated n-ceramic powders form uniformly dense powder compacts by cold pressing which can be sintered to theoretical density at temperatures as low as 0.5 Tm.

Abstract: A multistage process for the separation and purification of a desired crystalline material by repeated dissolution and recrystallization, wherein crystals and solvent move countercurrent to one another through the stages. A fluid temperature gradient is maintained within each recrystallization unit to make use of convection to facilitate or accelerate concurrent dissolution and recrystallization within a single vessel. Solid recrystallized material is moved from one unit to the next unit. An automated apparatus and a manually operated apparatus for carrying out the process are also described.

Abstract: An improved salt basket for dewatering solids, particularly salts resulting from evaporation of industrial wastewaters. The salt basket system includes a pressurizable vessel having a screen floor situated above a bottom liquid collection head, an inlet for the brine/solids slurry from which solids are to be separated and dried, an inlet for air, an inlet for steam (the latter two inlets may be combined, where convenient), an inlet for solids free feed, and a drain outlet (these two may be combined where convenient into a combination feed/drain connection). Preferably, an automated system for introducing feed brine and for removing the solids product is provided. For safety, a pivotally attached lower door has a hydraulic failsafe closure mechanism and locking safety latches to prevent the door from inadvertently opening.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for superpurifying crystallizable substances to a purity level of 99.999%. Included is a closed multistage system which maintains controlled transfers of material between a plurality of stages. The method and apparatus avoid the need to transfer solid crystals from one stage to another and effect efficient and very effective separation of purified crystals from their mother liquor.

Abstract: A melt is crystallized by introducing the melt into a gap formed between two belts. The gap-forming flights of the belts travel in opposite directions. An upper one of the flights is cooled so that an upper surface of the melt crystallizes thereon and is removed from the gap on the upper belt. The lower belt removes the residual melt from the gap and that residual melt is recycled to the gap.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus capable of efficiently producing an epitaxial layer grown at one time on a multiplicity of substrates with uniform thickness and quality are disclosed, in which a sealable growth chamber filled in a solution used to achieve liquid-phase epitaxial growth and holding therein at least one row of thin plate-like substrate is turned about the horizontal axis. The growth chamber is tilted or overturned so that the solution in the growth chamber is stirred homogeneously and the effect of gravity on the solution is excluded. A solution chamber for holding therein the solution is connected with the growth chamber via a gate valve. After the liquid-phase epitaxial growth, the growth chamber is overturned and then the gate valve is opened so that the solution in the growth chamber returns to the solution chamber. Thus, reuse of the solution is possible.

Abstract: A direct contact cryogenic crystallizer having a vertically oriented draft tube into which cryogenic fluid is injected at a high velocity along with warm gas and through which a crystal slurry is drawn for subsequent cooling and agitation for the production of crystals.

Abstract: A crystal refining apparatus having a refining column containing a plurality of vertical shafts having screw blades provided therearound. Each blade rotates in a opposite direction, thereby carrying refined solid crystals upward. The reflux ratio of this apparatus can be much greater than that of the prior art, and highly refined crystals are obtained.The separated liquid extraction chambers are disposed at the bottom and the side of the refining column and a pressure reduction line is connected thereto so that the separated liquid is extracted at a high rate, accordingly the reflux ratio has become great in value.

Abstract: An endless steel band or belt (12) moves upwardly (see arrow 65). The upper length or run (17) of the band or belt (12) is cooled or heated by a fluid flowing from nozzles (43, 59). A feeding station (21) supplies a liquid mixture which mixture runs downwardly along the crystallizing surface (11) of the belt. A crystal layer is thus formed on the crystallizing surface 11. This crystal layer is moved upwardly in counter-current. The remaining liquid, the mother liquor, which is substantially free from crystallizable substance, flows downwardly. A device (22) for changing the inclination angle (.alpha.) of the crystallizing surface permits the crystallizing device to be adjusted in a simple way in accordance with the requirement of the crystallizating process. For automatic operation, a control unit (C) can associate the angle of inclination (.alpha.

Abstract: A melt is crystallized by introducing the melt into a gap formed between two belts. The gap-forming flights of the belts travel in opposite directions. An upper one of the flights is cooled so that an upper surface of the melt crystallizes thereon and is removed from the gap on the upper belt. The lower belt removes the residual melt from the gap and that residual melt is recycled to the gap.

Abstract: An apparatus for liquid phase epitaxial film growth includes a mother boat for supporting a substrate, a melt boat slidable on the mother boat for containing a melt and selectively bringing the substrate and the melt into contact, and a lid for opening and closing the melt boat. The mother boat is disposed in a quartz tube and push rods extend into the tube for sliding the lid to open and close the melt boat.

Abstract: A multistage process for the separation and purification of a desired crystalline material by repeated dissolution and recrystallization, wherein crystals and solvent move countercurrent to one another through the stages. A fluid temperature gradient is maintained within each recrystallization unit to make use of convection to facilitate or accelerate concurrent dissolution and recrystallization within a single vessel. Solid recrystallized material is moved from one unit to the next unit. An automated apparatus and a manually operated apparatus for carrying out the process are also described.

Abstract: A protein crystal growth tray assembly includes a tray that has a plurality of individual crystal growth chambers. Each chamber has a movable pedestal which carries a protein crystal growth compartment at an upper end. The several pedestals for each tray assembly are ganged together for concurrent movement so that the solutions in the various pedestal growth compartments can be separated from the solutions in the tray's growth chambers until the experiment is to be activated.

Abstract: A large thin web having a coherent crystal morphology throughout its extent is made on a continuous basis by drawing a meniscus of the web material from a hot melt thereof onto a heated support surface which moves relative to the melt so that the liquid is distributed as a thin liquid film over that support surface. The moving support surface advances the film progressively past a chiller which establishes a chill zone at the surface of the film which cools the film material at an isothermal front or boundary therein to a temperature below the melting point of the material so that the material solidifies. Also, a crystal seeding bar is located at the chill zone which is brought into contact with the film just ahead of the front so that when the film solidifies in the chill zone it assumes the crystal morphology of the seeding bar.

Abstract: An apparatus for growing a monocrystalline body (30) from a polycrystalline feed rod (22) includes a heater (20) that is positioned to heat a short section of the polycrystalline rod (22) to create a molten zone (34). The heater (20) is formed to include a shaper (40) that contacts the polycrystalline rod (22) in the molten zone (34) and has a hole (46) to allow flow in the molten zone (34) between the polycrystalline rod (22) side and the monocrystalline body (30) side of the shaper. The shaper (40) has an edge (42) that defines the boundary of the cross-section of the monocrystalline body (30) that is formed as the molten material solidifies.

Abstract: A whisker growing furnace having a plurality of removable reaction plates mounted therein. A whisker collecting apparatus removes the plates one at a time from the furnace without shutting down the furnace or stopping the whisker growing process. The whisker collection apparatus includes a whisker stripper for stripping the whiskers from the plate as the plate is removed from the furnace. The plate is then returned to the furnace for further processing as the plate is coated with fresh catalyst.

Abstract: A crystallizer which incorporates a lamella settler and which is particularly applicable for use in batteries and power cells for electric vehicles or stationary applications. The lamella settler can be utilized for coarse particle separation or for agglomeration, and is particularly applicable to aluminum-air batteries or power cells for solving the hydrargillite (aluminum-hydroxide) removal problems from such batteries. This invention provides the advantages of very low energy consumption, turbulence, shear, cost and maintenance. Thus, due to the low shear and low turbulence of this invention, it is particularly effective in the control of aluminum hydroxide particle size distribution in the various sections of an aluminum-air system, as well as in other electrochemical systems requiring separation for phases of different densities.

Abstract: This invention is directed to an enamel paint receptive flexible laminate and its method of manufacture. The laminate is useful for making banners, flags, signs and the like that are decorated with enamel poster paints. The laminates of the present invention comprise a base fabric material, a first film coating of a plasticized polyvinyl chloride and a second coating of thermosetting vinyl acrylic copolymer. The thermosetting vinyl acrylic copolymer promotes increased adhesion and decreased drying time of poster paints and lettering enamel when they are applied to the coating.

Abstract: Textile sheet-like structure impregnated or coated with water-hardening synthetic resin, said textile comprising organic fibers with an elasticity modulus of 200 to 2500 daN/mm.sup.2 and having an extensibility in the longitudinal direction of at least 10% before hardening of said resin is useful in preparing orthopaedic support dressings, containers, filters, pipes, reinforcing material, stiffening material, filler or sealer material for hollow spaces or joints, insulating material, in preparing decorative and artistic articles.

Abstract: A furnace for growing a semiconductor crystal includes an elongated tubular chamber encased within a cylindrical jacket. The furnace is divided into a plurality of zones with each zone having a corresponding insulation block for preventing heat loss from the chamber and to absorb external vibrations. The chamber is heated by sets of heater elements fixed thereto. Each set of heater elements is controlled by a corresponding processing means which supplies needed power thereto for generating the desired temperature in that zone. To draw heat from a particular area, an annular shunt disc may be interposed concentrically between the chamber and the jacket for providing a radial path for heat to flow from the chamber to the environment through the jacket. Because of its sound construction and the requirement of only minimal power, this furnace is particularly well adapted to operate on Earth, and in a micro-gravity environment and withstand launches to and from space.

Abstract: A reactor for producing single crystal metal carbide, nitride, or carbonitride whiskers, where the metal is one or more of Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta or W. The reactor walls and inner fixtures provide the substrate surfaces, greatly increasing the surface area available for whisker growth. Preferred substrate materials are nickel or high nickel alloy coated with TiC or TiN, or, for carbide or carbonitride whiskers, nickel impregnated graphite. An alternate embodiment provides a collecting chamber and vibrating means to mechanically detach whiskers, allowing for more efficient batch, or continuous operation.

Abstract: An improved countercurrent solid-liquid contacting apparatus, and more particularly an improved counter-current crystallizer column is disclosed. The present invention embraces the discover that column efficiency and product purity can be substantially enhanced by reducing axial liquid back-mixing by using stationary solid beds and transport means at spaced intervals along the column length.

Abstract: An incrustation resistive crystallizer apparatus is disclosed. The crystallizer housing has conduit means for ingress of solution to be crystallized, separate conduit means for ingress and egress of cooling fluid, means for recovery of mother liquor and product crystals either together or separately. A plurality of essentially horizontal perforated plates substantially conforming to the interior shape of the housing are vertically spaced along the housing length. A support member capable of translational movement along the housing length holds the plates in the above-described position. A plurality of mobile bodies are disposed on the upper surface of the plates. A heat transfer conduit disposed substantially parallel to the coaxial support member penetrates through apertures in the horizontal plates. A compound excitation device adapted to produce two waveforms is attached to the support member. The first waveform causes translational plate movement for scraping the surface of the heat transfer conduit.

Abstract: Fine single crystals of low-melting point materials are prepared by slowly withdrawing a glass crystal growth capillary tube containing the material from a heating apparatus which precisely maintains the molten material at a temperature just above its melting point. Temperature control of the molten material in the crystal growth tube, prior to solidification, is attained by enclosing the crystal growth tube in a temperature control tube containing the molten material being solidified. Preferably, the inside diameter of the temperature control tube is slightly larger than the outside diameter of the crystal growth tube, and both tubes reach into a reservoir of the molten material to be grown as a crystal, so that the molten material is drawn upwardly into the crystal growth tube and the space between the crystal growth tube and the temperature control tube by capillary action.

Abstract: An apparatus for purifying crystals comprises a crystal purifying tower having a transverse cross-section of two partially overlapping circles, stirrers each comprising a rotational shaft passing through the center of each of the circles and having blade members disposed spirally on its surface, a solid-liquid separation plate disposed at the bottom portion of the tower, a liquid take out means disposed below the separation plate, a starting crude crystal feed means disposed above the separation plate, a purified crystal take out means disposed at the upper portion of the tower, heating means disposed in the tower in a multistage manner along the longitudinal direction of the tower, and purified crystal circulation means for cooling a portion of purified crystals taken out from the tower and feeding back the cooled crystals to the tower at at least one portion of the tower.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for checking the supercooling of a monocrystal during its formation.There is a continuous measurement of the potential difference between one point of the forming crystal and one point of a solid part of the material separated from the liquid by a reference interface differing from the solidification front. This potential difference makes is possible to determine the temperature deviation due to the supercooling at the solidification front and the dopant concentration of the crystal being formed.

Abstract: A peel ply material of high visual discernibility for use during curing of a resin-coated substrate comprises a base fabric characterized by a high level of wet out when disposed on a cured resin-coated substrate, and tracers woven into the base fabric in spaced lines comprising yarn characterized by (a) a low level of wet out, (b) substantially the same heat shrinkage properties as the base fabric, and (c) a substantially zero transfer level to the resin-coated substrate. The base fabric may be undyed polyester, and the tracers may be bleached polyfluorocarbon or conjugated polyester/carbon.

Abstract: An ampoule assembly for the growth of single crystal materials is particularly adapted for a micro-gravity environment and includes a plurality of centering rods for spacing a crystalline material from the inner surface of an ampoule. The centering rods are spaced relative to one another to form a dopant vapor passageway to provide uniform stoichiometry of the crystal upon melting and resolidification. Minimum contact between ampoule and the crystalline material ensures greater purity of the crystalline material when the material is transformed into a single crystal.

Abstract: According to the invention, an apparatus for producing a monocrystal comprises at least one thermally conductive crucible for receiving the material, a thermally conductive holder having a part able to receive each crucible and extended by a projection, a heater for heating the thermally conductive holder and each crucible containing the material, a drive for the relative displacement of the thermally conductive holder and each crucible containing the material with respect to the said heater and a crystalizer able to bring about the crystallization of one end of the material melted in the heater, once said end has been extracted therefrom, and wherein the projection is positioned so as to check the temperature gradient undergone by the material during the relative displacement.