Abstract: Disclosed are methods for decapping single wall carbon nanotubes and purifying the decapped single wall carbon nanotubes. The disclosed methods include the steps of oxidizing the single wall carbon nanotubes to remove the terminal end cap and subsequently acid washing the single wall carbon nanotubes to remove the catalyst particles. The resulting carbon nanotubes have improved BET surface area and pore volume.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a vehicular air cleaner. A DOR (Direct Ozone Reduction) system for suppressing deterioration of a purifying function of an ozone purifying material is provided. Active oxygen is produced by an ozone purifying function of activated carbon. The probability that the active oxygen contacts with a fin of a radiator on a rear surface side is higher than that on a front surface side of the radiator. Accordingly, the activated carbon on the rear surface side of the radiator is easily oxidized as compared with the activated carbon on the front surface side. Therefore, in the fin, a coating amount of the activated carbon on the front surface side of the radiator is adjusted to be larger than a coating amount of the activated carbon on the rear surface side. Thus, the probability that the active oxygen contacts with the activated carbon can be reduced.

Abstract: A steam reformer tube assembly includes a reformer tube including a wall defining an interior space for receiving fluid delivered into the reformer tube, a plug at least partially positioned in an opening in the interior space such that a gap is defined between the plug and the wall of the reformer tube, and a sealing member positioned in the gap to either limit or prevent the passage of fluid toward the opening in the interior space of the reformer tube and along the gap that is defined between the exterior surface of the plug and the interior wall of the reformer tube. A method of assembling a steam reformer tube assembly is also provided.

Abstract: A reactive distillation apparatus for multistage counter-current rotating bed includes a closed shell, in the center of which a revolving shaft linking each shell section is set, the shaft is provided with two or more rotors in series connection, a feeding inlet, a reflux inlet and an outlet of the gas phase are mounted on the top end face of the shell while a waste liquid outlet and an inlet of the gas phase are set on the bottom end face of the shell, a group of concentric dynamic filler rings with different diameters are installed at intervals along the radial direction, wherein the wall of the dynamic filler rings is holed, and the ring clearance between the dynamic filler rings is configured with static rings fastened on the static disc; a feeding inlet is arranged on the top cover of the shell corresponding to the spray nozzle of raw material liquid; a rotating liquid distributor is arranged on the inner side of the innermost dynamic filler ring of the said lower rotor.

Abstract: An improved reactor tube which includes a reactor tube, wherein the reactor tube is at least partially filled with at least one porous media catalyst, and at least one shape memory alloy element located within the reactor tube, wherein; at a first temperature, the shape memory alloy element has a first configuration, at a second temperature, the shape memory alloy element has a second configuration is provided.

Abstract: A reactor (1) for preparing phosgene by gas-phase reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine in the presence of a solid-state catalyst, which is provided in the catalyst tubes (2) of a bundle of catalyst tubes (2) which are arranged parallel to one another in the longitudinal direction of the reactor (1) and are welded at each of their two ends into a tube plate (3), with introduction of the starting materials at the upper end of the catalyst tubes (2) and discharge of the gaseous reaction mixture at the lower end of the catalyst tubes (2), in each case via a cap, and also with introduction and discharge facilities for a liquid heat transfer medium (6) in the intermediate space (4) between the catalyst tubes (2) , where the flow of the heat transfer medium (6) in the space (4) between the catalyst tubes (2) is guided by deflection plates (5), which leave alternating openings (7) free on opposite sides at the interior wall of the reactor, in which openings the deflection plates (5) have cutouts having the shape

Abstract: A tubular reactor for producing a product mixture in a tubular reactor where the tubular reactor comprises an internal catalytic insert with cup-shaped structures having orifices for forming fluid jets for impinging the fluid on the tube wall. Jet impingement is used to improve heat transfer between the fluid in the tube and the tube wall in a non-adiabatic reactor. The tubular reactor and method may be used for endothermic reactions such as steam methane reforming and for exothermic reactions such as methanation.

Abstract: The invention provides a recirculating reactor for converting a substrate to a product. The reactor comprises a reaction chamber and a recirculation system, said recirculation system comprising a separator. The reaction chamber contains a catalyst, and comprises a chamber body, a chamber inlet and a chamber outlet. The recirculation system is adapted for recirculating liquid from the chamber outlet to the chamber inlet, and the separator is used for separating a by-product from the liquid.

Abstract: Flow deflector that is capable of changing the flow direction of a fluid during passage through a duct. The duct is formed by an inner and outer duct, which creates an annular region in the duct. The flow deflector forces the fluid passing through the annular region of the duct to flow inside the inner duct, while the fluid passing through the inner duct is forced to flow through the annular region. Reactor tubes for catalytic reactors are formed by assembling tubes comprising said flow deflector and having a catalyst arranged in the inner tube.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of producing a heterogeneous catalyst suitable for catalyzing Heck, Suzuki-Miyaura Sonogashira coupling and Buchwald-Hartwig reactions, comprising the steps of: a) providing a macroporous carrier, said macroporous carrier consisting of a core and a plurality of ion exchange groups covalently bonded to the surface of said core, where at least 90% of the ions bound to said carrier are formate ions; b) swelling said carrier in a polar solvent; c) providing a palladium (II) salt; d) suspending said carrier in an organic solvent thereby obtaining a suspension; e) adding said palladium salt to said suspension and allowing the resulting mixture to react at a temperature within the range of 0-70° C. until said carrier has turned black; f) washing said carrier in water; g) drying said carrier under vacuum.

Abstract: A structured packing for a reactor is formed from a metal sheet to promote heat and mass transfer near the wall of the reactor. The structured packing causes lateral flow of fluids flowing through the packing such that jet impingement of at least one reactor wall is promoted. The packing may be used in a cylindrical, annular or plate-type reactor, e.g., a catalytic reactor, or a heat exchanger.

Abstract: A thermal cracking tube is adapted to suppress pressure losses while maintaining heat transfer promoting effect on the fluid inside the tube. The tube has a plurality of projections rows extending circumferentially along inner surface of the tube orthogonal to or as inclined with respect to the axis of tube, each of the projection rows including a plurality of projections provided on the tube inner surface. The tube is defined by S/10?D=0.2?0.7, h/D=0.02?0.05 and L/?D=0.04?0.5. D is inner diameter of the tube, h is height of projection A arbitrarily chosen in a projection row ?, L is length of circular arc of projection A in a direction orthogonal to tube axis, and S is area of a region R surrounded by projection A, phantom lines L1 and L2 (extending respectively from circumferentially opposite ends of projection A in parallel to tube axis) and projection row ? downstream from projection row ?.

Abstract: The invention relates to a reactor (1) and a process for continuously preparing H2S by converting a reactant mixture which comprises essentially gaseous sulfur and hydrogen over a catalyst, comprising a sulfur melt (9) at least in a lower subregion (8) of the reactor (1), into which gaseous hydrogen is introduced. The catalyst is arranged in at least one U-shaped tube (21) which is partly in contact with the sulfur melt (9), the at least one U-shaped tube (21) having at least one entry orifice (23) on a limb (26) above the sulfur melt (9), through which the reactant mixture can enter the U-shaped tube (21) from a reactant region (10) of the reactor (1), having a flow path within the at least one U-shaped tube, along which the reactant mixture can be converted in a reaction region comprising the catalyst (22), and having at least one exit orifice (24) in another limb (27) through which a product can exit into a product region (7).

Abstract: An apparatus of a polycarbonate resin having polymerization tanks is provided. In supplying a molten reactant to a liquid phase in a polymerization tank, or supplying the molten reactant to a gas phase in the polymerization tank by an insertion pipe, in at least one polymerization tank, and/or producing a polycarbonate resin by an ester exchange reaction between an aromatic dihydroxy compound and a carbonic diester by using three vertical polymerization tanks and one horizontal polymerization tank, a wall surface temperature T of a distillation pipe is set higher than a boiling point t1 of by-produced phenol such that the relationship of the boiling point t1 of the by-produced phenol under a pressure in at least a third vertical polymerization tank, the wall surface temperature T of the distillation pipe and an inner temperature t2 of the third vertical polymerization tank satisfies t1<T?t2.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a holding material for a catalytic converter containing a catalyst carrier, a metal casing for receiving the catalyst carrier, and the holding material wound around the catalyst carrier and interposed in a gap between the catalyst carrier and the metal casing, in which the holding material contains an organic substrate and a protective film having a plurality of pores, and the protective film is joined to a metal casing-side surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A method of combusting a catalyzed hydrocarbon fuel comprising providing a first fluid and a second fluid, at least one of said fluids comprising a mixture of a hydrocarbon fuel with an air stream, passing the first fluid into one or more catalytic tubes of a catalytic reactor, and passing the second fluid adjacent the catalytic tubes in a chamber of a catalytic reactor. A varying tube cross section to modify the flow of one of the fluids is provided for at least a portion of the tube. The flow of the first fluid leaving the catalytic tubes is mixed with the second fluid and combusted.

Abstract: An air purifier according to the present invention includes: a tubular main body 2 having an inner space 3 surrounded by wall portions 6, 7, 8 having a plurality of air movement holes 12, 17; and a light applicator 4 in the inner space for throwing light toward inner surfaces of the wall portions. The inner side of the wall portions exposed to the light is made of a formed porous member. The formed porous member includes an inner surface having a surface part carrying a powdery photocatalyst capable of performing a photocatalytic reaction caused by light. The air purifier allows the carried photocatalyst to perform its catalytic action to a maximum, with a very simple construction.

Abstract: A fluid reactor for facilitating mixing and/or chemical reaction and including an elongated cylindrical flow chamber having a first for receiving a flow of a first fluid, a second flow inlet through which a relatively low mass flow of a second fluid may be admitted to the chamber; and a cone-pi element disposed downstream of the second flow inlet and having an upstream conical portion with a leading apex generally facing the first flow inlet, an intervening cylindrical portion, and a downstream conical portion with a trailing apex generally facing the flow outlet, the cone-pi element being operable to produce cavitation and/or vortical flow within the flow stream to effectuate mixing and/or chemical interaction of the first fluid and the second fluid, and to deliver a mixed and/or reacted fluid from the flow outlet.

Abstract: Flow deflector that is capable of changing the flow direction of a fluid during passage through a duct. The duct is formed by an inner and outer duct, which creates an annular region in the duct. The flow deflector forces the fluid passing through the annular region of the duct to flow inside the inner duct, while the fluid passing through the inner duct is forced to flow through the annular region. Reactor tubes for catalytic reactors are formed by assembling tubes comprising said flow deflector and having a catalyst arranged in the inner tube.

Abstract: A packing layer for a structured packing which has corrugations forming open channels. Each channel includes first and second corrugation peaks bounding a first corrugation valley with each corrugation peak having an apex and the corrugation valley having a valley bottom. A spacer element is mounted on and extends along the apex of at least one corrugation peak. The spacer element has an edge which has a larger normal spacing from the valley bottom than the spacing of the apex of the corrugation peak from the valley bottom.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a multitubular catalytic gas-phase reaction apparatus, comprising a plurality of reaction tubes arranged in parallel, a baffle capable of changing the direction of movement of a heat medium introduced into a reactor shell to a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the reaction tubes, a space that is disposed in a region including a part of a section where the heat medium flows in the direction of the face of the baffle and does not have the reaction tubes arranged therein, and flow-adjusting rods, disposed in between the space and the reaction tubes, having the same longitudinal direction as that of the reaction tubes.

Abstract: A catalyst conduit for a catalytic reactor of a turbine combustor, the conduit comprising a tube including an inlet and an outlet, and a wall with an interior surface and an exterior surface. The tube contains a variation in its cross sectional area along at least a portion of its length to change a property of a fluid flowing adjacent the wall of the tube. An oxidation catalyst is deposited on at least a portion of the tube.

Abstract: Processes for feeding catalyst systems to a melt phase process for the manufacture of polyester polymers, and more particularly, to split catalyst solution feeds to the melt phase process to provide the target amount and ratio of catalyst metals.

Abstract: A sampling device is described for analysis of a substance, wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of isocyanates, aminoisocyanates, isothiocyanates, anhydrides, amines and carboxylic acids and can be present in both gas and particle phases in an air flow passed, for sampling, through the sampling device, said device comprising: a) an adsorption device comprising a coating, wherein said coating comprises a reagent mixture in the form of one or more primary or secondary amines and an acidic compound having the ability to form a salt (or ionic bond) with the amine(s) for adsorption of and reaction with the substance in the gas phase of the air flow; and b) a filter device comprising said mixture of amine(s) and acidic compound for adsorption of and reaction with the substance in the particle phase of the air flow.

Abstract: Aimed at readily and exactly separate 8-hydroxy-2?-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contained in a sample, a column packing material used for separating 8-OHdG, which contains a packing material composed of a material having a straight-chain hydrocarbon group having 6 or more and 30 or less carbon atoms as a functional group, and having a carbon content over the surface of carrier of 18% or less by element ratio, wherein the packing material contains 1 cumulative percent or more and 20 cumulative percent or less, on the particle-count basis, of particles having a circle-equivalent diameter, measured using a flow-type particle image analyzer, of 0.5 ?m or larger and 10 ?m or smaller, is used.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the preparation of synthesis gas by catalytic steam and/or CO2 reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising the following steps: (a) heating the reaction mixture of hydrocarbon and steam and/or CO2 in a heated steam reforming unit integrated with the flue gas containing waste heat section from the fired tubular reformer in which reforming of the reaction mixture takes place by contact with a solid reforming catalyst (b) feeding the partially steam reformed mixture to the fired tubular reformer and further reforming the mixture to the desired composition and temperature, wherein the heated steam reforming unit comprises a piping system containing reaction sections with solid reforming catalyst comprising catalyst pellets and/or catalysed structured elements, the piping system being part of the process gas piping system integrated with the flue gas-containing waste heat section.

Abstract: A shell-and tube reactor including at least one reaction tube with a measuring means, substantially same solid particles being filled in the reaction tubes with or without the measuring means, a length of the filled solid particle layer, and a pressure drop thereof while passing a gas through the reaction tube, per each reaction tube, being substantially the same, respectively. By measuring the temperature of the catalyst particle layer, such a temperature as a representative can be gasped.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention employ complexly shaped, high-surface-area channels for separation and purification of molecules, including important biopolymers such as proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and other molecular components of living cells. The relatively large internal surface areas of the complexly shaped channels employed in embodiments of the present invention provide, in comparison to traditional, simply shaped separation channels, increased heat dissipation during electrokinetic separation, and a decreased tendency for bulk-solution flow. Heat dissipation prevents high temperatures that can denature proteins and that can induce thermal currents within the separation channel. Bulk-solution flow within a separation channel can overwhelm the generally linear, electrical-potential-induced migration of molecules that leads to efficient and well-resolved molecular separations.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plate (10a) intended to be integrated in a stack of plates in a heat exchanger system, the plate comprising a plurality of channels (38) distributed in rows (40), each row comprising side walls (42) arranged opposite one another and spaced apart from one another in a first direction (44), so that two directly consecutive side walls delimit one of the channels (38), the rows being arranged opposite one another and spaced apart from one another in a second direction (46) which is perpendicular to the first. Furthermore, in the fluid circulation zone (20) of the plate incorporating the channels (38), only the latter are coated with a catalyst allowing a chemical reaction.

Abstract: A metallic tube for heating a medium or subject outside thereof or inside it by transfer of heat energy through walls of the tube, in which heat is absorbed or emitted at least to a substantial degree by radiation on one or both of the inner and outer surfaces of the tube, is of a material forming a layer of essentially Al2O3 on the surfaces thereof when heated to at least approximately 750° C. At least one of the external and the internal surface of the tube is coated by one of a metal, metal alloy and metal compound, which after oxidation forms a layer having an emissivity coefficient exceeding 0.7, or by a layer essentially consisting of a metal oxide which has an emissivity coefficient exceeding 0.7.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a quench tube, having a length (L), a diameter (D) and at least one guenchant inlet per tube which inlet passes guenchant into the tube from the side of said tube, and wherein, D is between 0.04 and 0.10 m and L/D is at least 5. The present invention also relates to an apparatus with one or more of said quench tubes wherein said apparatus comprises a catalyst zone which may have a cross sectional area of at least 0, 01 m2. In processes using said tubes and/or said apparatuses a first gaseous reactant stream and a second reactant stream are contacted with a catalyst to produce a product stream which is quenched on exiting the catalyst. A process for producing olefins by autothermal cracking is also claimed.

Abstract: An air purifier according to the present invention includes: a tubular main body 2 having an inner space 3 surrounded by wall portions 6, 7, 8 having a plurality of air movement holes 12, 17; and a light applicator 4 in the inner space for throwing light toward inner surfaces of the wall portions. The inner side of the wall portions exposed to the light is made of a formed porous member. The formed porous member includes an inner surface having a surface part carrying a powdery photocatalyst capable of performing a photocatalytic reaction caused by light. The air purifier allows the carried photocatalyst to perform its catalytic action to a maximum, with a very simple construction.

Abstract: A reactor including a bundle of catalyst tubes through which a reaction mixture is passed, and wherein a heat exchange medium is passed through a space surrounding the catalyst tubes and including ring lines at both reactor ends with jacket orifices for feeding in and removing the heat exchange medium by at least one pump. The heat exchange medium is fed to the upper ring line and is sucked in via the lower ring line by the at least one pump having at least one vertical pump shaft mounted and operated at its upper end. The at least one pump includes a diagonal rotor and a restrictor gap in the longitudinal direction of the at least one pump shaft, within the heat exchange medium, on the pressure side of the at least one pump for sealing and mounting the at least one pump shaft and reducing axial shear of the diagonal rotor.

Abstract: A hydrogen generation system may include a burner unit that generates combustion gas and a combustion gas passage through which the combustion gas generated by the burner unit flows. A reformer, having a reforming catalyst, generates a reformed gas containing hydrogen by steam reforming a feed material and steam using the heat from the combustion gas. An evaporator evaporates water into steam using the heat from the combustion gas, flowing through the combustion gas passage, and supplies the steam to the reformer. The combustion gas passage is arranged to cover at least a portion of an outer surface of the reformer, and the evaporator is arranged to cover at least a portion of an outer surface of the combustion gas passage.

Abstract: A fuel reformer for reforming hydrocarbon base fuel into hydrogen rich gas, with one embodiment comprised of material containing at least 15 to 25% by mass Cr, 8 to 35% by mass Ni, 2 to 4% by mass Si and the remainder Fe and inevitable impurities (C, Mn, P, S or others). The material provides sigma brittleness resistance and cementation resistance, and provides a reformer that is lightweight, low-cost, highly reliable and durable. A second embodiment adds to the composition 0.05 to 1% by mass Nb, providing improved oxidation resistance, cementation resistance, intergranular corrosion resistance, with further improved reliability and durability.

Abstract: In a shell-and-tube type reactor, the leakage between the upper and lower chambers is substantially decreased by tightly fitting the reaction tubes to the shield. The present invention provides a reactor for use in catalytic gas phase oxidation characterized by expanding reaction tubes to at least one groove formed in the reaction tube-fixing part of an intermediate tube sheet to form a shield, thereby forming plural of chambers with the intermediate tube sheet, and forming an expansion joint around the periphery of each of the chambers.

Abstract: In producing a catalyst used for synthesis of an unsaturated aldehyde and an unsaturated carboxylic acid by a gas-phase catalytic oxidation, there is used a step of packing an additive-containing catalyst precursor of the catalyst into a tubular reactor, passing a gas through the tubular reactor, and elevating, in this state, the temperature of the additive-containing catalyst precursor so that a temperature of the gas at an outlet of the catalyst precursor layer becomes higher than a temperature of the gas at an inlet of the catalyst precursor layer. The step makes possible easy and highly reproducible production of a high-performance catalyst which is small in the reduction in catalytic performance caused by, for example, the thermal decomposition of the additive contained in the catalyst precursor.

Abstract: The temperature distribution of a heating medium in the reactor is allayed and the occurrence of hot spots is repressed. In a shell-and-tube type reactor provided with donut type and disc type baffle plates, reaction tubes are disposed even in the holes formed in the donut type baffle plates and an empty space devoid of a configuration of the reaction tubes is formed at the center of the shell. According to this invention, (meth)acrylic acid and/or (meth)acrolein can be produced at a low energy by catalytic gas phase oxidation of propylene- or isobutylene-containing gas.

Abstract: An arrangement for a fluid distributor-contactor-type reactor uses perforated plates to circulate two reactants in alternate channels defined by spaces between parallel stacked plates to perform controlled distribution and mixing simultaneously with optional indirect heat transfer. One reactant enters one set of channels that serve as reaction channels. A set of second channels interleaved with the reaction channels serve as distribution channels that also provide a heat exchange function. Finely dispersed openings in the perforated plates distribute the reactant at low concentration from the distribution channels into the reaction channels. Dispersal of the reactant through the perforations will enhance the turbulence that is primarily introduced by the corrugated plates to insure good mixing of the reactants in the reaction channels.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a fired heater for heating a process fluid that uses U tubes provided with increased internal heat transfer surface to reduce tube metal temperatures and coking. and at the same time is not prone to plugging from coke. The fired heater comprises a radiant section enclosure with a number of U tubes in the radiant section. The U tubes are formed by connecting one or more tubular sections, and the U tubes are provided with internal generally longitudinal fins. The invention also is directed towards a process utilizing a fined heater with U tubes as disclosed for producing olefins from hydrocarbon feedstocks.

Abstract: A method for measuring the temperature of fluid masses being treated in a tubular reactor apparatus which comprises carrying out the treatment in reactor apparatus comprises at least two same-type tubular reactors which are filled with solid particles, at least one tubular reactor containing a temperature measuring unit, the tubular reactors being designed such that both the ratio of the mass of the solid particles to the free cross-sectional area of the respective tubular reactor and the pressure drop measured by an inert gas being conducted transversely to the free cross-sectional area are each substantially identical across the respective tubular reactor. The apparatus is suitable for treating fluid masses while generating or consuming thermal energy, the temperature being measured.

Abstract: The invention relates to supported catalysts consisting of an active material on an inert support in the shape of rings, wherein the rings have one or more notches in the upper and/or lower flat side of the ring.

Abstract: A solid substance removing device comprising a body provided with a fluid inlet pipe and a fluid outlet pipe and a filtering part disposed between the fluid inlet pipe and the fluid outlet pipe inside said body, the filtering part having (a) a thickness in the range of 5-500 mm, (b) a percentage of voids in the range of 60-99.5 vol. %, and (c) a contact surface area in the range of 100-2000 m2/m3. Owing to the construction described above, it is made possible to facilitate removal of the solid substance and, at the same time, prevent new generation of a polymer during the production of an easily polymerizing substance.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing phenol and acetone from cumene hydroperoxide comprises a reactive distillation column comprising at its upper portion a distillation column and at its lower portion a catalyst bed.

Abstract: The present invention is directed towards a fired heater for heating a process fluid that uses U tubes provided with increased internal heat transfer surface to reduce tube metal temperatures and coking and at the same time is not prone to plugging from coke. The fired heater comprises a radiant section enclosure with a number of U tubes in the radiant section. The U tubes are formed by connecting one or more tubular sections, and the U tubes are provided with internal generally longitudinal fins. The invention also is directed towards a process utilizing a fined heater with U tubes as disclosed for producing olefins from hydrocarbon feedstocks.

Abstract: A reactor for the catalytic chemical reaction of a gaseous or liquid reaction starting product to a reaction end product that contains a gaseous or liquid reaction constituent which can be selectively separated by means of a membrane diffusion includes a reaction space into which the reaction starting product flows and which contains a suitable catalyst material. Porous hollow fibers are placed in the reaction space as membranes for the selective separation of the reaction constituent from the residual reaction end product.

Abstract: A reaction vessel including an oxygen-containing gas chamber separated from a source gas chamber by an oxygen-permeable membrane that allows oxygen selectively to pass therethrough to contact and react with source gas contained in the source gas chamber. The ratio of at least one of (i) the volume of the oxygen-containing gas chamber to the total volume of the vessel and (ii) the volume of the source gas chamber to the total volume of the vessel, is outside a range within which explosion would occur if the oxygen-containing gas and source gas were allowed to combine directly. Preferably, the ratio also is outside a range within which explosion would occur if the oxygen-containing gas and products resulting from reactions between oxygen supplied through the oxygen-permeable membrane and the source gas were allowed to combine directly. The vessel is safer to operate in that the risk of explosion, due to direct mixing of the gases when the oxygen-permeable membrane is damaged or cracked, is greatly reduced.

Abstract: A reactor apparatus comprises at least two same-type tubular reactors which are filled with solid particles, at least one tubular reactor containing a temperature measuring unit, the tubular reactors being designed such that both the ratio of the mass of the solid particles to the free cross-sectional area of the respective tubular reactor and the pressure drop measured by an inert gas being conducted transversely to the free cross-sectional area are identical across the respective tubular reactor. The apparatus is suitable for treating fluid masses while generating or consuming thermal energy, the temperature being measured.

Abstract: A reactor apparatus comprises at least two same-type tubular reactors which are filled with solid particles, at least one tubular reactor containing a temperature measuring unit, the tubular reactors being designed such that both the ratio of the mass of the solid particles to the free cross-sectional area of the respective tubular reactor and the pressure drop measured by an inert gas being conducted transversely to the free cross-sectional area are identical across the respective tubular reactor. The apparatus is suitable for treating fluid masses while generating or consuming thermal energy, the temperature being measured.

Abstract: A method and device for the filtration and/or purification of fluids water or other solutions containing microbiological contaminants, such as fluids containing including bacteria and/or viruses, where the fluid water is passed through a purification material composed of apatite and absorption media in a fixed binder matrix.