Abstract: A method of treating a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition to a mammal to reduce a proliferation of hypoxic carcinoma cells, wherein the poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition comprises a clathrate containing free oxygen gas (O2) molecules. The carcinoma cells may comprise prostrate carcinoma (22Rv1). The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material is configured to provide bioavailable oxygen gas molecules to a mammal when administered to the mammal. The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition can be administered intravenously, directly to carcinoma cells, and orally. The composition may comprise a fluid, where the poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition is soluble in the fluid.

Abstract: A method of treating a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition to a mammal to reduce a proliferation of hypoxic carcinoma cells, wherein the poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition comprises a clathrate containing free oxygen gas (O2) molecules. The carcinoma cells may comprise lung carcinoma (A549). The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material is configured to provide bioavailable oxygen gas molecules to a mammal when administered to the mammal. The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition can be administered intravenously, directly to carcinoma cells, and orally. The composition may comprise a fluid, where the poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition is soluble in the fluid.

Abstract: A method of treating a mammal, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition to a mammal to reduce a proliferation of hypoxic carcinoma cells, wherein the poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition comprises a clathrate containing free oxygen gas (O2) molecules. The carcinoma cells may comprise colon adenocarcinoma cells (CaCo-2). The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide material is configured to provide bioavailable oxygen gas molecules to a mammal when administered to the mammal. The poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition can be administered intravenously, directly to carcinoma cells, and orally. The composition may comprise a fluid, where the poly-oxygenated metal hydroxide composition is soluble in the fluid.

Abstract: A composition of chlorine-free poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide that comprises a clathrate containing oxygen gas molecules. In one embodiment, the poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide has particles having a diameter of 212 microns or less. The composition may be homogeneous.

Abstract: A composition of chlorine-free poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide that comprises a clathrate containing oxygen gas molecules and a nutraceutical. In one embodiment, the poly-oxygenated aluminum hydroxide has particles having a diameter of 212 ?m or less. The nutraceutical may include one or more of a protein, vitamin, fiber, mineral and electrolytes. The composition may be in a powder or fluid form.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: Provided is a roasting method capable of reducing both C and S components in minerals down to 0.5% or less, respectively, and securing a yield ratio of 90% or more for the Mo component. In a rotary kiln 7, a V, Mo and Ni containing material containing C and S components is subjected to oxidizing roasting to remove the C and S components from the material before reducing the material by means of a reducing agent in order to recover valuable metals composed of V, Mo and Ni. The rotary kiln is equipped with a burner 11 disposed on a material charge side 8a of the roasting furnace 8 to which the material is charged. In the roasting furnace, a direction along which the material moves and a flow of oxygen-containing gas introduced into the roasting furnace 8 are set to be parallel with each other.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for separation and recovery of vanadium, molybdenum, iron, tungsten, cobalt and nickel from alumina-based materials, mattes, ores, manufacturing by-products and waste. These elements are oxidized. The oxides are reacted with gaseous HCl to form volatile chloride-bearing compounds that subsequently sublimate. The volatile compounds are condensed in a downward-stepped thermal gradient that allows collection of moderate to high purity compounds of individual elements with exception of a nickel-cobalt co-condensate. Nickel is separated from cobalt by precipitation of nickel chloride from concentrated HCl pressurized with gaseous HCl.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for treating a particulate material, in which particles of the material to be treated interact with non-static particles of a second material, the process comprising the steps of: (i) providing a processing chamber (1) having an inlet (7) and an outlet (10) spaced downstream therefrom, the base (15) of said chamber comprising a plurality of outwardly radiating inclined vanes (20, 25), (ii) providing a host bed of particles (30) which include inert particles, alumina, limestone and activated carbon in the chamber (1) and generating a flow of fluid through the vanes (20, 25) at the base (15) of the processing chamber such that the bed of host particles (30) circulates about an axis of the chamber in a compact band, (iii) injecting particles of the material to be treated including sulphide ore, kaolin, gypsum and talc through an inlet (5) of the chamber (1) to contact with the circulating bed of the host particles (30), wherein the relative terminal velocity of the partic

Abstract: An iron based product having at least a sufficient total ferrous content by weight to render the product commercially feasible wherein the product is derived by a process comprising the beneficiation of kish slag waste material having a relatively low ferrous material content before beneficiation. The resulting iron based product has a total ferrous content of substantially 90% by weight thereby making it both practical and economical for the reintroduction into iron and/or steel making processes utilizing an injection method or by briquetting at at least a portion of the resulting product. The beneficiation process involves the heating of the waste material to an extent at least sufficient for drying, separating the high sulphur slag from a remainder of the waste material and subsequently classifying the remainder of the waste material, once separated from the high sulphur slag by particle size.

Abstract: A method of treating a mined material which includes a sulphide mineral and iron or a concentrate of the mined material to improve the recovery of a valuable metal from the sulphide mineral is disclosed. The method comprises: (i) oxidising the sulphide mineral in the presence of ferric ions to make the valuable metal in the sulphide mineral more accessible to extraction; and (ii) oxidising ferrous ions generated in step (i) or derived from iron in the mined material with a mixture of sulphur dioxide and oxygen to produce ferric ions for step (i).

Abstract: Pyritic ores are heated with microwave energy in a fluidized bed to a temperature in the range of approximately 573 degrees Kelvin to 823 degrees Kelvin with a controlled amount of oxygen to promote the oxidation of the pyritic ores according to the reaction: 2FeS.sub.2 +3/2 O.sub.2 .fwdarw.Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 +4S, thereby preventing the production of sulphur dioxide.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a catalytic polyvalent metal redox absorption solution, after absorption of H.sub.2 S from a gas, in a first hydrothermal treatment, to separate the polyvalent metal, for example as a polyvalent metal sulfide precipitate, and thereafter treating the redox solution in a higher temperature hydrothermal treatment to decompose thiosulfate salts and, if present, thiocyanide and other cyanide salts and metal-cyanide complexes to decompose the salts and complexes to molecules that can be treated in the H.sub.2 S-absorption process for recovery of sulfur and alkali values.

Abstract: A process is described for the controlled oxidation roasting of zinc bearing sulphidic ores and concentrates by adjusting the furnace temperature and residence time together with the oxygen availability to the sulphide retention requirements in the calcine. The obtained calcine is subsequently subjected to various physical and chemical process steps to separate the unreacted sulphides which are then dead roasted and treated for zinc recovery, according to one embodiment of the process. In another embodiment the separated, unreacted sulphides are returned to the controlled oxidation roasting step.The chemical separation process steps include sulphur dioxide leaching. In one embodiment zinc is preferentially dissolved as sulphite and the solution obtained is further treated for zinc recovery. In other embodiments sulphuric acid, or ammonical ammonium carbonate or similar leaching reagents are used for the preferential dissolution of the zinc oxide present in the calcine.

Abstract: Waste containing sulfur and nickel sulfide is heated to volatilize sulfur and reacted with hydrogen chloride to form nickel chloride.

Abstract: A method for increasing the magnetization of pyrite-containing pulverized coal comprises heating the coal in an atmosphere of inert gas, desirably nitrogen, containing 3 to 60 torr, preferably 12 to 16 torr, partial pressure of air to a temperature in the range 390.degree. to 455.degree. C., desirably 400.degree. to 410.degree. C., for a time sufficient, preferably 2 minutes to 2 hours, for converting enough pyrite to magnetite to allow separation of at least 50% by weight of the pyrite from the coal in a low-strength magnetic field. The sulfur content of coal treated in accordance with this method can be reduced by subjecting the treated coal to a low-strength magnetic field for moving at least 50% by weight of the pyrite from the coal although a smaller fraction, about 5 to 25%, of the pyrite is actually converted to magnetite.

Abstract: A method of recovering copper and nickel from sulphidic minerals containing copper, nickel and iron comprises the steps of roasting the mineral, preferably to provide magnetite; sulphating, for example with sulphuric acid, sulphur trioxide, metal sulphate and/or sulphur dioxide together with oxygen; and a subsequent leaching of the sulphated material and recovery of copper from the leaching solution, for example by electrolysis. All or part of the leaching solution with its nickel content is recycled to the roasting stage, and the nickel content is removed in the form of nickel oxide together with the leaching residue, from which nickel can be recovered.

Abstract: A process of extracting metals from a material containing at least 10% by weight of pyrite and selected from the group consisting of ores containing sulphide, concentrates of such ores and mixtures of such ores and/or concentrates by microbial leaching which comprises roasting the material before the microbial leaching to convert part of the pyrite to pyrrhotite and thus remove part of the sulphur which is present as pyrite without the formation of any significant amount of metal oxide, the conversion corresponding to removal of at least 10% but not more than 50% of the sulphur present in the pyrite, and only thereafter leaching the thus roasted ore by treatment with bacteria, to extract the metals. The process is characterized by its improved efficiency in metal extraction.

Abstract: Metal values, such as Co, Ni, Cu and Fe, are recovered from magnet alloy grinding sludge by means of a process comprising: (1) treatment with an organic solvent to remove a major portion of sulfur and oil contaminants, (2) drying, grinding, sizing and magnetic separation to remove a major portion of grinding media contamination, (3) controlled oxidation-roasting to selectively remove residual sulfur and carbon, and (4) gaseous hydrogen reduction to deoxidize metal values.

Abstract: A method of treating pyrite bearing polymetallic material comprises heating the material in an atmosphere of reducing gases at a temperature of 450.degree. to 500.degree. C. for a period of 30 to 60 min.Gases such as hydrogen, or products of conversion of natural gas or mazut can be used to provide the reducing atmosphere.The roasted copper-containing material is cooled at a rate of 2 to 4 deg. per min and is then subjected to magnetic separation.The operation of magnetic separation is carried out in two stages with the intensity of the magnetic field ranging from 1000 to 2000 oersted, whereafter copper sulphides are removed from the roast, with a magnetic field intensity ranging from 4500 to 6000 oersted.

Abstract: A method comprises heating the material to be treated without access of air at a temperature of 700.degree. to 800.degree. C. for a period of 1-2 hours, and then subjecting this material to subsequent magnetic separation.It is advisable that the furnace walls surrounding the material under treatment be heated to a temperature which is 100.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. higher than the boiling temperature of the volatile components of the material. Upon completion of the heating operation, the material being treated is cooled at a rate of 2 to 4 deg. per minute, whereafter iron sulphides are removed therefrom by means of magnetic separation, the intensity of magnetic field ranging from 1000 to 2000 oersted, and then copper sulphides are separated, with the field intensity ranging from 4500 to 6000 oersted.

Abstract: Finely-divided iron ores and concentrates which contain non-ferrous metals are roasted and chlorinated in order to vaporize the non-ferrous metals as metal chloride compounds, whereby the finely-divided raw material is oxidized at an elevated temperature to produce an oxide melt, with which a chlorinating reagent and air are mixed in order to vaporize non-ferrous metal chlorides from the iron oxide melt.

Abstract: A process is provided for leaching nickeliferous sulfide material, such as NiS precipitate and thermally activated nickel sulfide material, e.g., nickel matte, the process comprising subjecting nickeliferous sulfide material in the finely divided state to leaching in hydrochloric acid of concentration ranging from about 3 N to 8 N at a temperature of over 50.degree. C., the temperature and acid concentration being selected to dissolve at least about 50% by weight of the total contained nickel.

Abstract: This invention relates to method and apparatus for treating a sulfur containing material having at least one principal sulfide either in the form of a sulfide or in a form that is transformable into a sulfide and at least one auxiliary sulfide more volatile than the principal sulfide or transformable into another sulfide more volatile than the principal sulfide, wherein the sulfurous material is heated in one furnace zone, having a non-oxidizing atmosphere in the gas phase, to a temperature between that required for volatilization of the principal sulfide and that required for volatilization of the auxiliary sulfide to volatilize the auxiliary sulfide and labile sulfur, without volatilizing or substantially oxidizing the principal sulfide; and heating the sulfurous material in another furnace zone, having an oxidizing atmosphere in the gas phase, to a temperature lower than that required for substantial oxidization of the principal sulfide, to oxidize the volatilized labile sulfur and auxiliary sulfide, witho

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur and arsenic from cobaltiferous ores and recovering an enriched cobalt product is described. The procedure involves the steps of(a) oxidizing said ore at a temperature of at least about 700.degree. C. to reduce the sulfur content of the ore to the desired level,(b) heating said oxidized ore with a reducing agent at a temperature of at least about 700.degree. C. to remove arsenic from the ore, and(c) recovering an enriched cobalt containing solid as the product of the process.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of sulfuric acid from waste sulfuric acid containing iron sulfate and from solid iron sulfate of high water content of crystallization which consists essentially of:A. concentrating waste sulfuric acid to an acid concentration of 25-55 weight percent, based upon the suspension, by removing water therefrom;B. mixing the concentrated acid of Step A with recycled concentrated sulfuric acid obtained from Step E to form a resultant acid mixture of acid concentration of 30-65 weight percent, based upon the suspension;C. adding said solid iron sulfate of high water content of crystallization to the acid mixture of Step B thereby obtaining iron sulfate of low water content of crystallization;D. separating the iron sulfate of low water content from the resultant sulfuric acid solution of Step C;E. concentrating the separated sulfuric acid solution of Step D to an acid concentration of 45-70 weight percent, based on salt-free acid, and recycling at least a portion thereof to Step B; andF.

Abstract: A system for regenerating waste acid, comprises (1) a concentrator for concentrating the waste liquor, (2) a reactor for reacting the concentrated liquor at a temperature below 1000.degree. F. in the presence of oxygen and hydrocarbon combustion gases and on a recycled moving bed of particles without vibration of the reactor bottom, (3) a separator for separating the iron oxide dust from the other gases from the reactor, (4) the same concentrator cools these gases, (5) an absorber for absorbing the hydrogen chloride cooled gas in an aqueous solution from the following scrubber, (6) a scrubber for scrubbing the unabsorbed gases in water to absorb the hydrogen chloride gas remaining in the gases from the absorber, and (7) a condenser for condensing any liquids and any residual HCl remaining in the exhaust gases before exhausting them as non-polluting gases into the atmosphere and passing the condensate back into the waste acid concentrator.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a process for the preparation of iron-bearing and calcium-bearing sorbent solids for use in the desulfurization of gases. The process involves mechanical procedures for generating porous agglomerated solids that are high in surface area and uniquely suitable in both particle size and mechanical properties for processing in gas-solids contacting equipment of conventional design. The process also involves the use of water in the agglomeration procedures in quantities controlled to react both chemically and mechanically with solid components of the feed materials and to generate adhesive cement between finely divided solids in porous agglomerated particles of the sorbent product.

Abstract: A hydrometallurgical process for treating iron containing metal sulfides for rendering iron and non-ferrous metal values active and amenable for selective extraction and separate recovery. Sulfur values can be controllably produced as elemental sulfur or as sulfuric acid to supply acid requirements of the process, while substantially obviating the discharge of sulfur-containing gases to the atmosphere. Ores and concentrates of the sulfides are thermally activated by sequentially heating and reducing said sulfides in a countercurrent flow of heating and reducing gases respectively in a reactor whereby the reaction products of the reducing gas and sulfides, together with liberated labile sulfur, are controllably combusted with oxygen to satisfy heat requirements of the thermal activation process and to convert sulfur values to SO.sub.2 gas. The activated sulfides are subjected to an acid leach in aqueous sulfuric acid for production of ferrous sulfate and evolution of H.sub.