Abstract: A method for separating a transition metal from a waste positive electrode material includes step 1 of preparing a waste positive electrode material represented by Formula 1, step 2 of heat treating the waste positive electrode material in an inert gas atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere to phase separate the waste positive electrode material into a lithium oxide and a metal oxide, step 3 of cooling an obtained product of step 2 to room temperature in an inert atmosphere, and step 4 of mixing a cooled product cooled to room temperature in step 3 with distilled water, and then filtering the mixture to leach a transition metal.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a system and process for recovery of select minerals and lithium from a geothermal brine. The system and process are configured for the sequential recovery of zinc, manganese, and lithium from a Salton Sea Known Geothermal Resource Area brine. The system and process includes: 1) an impurity removal circuit; then 2) a continuous counter-current ion exchange (CCIX) circuit for selectively recovering lithium chloride from the brine flow and concentrating it using a CCIX unit; and then 3) a lithium chloride conversion circuit for converting lithium chloride to lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide product.

Abstract: Acquisition of critical minerals via refinement from aqueous sources. Technological and geopolitical advantages inure to conflict-free refinement of rare materials including critical minerals used in production of energy storage devices, among other applications. Additionally, the applied “clean tech” methods advance environmental goals such as those given in the Paris Agreement. Various site-specific system configurations and corresponding site-specific methods of operation bring to bear a panoply of economically viable approaches to critical mineral refinement. In some approaches, electrical power needed to drive refinement is provided by selected site-specific renewable energy sources. Real-world implementations involve co-locating a dissociating reactor with a geothermal energy plant near a salar. Refined critical minerals are produced on site.

Abstract: A method of extracting purified lithium sulfate brine from sedimentary rock is disclosed. The method includes the steps of sizing sedimentary rock ore, suspending the sized ore in an aqueous solution, and separating the aqueous solution into lithium bearing slurry and low lithium gangue. The lithium bearing slurry is then treated with an acid, dissolving lithium from the sedimentary rock and forming precipitates which are subsequently removed the slurry, forming an acidic lithium sulfate filtrate solution. The pH of the acidic lithium sulfate filtrate solution is then modified to form further precipitates which are then separated. The neutralized lithium sulfate solution is then crystallized to remove magnesium and potassium, and treated with quicklime, soda ash solution, and/or oxalic acid to form additional precipitates. Finally the additional precipitates are separated from the solution, and the solution is passed through an ion exchange apparatus, forming a purified lithium sulfate brine.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of preparing lithium compound(s) from lithium-containing mineral includes a) a leaching step, wherein the lithium-containing mineral is leached in aqueous leach solution containing alkaline carbonate, for liberating lithium and phosphate(s) from the lithium-containing mineral, thus obtaining leach slurry containing lithium carbonate and phosphate(s) leach slurry, b) a carbonization step, wherein the leach slurry containing lithium carbonate and phosphate(s), obtained from the leaching step, is reacted with an alkali earth metal compound in the presence of CO2 for obtaining a carbonated slurry containing lithium hydrogen carbonate, and for precipitating phosphate(s) contained in the leach slurry as insoluble phosphate compound(s), c) a solid-liquid separation step, wherein the carbonated slurry obtained from carbonization step is subjected to solid-liquid separation wherein the undissolved mineral and phosphate compound(s) are separated as solids that can be recovered or discarded, there

Abstract: This invention relates to treated geothermal brine compositions containing reduced concentrations of lithium, iron and silica compared to the untreated brines. Exemplary compositions contain concentration of lithium ranges from 0 to 200 mg/kg, concentration of silica ranges from 0 to 30 mg/kg, concentration of iron ranges from 0 to 300 mg/kg. Exemplary compositions also contain reduced concentrations of elements like arsenic, barium, and lead.

Abstract: Lithium is an essential element for high-energy rechargeable batteries and other technologies. Disclosed herein are systems and processes for the extraction of lithium from liquid resources. The aforementioned systems and processes utilize ion exchange materials that selectively and reversibly bind lithium. The performance of the ion exchange materials is enhanced by the use of a chemical additive.

Abstract: A method of extracting purified lithium sulfate brine from sedimentary rock is disclosed. The method includes the steps of sizing sedimentary rock ore, suspending the sized ore in an aqueous solution, and separating the aqueous solution into lithium bearing slurry and low lithium gangue. The lithium bearing slurry is then treated with an acid, dissolving lithium from the sedimentary rock and forming precipitates which are subsequently removed the slurry, forming an acidic lithium sulfate filtrate solution. The pH of the acidic lithium sulfate filtrate solution is then modified to form further precipitates which are then separated. The neutralized lithium sulfate solution is then crystallized to remove magnesium and potassium, and treated with quicklime, soda ash solution, and/or oxalic acid to form additional precipitates. Finally the additional precipitates are separated from the solution, and the solution is passed through an ion exchange apparatus, forming a purified lithium sulfate brine.

Abstract: A method for enriching lithium from a lithium clay includes the following steps (1) the raw ore were crushed to produce fine particles, (2) performing rougher on the fine particles by adding ferric sulfate or ferric nitrate, sodium oleate, and cocoamine to obtain rough concentrate and rough tailing, (3) finely separating the rough concentrate to obtain the first part of concentrate, (4) re-grinding the rough tailing by ball mill, (5) performing rougher on the reground tailing to obtain reground rough concentrate and re-ground rough tailing, (6) performing cleaner on the reground rough concentrate to obtain the second part of concentrate, and (7) performing scavenger on the reground rough tailing to obtain the cleaned tailing.

Abstract: A method for refining lithium from a crude brine includes charging a crude brine into a feeder tank held at a temperature T1 and containing a sufficient carbonate source to precipitate all carbonate-forming solids in the crude brine to form a precipitate mixture and a crystal free supernatant; pumping the crystal free supernatant from the feeder tank to a first crystallization reactor that is held at a temperature T2 to crystallize a lithium carbonate salt out of the crystal free supernatant; wherein the temperature T1 is lower than the temperature T2; and controlling a flow rate to maintain a steady state concentration of the lithium carbonate salt in the solution phase of the crystallization reactor.

Abstract: A battery recycling process recovers lithium from nickel-rich cathode material in a recycling stream of end-of-life batteries. A dilute acid leach of a high nickel content cathode material contains a mixture of sulfuric acid based on a molar quantity of lithium in the cathode material. The highly selective leach generates a lithium rich solution with a small amount of nickel removable by nanofiltration to achieve a highly efficient recovery of the lithium contained in the recycling stream. A quantity of the leach acid based on the lithium content and a quantity of water based on a total black mass of the recycling stream results in a highly selective, near pure lithium leach when the recycling stream results from high nickel NMC batteries such as 811.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to a process for selective adsorption and recovery of lithium from natural and synthetic brines, and more particular to a process for recovering lithium from a natural or synthetic brine solution by passing the brine solution through a lithium selective adsorbent in a continuous countercurrent adsorption and desorption circuit.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for recovering a rare metal salt, the method including: an acid treatment step of obtaining a rare metal-containing acidic aqueous solution by bringing a material including a monovalent rare metal and a polyvalent rare metal into contact with an acidic aqueous solution; a separation step of obtaining permeated water including the monovalent rare metal and non-permeated water including the polyvalent rare metal from the rare metal-containing acidic aqueous solution by using a nanofiltration membrane satisfying the condition (1); and a concentration step of obtaining non-permeated water having a higher concentration of the monovalent rare metal and permeated water having a lower concentration of the monovalent rare metal than that of the permeated water in the separation step, by using a reverse osmosis membrane.

Abstract: Provided are a method of extracting lithium, which includes adding a phosphorus source material to a first solution containing a lithium cation (Li+) and an alkaline earth metal cation to produce a precipitate containing lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and phosphorus, wherein the total concentration of the alkaline earth metal cations in the first solution is 100,000 mg/L or more, a method of preparing lithium carbonate using the same, and a method of preparing lithium hydroxide using the same.

Abstract: In a method for regenerating a lithium precursor, a lithium-containing waste mixture is put into a reactor. An inside of the reactor is replaced with carbon dioxide. Temperature raising treatment is performed on the lithium-containing waste mixture and the carbon dioxide to produce lithium carbonate and a transition metal-containing mixture. The lithium precursor may be recovered with high yield and high efficiency through dry treatment using carbon dioxide.

Abstract: The lithium extraction method includes providing lithium phosphate containing impurities of an alkaline earth metal; dissolving the lithium phosphate and the impurities in an acid; and preparing a lithium-containing solution by adding an additive to a solution prepared by dissolving the lithium phosphate and the impurities in the acid. The additive is a substance capable of simultaneously precipitating phosphate anions and the impurities, and the lithium-containing solution prepared through addition of the additive is basic.

Abstract: A mobile phase including a lithium salt flows through a stationary phase including an oxygenated metal compound with affinity to the lithium salt through a Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction so that the oxygenated metal compound captures the lithium salt through the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction. An eluent flows through the stationary phase to release the lithium salt captured by the oxygenated metal compound into the eluent. The eluent includes a Lewis base or a Lewis acid that disrupts the Lewis acid-Lewis base interaction between the lithium salt and the oxygenated metal compound. The eluent including the released lithium salt is collected after the eluent flows through the stationary phase.

Abstract: The invention enables “green” and “conflict-free” acquisition of critical minerals via refinement from aqueous sources. These advantages are impactful in applications including refinement of rare materials such as certain metals, especially metals necessary for production of energy storage devices required to advance environmental goals, such as in the Paris climate agreement. The inventive concepts include economically viable approaches to refinement, as well as economically viable apparatuses. In some approaches, valuable materials such as metals are refined from salts obtained from aqueous sources. Power required to refine materials is provided by renewable energy sources. Real world implementations involve co-locating a dissociative reactor with a geothermal energy plant near an aquifer with salt(s) therein. Refined minerals are produced on site. Practice of the disclosed techniques reduce or eliminate many negative environmental impacts such as those incurred by legacy mining based techniques.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure may include method for extracting lithium from a mudstone ore. Embodiments of the present disclosure may also include a method for extracting lithium from a mudstone formation and sequestering carbon dioxide into the mudstone formation in situ.

Abstract: In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.

Abstract: In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing lithium hydroxide, which includes adding at least one acid selected from hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid into lithium phosphate slurry including a lithium phosphate particle, adding an alkali material to the lithium phosphate slurry including the acid, and converting it into a lithium hydroxide aqueous solution.

Abstract: In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.

Abstract: A method for recovering lithium is provided. The method includes the following steps. A lithium-containing solution is provided. A manganese oxide adsorbent is immersed in the lithium-containing solution, and a reducing agent is added to carry out an adsorption reaction, and the manganese oxide adsorbent is immersed in a solution containing an oxidizing agent to carry out a desorption reaction.

Abstract: In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.

Abstract: A nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the separator includes an inorganic filler layer which includes a first filler layer containing phosphate salt particles and a second filler layer disposed on the first filler layer and containing inorganic particles more heat resistant than the phosphate salt particles, and the BET specific surface area of the phosphate salt particles is in the range of not less than 5 m2/g and not more than 100 m2/g.

Abstract: Provided is a method of extracting a metal ion, which comprises contacting a compound of formula (R2SiO)n with a source of the metal ion, whereby the compound and the metal ion form a complex, wherein each R is independently C1-10alkyl, and n is 3-10.

Abstract: A lithium extraction composite comprising: (i) a porous support and (ii) particles of a lithium-selective sorbent material coated on at least one surface of the support, wherein the support has a planar membrane, fiber (or rod), or tubular shape. A method for extracting and recovering a lithium salt from an aqueous solution by use of the above-described composition is also described, the method comprising (a) flowing the aqueous source solution through a first zone or over a first surface of the lithium extraction composite to result in selective lithium intercalation in the lithium-selective sorbent material in the first zone or first surface; and (b) simultaneously recovering lithium salt extracted in step (a) from said lithium-selective sorbent material by flowing an aqueous stripping solution through a second zone or over a second surface of the lithium extraction composite in which lithium ions from the first zone or first surface diffuse.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatuses to concentrate lithium containing solutions using forward osmosis units are provided, which, for example, can include providing at least one forward osmosis unit having at least one lithium containing solution chamber having at least one first inlet and at least one first outlet, at least one brine chamber having at least one second inlet and at least one second outlet, and at least one selectively permeable membrane positioned between the at least one lithium containing solution chamber and the at least one brine chamber, and conveying a lithium containing solution through the at least one lithium containing solution chamber and a concentrated brine solution through the at least one brine chamber, said conveying causing water from the lithium containing solution to be drawn through the at least one selectively permeable membrane and into the concentrated brine solution, such that a concentrated lithium containing solution exits through the first outlet and a less concentrated

Abstract: A production method of a negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries containing a silicon compound (SiOx: 0.5?x?1.6) that contains Li, includes: making a silicon compound into which the lithium has been inserted contact with a solution B containing a polycyclic aromatic compound or a derivative thereof or both thereof (here, the solution B contains one or more kinds selected from an ether-based solvent, a ketone-based solvent, an ester-based solvent, an alcohol-based solvent, and an amine-based solvent as the solvent); and making the silicon compound contact with a solution C (here, the solution C contains one or more kinds selected from an alcohol-based solvent, a carboxylic acid-based solvent, and water as the solvent). Thereby, a production method of a negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries is capable of increasing a battery capacity and improving the cycle characteristics.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing lithium-metal nitride including suspending a lithium-metal-oxide-powder (LMOP) within a gaseous mixture, incrementally heating the suspended LMOP to a holding temperature of between 400 and 800 degrees Celsius such that the LMOP reaches the holding temperature, and maintaining the LMOP at the holding temperature for a time period in order for the gaseous mixture and the LMOP to react to form a lithium-metal nitride powder (LMNP).

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process and method of recovering metals of value from used Lithium Ion batteries. More particularly, the invention provides a method for recovering cobalt and lithium along with other metals of value wherein the method includes physical processes for separation, limiting the use of chemical for removing minor impurities. Majority of elements were separated by physical processes instead of chemical processes which gives the benefit of cost saving in chemical treatment of liquid and solid effluents. The invention provides for a cost effective, economic and environmental friendly process for recovering metals of value.

Abstract: The present invention provides a positive electrode active substance for a secondary cell, the positive electrode active substance capable of suppressing adsorption of water effectively in order to obtain a high-performance lithium ion secondary cell or sodium ion secondary cell. The present invention also provides a method for producing the positive electrode active substance for a secondary cell. That is, the present invention is a positive electrode active substance for a secondary cell, in which one or two selected from the group consisting of a water-insoluble electrically conductive carbon material and carbon obtained by carbonizing a water-soluble carbon material, and 0.1 to 5 mass % of a metal fluoride are supported on a compound containing at least iron or manganese, the compound represented by formula (A) LiFeaMnbM1cPO4, formula (B) Li2FedMneM2fSiO4, or formula (C) NaFegMnhQiPO4.

Abstract: A process for recovering component materials from lithium battery materials, the process comprising the steps of: a) processing lithium battery materials in a comminuting apparatus comprising at least a first comminuting device that is submerged in an immersion liquid, thereby creating reduced-size battery materials and liberating electrolyte material and a black mass material comprising anode and cathode powders from within the lithium battery materials and providing a sized-reduced feed stream comprising the reduced size battery materials and the black mass material and electrolyte materials entrained within the immersion liquid; and b) processing the size-reduced feed stream to obtain at least a black mass solid stream that comprises the black mass material and a retained portion of the immersion liquid having entrained electrolyte materials.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery, comprising a cathode, an anode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte; the cathode comprises a cathode active material and a metal oxide and/or metal fluoride coating which covers the surface of the cathode active material; the cathode active material is at least one of materials illustrated in general formula I or II: formula I: LixNiyM1-yO2, wherein 0.5?x?1.2, 0.5?y?1, and M is selected from at least one of Co, Mn, Al, Ti, Fe, Zn, Zr, Cr, and formula II: LikCozL1-zO2, wherein 0.5?k?1.2, 0.5<z?1, and L is selected from at least one of Ni, Mn, Al, Ti, Fe, Zn, Zr, Cr. According to the lithium-ion battery, the charge cut-off voltage of the lithium-ion battery reaches 4.3 V or more by means of a synergistic effect of the unsaturated phosphate compounds and the coating at the surface of the cathode active material.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying out size reduction of battery materials under immersion conditions having a battery inlet and at least a first comminuting device disposed within a housing and configured to cause a size reduction of the battery materials to form reduced-size battery materials and to liberate electrolyte materials and a black mass material comprising anode and cathode powders from within the battery materials. An immersion liquid can be within the housing and can submerge the first comminuting device so the black mass material and the reduced-size battery material are entrained within the immersion liquid to form a sized-reduced feed stream. A feed outlet may be downstream from the first comminuting device.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of lithium from minerals rich in lithium and phosphate, the process comprising passing an ore containing one or more minerals rich in lithium and phosphate to an acid leach step thereby producing a pregnant leach solution, subjecting the pregnant leach solution to a series of process steps by which one or more impurity elements are removed, and recovering lithium as a lithium containing salt product, wherein the series of process steps by which one or more impurity elements are removed includes a low pH impurity removal step conducted at an elevated temperature for the precipitation of one or more impurities.

Abstract: A method for processing lithium ion battery scrap includes a leaching step of leaching lithium ion battery scrap and subjecting the resulting leached solution to solid-liquid separation to obtain a first separated solution; an iron removal step of adding an oxidizing agent to the first separated solution and adjusting a pH of the first separated solution in a range of from 3.0 to 4.0, then performing solid-liquid separation and removing iron in the first separated solution to obtain a second separated solution; and an aluminum removal step of neutralizing the second separated solution to a pH range of from 4.0 to 6.0, then performing solid-liquid separation and removing aluminum in the second separated solution to obtain a third separated solution.

Abstract: A method for processing lithium ion battery scrap according to this invention includes a leaching step of leaching lithium ion battery scrap to obtain a leached solution; an aluminum removal step of neutralizing the leached solution to a pH range of from 4.0 to 6.0, then performing solid-liquid separation and removing aluminum in the leached solution to obtain a first separated solution; and an iron removal step of adding an oxidizing agent to the first separated solution and adjusting the pH in a range of from 3.0 to 5.0, then performing solid-liquid separation and removing iron in the first separated solution to obtain a second separated solution.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for the preparation of lithium carbonate from lithium chloride containing brines. The method can include a silica removal step, capturing lithium chloride, recovering lithium chloride, supplying lithium chloride to an electrochemical cell and producing lithium hydroxide, contacting the lithium hydroxide with carbon dioxide to produce lithium carbonate.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium from the lithium manganese oxide-containing fraction of used galvanic cells.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, the secondary battery includes a container, an electrode structure provided in the container and an electrolyte provided in the container. The electrode structure includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The separator includes an organic fiber layer accumulated on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The organic fiber layer has contacts in which the organic fiber intersects with itself. The form of the intersections is changed by a tensile stress.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the extraction of lithium from liquid resources such as natural and synthetic brines, leachate solutions from minerals, and recycled products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for producing lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, wherein the lithium hydroxide and the lithium carbonate can be produced by a series of steps of: performing bipolar electrodialysis of a lithium-containing solution from which divalent ion impurities have been removed; concentrating lithium in the lithium-containing solution and at the same time, converting the lithium to lithium hydroxide; and carbonating the lithium hydroxide to obtain lithium carbonate.

Abstract: Provided are continuous methods and processes for removing Li ions from an aqueous feed solution.

Abstract: Described herein are compositions for non-aqueous lithium ion extraction and methods of non-aqueous lithium ion extraction. In some embodiments, Octolig® or a methyl derivative thereof can be used to extract lithium and/or other ions from a non-aqueous substrate.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for extracting lithium from a lithium-containing material. For example, the method can comprise leaching a roasted lithium-containing material under conditions suitable to obtain an aqueous composition comprising a lithium compound such as lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate. The aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate can optionally be used, for example, in a method for preparing lithium hydroxide comprising an electromembrane process. The roasted lithium-containing material can be prepared, for example by a method which uses an aqueous composition comprising optionally lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate which can be obtained from a method for preparing lithium hydroxide comprising an electromembrane process such as a two-compartment monopolar or bipolar electrolysis process.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for recovering a metal salt of an electrolyte dissolved in a matrix, said process consisting in subjecting the electrolyte to a liquid extraction with water.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for removing iron from an iron-containing solution containing an iron ion, comprising adding a lithium ion battery cathode material containing manganese to an acidic sulfuric acid solution to obtain a cathode material-containing solution, and then precipitating a manganese ion as manganese dioxide in a mixed solution obtained by mixing the iron-containing solution with the cathode material-containing solution while precipitating the iron ion contained in the iron-containing solution as a solid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the extraction of lithium from liquid resources such as natural and synthetic brines, leachate solutions from clays and minerals, and recycled products.