Abstract: Disclosed herein is a polishing composition comprising a pH of 6 or less, sulfonic acid-modified colloidal silica obtained by immobilizing sulfonic acid on surfaces of silica particles, and water, wherein the sulfonic acid-modified colloidal silica is derived from sulfonic acid-modified aqueous anionic silica sol produced by a production method comprising: a first reaction step of obtaining a reactant by heating raw colloidal silica having a number distribution ratio of 10% or less of microparticles having a particle diameter of 40% or less relative to a volume average particle diameter based on Heywood diameter (equivalent circle diameter) as determined by image analysis using a scanning electron microscope in the presence of a silane coupling agent having a functional group chemically convertible to a sulfonic acid group; and a second reaction step of converting the functional group to a sulfonic acid group by treating the reactant.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a process roasting a metal bearing material under oxidizing conditions to produce an oxidized metal bearing material, roasting the oxidized metal bearing material under reducing conditions to produce a roasted metal bearing material, and leaching the roasted metal bearing material in a basic medium to yield a pregnant leach solution.

Abstract: Various embodiments provide a process roasting a metal bearing material under oxidizing conditions to produce an oxidized metal bearing material, roasting the oxidized metal bearing material under reducing conditions to produce a roasted metal bearing material, and leaching the roasted metal bearing material in a basic medium to yield a pregnant leach solution.

Abstract: A method for leaching of minerals and sequestration of CO2 is disclosed, wherein the method comprises forming a rock pile; injecting exhaust gas containing CO2 in the lower part of the rock pile; spraying leaching liquid on top of the rock pile; collecting enriched leaching liquid from a lower part of the rock pile; precipitating mineral carbonates from the enriched leaching liquid, or further extracting dissolved elements or compounds.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for leaching one or more target metals from an ore, the method comprising the method steps of: curing the ore to be leached through the application of an aqueous solution of a curing agent, producing a cured ore; leaching the cured ore at atmospheric pressure through the application of an ammonium carbonate solution containing free ammonia, producing a pregnant leach solution; and passing the pregnant leach solution to a means for metals recovery.

Abstract: Processes for metal leaching/solvent extraction are described which comprise: (a) providing a first aqueous leach pulp which comprises a mixture of leached solids and an aqueous leach solution comprising a metal, a leaching agent and water; (b) subjecting the first aqueous leach pulp to a first solid-liquid separation to provide a first clarified aqueous leach solution and a second aqueous leach pulp, wherein the second aqueous leach pulp comprises the leached solids at a % solids level greater than the first pulp; (c) subjecting the first clarified aqueous leach solution to a first solvent extraction prior to any significant dilution, whereby a first aqueous raffinate is obtained; (d) subjecting the second aqueous leach pulp to a second solid-liquid separation with dilution via an aqueous stream to obtain a second clarified aqueous leach solution; and (e) subjecting the second clarified aqueous leach solution to a second solvent extraction whereby a second is aqueous raffinate is obtained.

Abstract: A mass spectrometer system comprises a chamber having an ion emitting unit to emit metal ions in the chamber with a communicating hole; a neutral molecule introduction unit; another gas introduction unit; a controller controlling a temperature of a region where metal ions attach to the neutral molecules; and a mass analyzer for the neutral molecules with the metal ions, wherein plotting an attachment energy of the metal ions attached to the neutral molecules in the chamber along an abscissa and the temperature of the region where the metal ions attach to the neutral molecules along an ordinate, the controller adjusts the temperature of the region so as to fall within a range obtained by excluding a range corresponding to the temperature of the region from 150 to 200° C. from a range surrounded by the temperatures of the region [° C.]=150×attachment energy [eV], 100×attachment energy [eV]?50, and 20° C., and attachment energies [eV]=2.1 and 0.5.

Abstract: Process for producing a copper-containing aqueous solution, in which a copper mass is dissolved in the presence of air in an aqueous leach liquor containing monoethanolamine and an acid, wherein the amount of acid equivalents is between 0.05 and about 0.7 times the equivalents of monoethanolamine, and wherein the rate of copper dissolution into the aqueous leach liquor is greater than about 4.3 grams of copper per liter of leach liquor per hour until a product having at least about 80 grams per liter is obtaine.

Abstract: A method for producing a copper/palladium colloid catalyst useful for Suzuki couplings.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for recovering the transition metal component of catalysts used in the hydroconversion of heavy hydrocarbonaceous materials. In accordance with the invention, a slurry of a transition metal catalyst and hydrocarbon is catalytically desulfurized resulting in a desulfurized product and a solid residue containing the transition metal. The transition metal may be recovered by coking the residue and then dividing the coker residue into two portions are combusted with the flue dust from the first combustion zone being conducted to the second combustion zone. The flue dust from the second combustion zone is treated with ammonia and ammonium carbonate in order to obtain ammonium molybdate.

Abstract: Methods for decontaminating toxic waste, particularly solid carrier materials, such as soil contaminated with a toxin, or solid mixed wastes are more efficiently decontaminated with solvated electrons by first extracting the toxin from the carrier with a nitrogenous base at elevated temperatures, followed by a temperature reduction before initiating chemical reduction of the toxin with solvated electrons. Pre-extraction of the toxin at elevated temperatures followed by temperature reduction minimizes competing side reactions, improves selectivity of solvated electrons for the toxin and improves the economics of the process with more efficient metal utilization. The process can be performed without separation of the toxin from the extraction vessel holding the solid carrier material. Alternatively, elevated temperatures can be used to perform one or more extractions of toxin with nitrogenous base followed by reduction with solvated electrons by performing the reaction in a separate reactor.

Abstract: A method for producing copper oxide. In the method, a copper bearing material, aqueous ammonia, and a sufficient amount of an ammonium salt to double the rate of production of copper oxide in the absence of the salt are placed in a single vessel. The vessel is closed, and oxygen is fed into the vessel. The mixture is stirred and heated to a temperature of between approximately 70.degree. and 130.degree. C. to dissolve the copper bearing material into aqueous ammoniacal copper ion. The aqueous ammoniacal copper ion is reacted with the oxygen in the vessel to form solid copper oxide particles, which are then recovered.

Abstract: Platinum group metals, gold and silver are extracted from complex ores, automobile scrap, refractory ores and as naturally occurring by leaching the precious metal containing materials with a solution containing halogen salts such as potassium or sodium iodide and bromide in the presence of ammonium ions and oxygen. The precious metal containing materials and reactants are charged into a reaction zone held at high temperatures and pressures to form a slurry containing a precious metal ion solution. The precious metal ion solution is separated from the slurry and subjected to recovering techniques to recover the precious metals.

Abstract: Increased efficiency of extraction of silver and gold from ore materials thereof containing active carbonaceous material is obtained by conducting the extraction in two stages. In a first stage a portion of the silver and of the gold when present is extracted in a cyanide leach solution. The leached solids residue is contacted with activated carbon so that the silver and the gold when present are adsorbed on the activated carbon at elevated temperature (most preferably at about 35.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C.). In a modification, a slurry of the ore material is treated with cyanide and the precious metal adsorbed directly from the cyanided slurry with activated carbon at elevated temperature up to about 70.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for recovery of metal from a feedstock comprising copper is provided. The process comprises the steps of:(a) contacting the feedstock with an aqueous mixture comprising ammonium nitrate having a concentration greater than about 1.5M and sulphuric acid having a concentration greater than about 6M at a temperature of from about 105.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., to produce a first residue comprising a cuprous salt and a leachate comprising copper;(b) separating the residue from the leachate; and(c) electrowinning copper from the leachate.The process may also be used advantageously to recover iron present in the feedstock in a form other than jarosite.

Abstract: A hydrometallurgical method is provided for recovering copper from particulate copper sulfide flotation concentrate containing at least about 20% copper by weight as cuprous and cupric sulfide, a significant portion of the copper in the copper sulfide concentrate being in the cuprous state. The flotation concentrate in the finely divided state is subjected to leaching with an alkaline solution of ammonia plus ammonium sulfate at a temperature ranging from about 10.degree. C. to 95.degree. C., preferably about 20.degree. C. to 40.degree. C. the amount of concentrate being proportioned at least stoichiometrically to the ammonia concentration of the leaching solution.

Abstract: Gold and silver are extracted from their elemental state or from complex ores and alloys by leaching them with a solution containing ammonia, ammonium salts and one or more oxidants. The process is particularly effective for refractory gold ores including sulfide and carbonaceous ores.

Abstract: A method is provided for recovering gold and silver from precious metal bearing materials including ores, leaching residues, flue dust, electronic scrap, jewelry scrap, etc. In the method, the gold and silver are extracted from the precious metal bearing materials with a thiourea solution to form a thiourea leach, and the thiourea leach is contacted with carbon to adsorb the gold and silver and provide loaded carbon. The method is characterized by the step of contacting an alkaline solution of thiousulfate ion with the loaded carbon thereby desorbing the precious metals form the carbon. In one modification of the method, an additional step includes adding a salt to the aqueous thiousulfate solution. When needed, the method includes the step of protecting the thiousulfate ion from oxidizing agents. This is done by adding a reducing agent such as sodium sulfite to the thiousulfate solution.

Abstract: Precious metals such as gold and silver are recovered from difficult-to-treat ores, especially those containing manganese and/or copper, by lixiviating the ores using copper-ammonium thiosulfate in which the pH of the lixiviating solution is maintained at a minimum level of 9.5 in order to inhibit the action of metallic iron and its ferric salts that are present in the solution and which decomposes the double salt of copper-ammonium thiosulfate. Copper cement is used in a subsequent precipitation process to expose a large amount of area on which the gold and silver can precipitate without also causing precipitation of copper from the lixiviant solution.

Abstract: Precious metals such as gold and silver are recovered from difficult-to-treat ores, particularly those containing manganese, by lixiviating using an ammonium thiosulfate leach solution containing copper, sufficient ammonia to maintain a pH of at least 7.0, and at least 0.05% sulfite ion, sulfite and thiosulfate requirements being maintained by the reaction in situ of sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur.

Abstract: A process for leaching copper and arsenic from copper dross containing copper arsenide and separated from molten lead bullion comprises leaching the dross with an aqueous ammoniacal solution containing arsenate as the predominant anion under oxidizing conditions to obtain a leachate, removing copper from the leachate to obtain a raffinate and re-cycling raffinate to the leaching stage, and removing a bleed of raffinate from the circuit and precipitating a substantially insoluble arsenic compound from the raffinate bleed to remove arsenic from the circuit.

Abstract: A tire curing press has a loader assembly comprising a bead grip for engaging and lifting the axial interior of the upper bead of a green tire and a tread positioning ring movable axially to an adjusted position to engage the tire tread shoulder and to force a predetermined distance between the upper bead and tread to identify precisely the transaxial middle or crown plane of the tread. The loader includes means to swing the bead grip and tread register from a tire pick-up position to a load position centered in the press and to position the lower bead of the green tire on or close to a movable toe ring, and then to lower the bead grip, tread register and toe ring uniformly with the green tire held open and firmly therebetween to match the transaxial middle plane of the tread to that of a bladder mounted in a center mechanism in the press by independently movable top and bottom bladder bead clamps.

Abstract: Copper, nickel and zinc are recovered from sulfide minerals or concentrates thereof by leaching with ammonia at or near atmospheric pressure. A slurry of such minerals or concentrates in an aqueous solution containing free ammonia is passed into a closed leaching vessel or a series of such vessels into which oxygen is admitted. The slurry in such vessel or vessels is mechanically agitated with a vigor input of at least 0.05 horsepower per cubic foot and preferably while recirculating oxygen from above the slurry to well below its surface. The temperature of the slurry is maintained between 50.degree. and 100.degree. C. or up to the boiling temperature at the prevailing pressure, and the pH preferably is in the range from 9 to 11. Solids separated from the leach solution at the conclusion of such leaching operation may be releached for additional copper recovery by a similar leaching procedure in one or a series of leaching vessels.

Abstract: Desired metal values are recovered from metal-bearing sources by subjecting said metal-bearing sources to a reduction step which is effected in an aqueous solution of an ammoniacal ammonium salt containing a reducing reagent such as hydrazine, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, etc., or by treatment with carbon monoxide in the presence of a metal chelate such as that formed from cobalt sulfate and dimethyl glyoxime, and thereafter subjecting the reduced source to an oxidative leach by treatment wth an oxygen-containing gas such as air or oxygen. The reducing step is effected at ambient temperatures and pressures and the oxidative step is effected at ambient temperatures and pressures ranging from about 5 to about 500 psig. Desired metal values such as nickel and cobalt may be recovered in commercially attractive yields.

Abstract: Precious metals such as gold and silver are recovered from difficult-to-treat ores, particularly those containing manganese, by lixiviating using an ammonium thiosulfate leach solution containing copper, sufficient ammonia to maintain a pH of at least 7.5, and at least 0.05% sulfite ion.

Abstract: In the recovery of copper, nickel or zinc from sulfide ores by leaching with ammonium sulfate solution containing free ammonia in the presence of oxygen to form a leach solution containing dissolved copper, nickel or zinc ammonia sulfate complex, an alkaline metal hydroxide (preferably calcium hydroxide) is introduced into the leaching operation to precipitate the sulfate ion formed and to release ammonia combined therewith as ammonium ion.

Abstract: A process for extracting metal values from sea nodules is provided in which nickel, cobalt and copper values are selectively extracted by leaching raw sea nodules in an aqueous ammoniacal medium in the presence of a reducing agent for tetravalent manganese and carbonate to precipitate the reduced manganese as manganous carbonate.

Abstract: A process in which copper, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum are recovered by direct leaching of comminuted raw manganese nodules with an aqueous ammoniacal leach solution containing cuprous ions. During the process cuprous ions are consumed and are oxidized to cupric ions. The cuprous ions are regenerated by reducing the cupric ions with a reducing gas. An improvement is disclosed which results from increasing the pressure of the reducing gas. This increased pressure facilitates maintaining a high cuprous ion concentration in each reaction vessel, by increasing the rate at which the cuprous ions are regenerated from the cupric ions without affecting the rate at which the metal values are recovered from the nodules, which in turn, increases the efficiency of each reactor thus enabling the size of reactors to be reduced.

Abstract: A process in which copper, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum are recovered by direct leaching of comminuted raw manganese nodules with an aqueous ammoniacal leach solution containing cuprous ions. During the process cuprous ions reduce the nodules, are consumed, and are oxidized to cupric ions. The cuprous ions are regenerated by reducing the cupric ions with a reducing gas.

Abstract: Non-cyanide alkaline aqueous solutions for stripping non-ferrous metals, especially copper, from ferrous metal such as, for example, steel. The stripper solution comprises a water-soluble nitrate, a water-soluble compound of the formula ##EQU1## wherein R represents a valence bond, --CH.sub.2).sub.x wherein x is an integer of 1 to 2, ##EQU2## WHEREIN Y IS AN INTEGER OF 1 TO 2, OR ##EQU3## and M is a compatible, hydrophilic, i.e. water-loving or water-solubilizing, cation, a water-soluble persulfate, a water-soluble urea compound, and ammonium hydroxide. Brass, cadmium and zinc can also be stripped from steel by the stripper or dissolving solutions herein.

Abstract: A method of leaching copper values from copper dross obtained from pyro-metallurgical lead bullion by contacting finely-divided particles of the copper dross with an aqueous ammoniacal solution, preferably a solution of ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide, to dissolve copper from the dross. The leaching will usually be carried out in a gas containing free oxygen and the leaching solution may advantageously contain sulphate ions in addition to carbonate ions.

Abstract: The invention is a process for winning nickel by treating an aqueous ammonium salt solution of nickel salts with a carbon monoxide-containing gas under reducing conditions to produce nickel carbonyl and subsequently recovering nickel therefrom. Optionally, the production of nickel carbonyl can be catalyzed, for example, by cyanide. Also, an essentially water-immiscible solvent for nickel carbonyl can optionally be employed. The aqueous ammoniacal solution is typically an aqueous ammoniacal ammonium chloride, carbonate, sulfate, hydroxide, or mixture thereof. The valuable metals associated with nickel, e.g., copper, cobalt, iron, and precious metals, are also separated and recovered by this process. The general nature of the process allows a wide variety of primary and secondary sources of nickel to be utilized by combining this process with a number of known ore-treatment steps.