Abstract: The present application discloses a method of making a surface antimicrobial by coating or forming a surface with a silver (I) periodate as well as articles of manufacture comprising a silver (I) periodate. The present application also discloses a method of preventing or reducing microbial contamination on a substrate by coating the substrate with at least one silver (I) periodate. The substrate can be a wound dressing, a medical instrument, a medical device, a metallic article, a plant or a seed.

Abstract: Provided is an efficient method of inducing differentiation of a pulp cell into an odontoblast. Also provided is an agent for inducing differentiation capable of inducing differentiation into an odontoblast efficiently. The method of inducing differentiation of a pulp cell into an odontoblast includes using a substance capable of activating a Wnt signaling pathway. Further, the agent for inducing differentiation includes a substance capable of activating a Wnt signaling pathway. Specifically, the substance capable of activating a Wnt signaling pathway is any one selected from sodium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, lithium chloride, Norrin, and R-Spondin2.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, there is provided an active material for a battery. The active material comprises a monoclinic ?-type titanium composite oxide which contains fluorine.

Abstract: A process for the production of chlorates and derivative chemicals from ammonium perchlorate as a starting material. Ammonia is produced in a first step wherein a metal hydroxide is reacted with ammonium perchlorate to produce ammonia and a metal perchlorate. If the metal hydroxide used is sodium hydroxide, sodium perchlorate is formed. The ammonia generated is recovered and sent to a reformer to produce hydrogen which is used to fuel a fuel cell that generates water and electrical energy to run an electrochemical reactor where the metal perchlorate is converted to a metal chlorate and derivative chemicals.

Abstract: The invention is a method of producing stable chlorous acid for use as a cleaning agent and biocidal composition. The method passes a salt of an oxy-chloro acid over a resin to allow for an ion exchange that produced the oxy-chloro acid. The invention allows for the production of a stable chlorous acid that can be used as a biocidal agent and a cleaning agent without the effect on many surfaces or membranes as normal oxy-chloro compositions.

Abstract: The present invention is a stabiliser composition for halogen-containing polymers, comprising a salt of a halogen-containing oxy acid and an inorganic or organic acid or an inorganic base. The present invention relates also to a process for the preparation of such stabiliser compositions and to halogen-containing polymers comprising such stabiliser compositions.

Abstract: A process for treating organic material, separating calcium and recovering phosphorus and to utilization of the obtained products and their use as a soil conditioner and a fertilizer as well as for providing carbon dioxide traps in gas cleaning. In the process, organic ingredients are separated from calcium-phosphate-containing ingredients, the calcium-phosphate-containing ingredients are dissolved in an acid-containing solution and/or the calcium is precipitated as a salt corresponding to the acid, and optionally phosphoric acid formed from a phosphate ion is separated. The invention also relates to a calcium-carbonate-containing product and a phosphoric-acid containing product, which are prepared by the process of the invention.

Abstract: A cost-effective process is described for the preparation of a stable and non-hazardous brominating reagent containing 2:1 stoichiometric ratio of alkali bromide to alkali bromate. The process comprises of reacting alkaline bromine intermediate mixture, obtained from bromine recovery plant, with chlorine gas in the presence of a strong alkali to oxidize the bromide ions to bromate ions. This brominating reagent is useful for the bromination of aromatic compounds by substitutions.

Abstract: The invention is a stabilizer composition for halogen-containing polymers, comprising a carrier material of the general formula CaxAl2(OH)2(x+2)HPO3.m H2O, wherein x is a number from 2 to 12 and m is a number from 0 to 12, and a salt of a halogen-containing oxy acid or a mixture of two or more such salts, at least one salt of a halogen-containing oxy acid being present in finely distributed form on the carrier material, to a process for the preparation thereof, and to the use thereof.

Abstract: A method of extracting a halide and sulphate from an aqueous sulphate solution, such as a zinc sulphate solution, comprises subjecting the solution to solvent extraction to extract halide and sulphate from the solution and controlling the amount of sulphate extracted by selective adjustment of the acidity of the aqueous solution.

Abstract: The present invention is a stabiliser composition for halogen-containing polymers, comprising a salt of a halogen-containing oxy acid and an inorganic or organic acid or an inorganic base. The present invention relates also to a process for the preparation of such stabiliser compositions and to halogen-containing polymers comprising such stabiliser compositions.

Abstract: Method for producing stable sodium chlorite by pelletization of granular sodium chlorite with metal salt or salts forming hydrates with water of hydration in the pellets being more than 5% of the anhydrous weight of the sodium chlorite. Pelletized sodium chlorite can be used to produce chlorine dioxide gas by passing a dilute mixture of chlorine gas and an inert gas through a bed of the pellets.

Abstract: Alkali metal chlorite, particularly sodium chlorite, is produced with a level of purity superior to that expected based on the composition of the chlorine dioxide generator off-gas that is used as a raw chemical feed for chlorite manufacture. The off-gas is preferably drawn before it enters the chlorine dioxide absorption tower and is passed through a conditioning stage to then react in a liquid medium to produce an alkali metal chlorite solution from which the unreacted and produced gases are immediately separated.

Abstract: A novel method of producing metal chlorates is described which involves the reaction of ammonium chlorate with metal carbonates and/or metal bicarbonates. The reaction yields extremely pure metal chlorate, as well as ammonia and carbon dioxide by-products. These by-products combine to produce ammonium bicarbonate. The ammonium bicarbonate may then be reacted with sodium chlorate to produce ammonium chlorate, which may be recycled for use in the production of metal chlorates.

Abstract: A batch or continuous process for the removal by flocculation of silicon and heavy metal contamination from aqueous waste streams by the addition of an aluminum salt, particularly, aqueous streams recycled as electrolyte in the electrolytic production of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chlorates. The process is particularly suited to the removal of heavy metals and silicon contamination in an electrolyte recycled to an electrolytic cell subsequent to the removal by crystallization of a chlorate salt. An aluminum salt, such as aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, and polyaluminum chlorides including polyaluminum chloride sulfates is effective as a flocculating agent.

Abstract: A novel method of producing chlorate is described which involves the chlorination of bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and/or alkali metals. The bicarbonates and carbonates used in the reaction are preferably the waste by-products of ammonium chlorate plants, while the chlorine is preferably the waste by-product of chlor-alkali plants. The method saves 15% or more of the electrical energy involved in the electrochemical reaction for the preparation of chlorate.

Abstract: A novel method of producing metal chlorates is described which involves the reaction of ammonium chlorate with metal carbonates and/or metal bicarbonates. The reaction yields extremely pure metal chlorate, as well as ammonia and carbon dioxide by-products. These by-products combine to produce ammonium bicarbonate. The ammonium bicarbonate may then be reacted with sodium chlorate to produce ammonium chlorate, which may be recycled for use in the production of metal chlorates.

Abstract: A method for synthesizing non-alkali chlorates is described. The method includes the steps of: 1) reacting a non-alkali metal salt with sodium bicarbonate to form an insoluble metal carbonate or metal hydroxide precipitate; and 2) combining the precipitate with an aqueous solution of ammonium chlorate. The method is much simpler and less expensive to perform than prior art methods.

Abstract: Control of sulfate and perchlorate impurity levels is provided in a procedure for manufacturing crystalline sodium chlorate by electrolyzing an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and crystallizing sodium chlorate from the resulting aqueous solution of sodium chlorate and sodium chloride. The mother liquor from the crystallization, or a portion thereof, is treated simultaneously with calcium chloride to remove sulfate ions by precipitating calcium sulfate and with potassium chloride to remove perchlorate ions by precipitating potassium perchlorate.

Abstract: Liquid effluent from a pulp mill bleach plant having at least one chlorine chemical bleach stage is evaporated and then used in chlorate manufacture. The bleach plant effluent produced by evaporation may be stored and then transported to an off-site chlorate production location, and/or may be subjected to a sodium chloride removal process (such as evaporative crystallization) and only sodium chloride transported to the off-site location. Chlorates produced off site can be returned to the mill (with acid and caustic that are optionally produced) for chlorine dioxide manufacture on site. The chloride-depleted stream from sodium chloride removal may be burned in the mill recovery boiler.

Abstract: A method of making water soluble pre-ceramic polymers includes heating hydrated metal salts above their melting points. A flow of air drives off water and most of the ligands. Polymerization occurs in the melt and the remaining side groups make the polymer soluble in water. Solubilization in water is accomplished by mixing the polymer with distilled water and heating the mixture at a temperature higher than about 60.degree. C. Thus prepared polymer solutions may be used to form fibers, films, and composite matrices.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for producing a dilute solution of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate from a chlorine and carbon dioxide waste gaseous stream. The process of the invention can be combined in a continuous process for the production of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate for use in a chlorine dioxide generator for the production of chlorine dioxide in which the waste gaseous stream from the chlorine dioxide generator is converted to a dilute solution of an alkali or alkaline earth metal chlorate and passed to an electrochemical cell for the generation of an alkali or alkaline earth metal sodium chlorate, the product of the electrochemical cell being in turn passed to the chlorine dioxide generator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing calcium ions and silicon compounds from various liquors produced or obtained in an alkali metal chlorate process, thereby reducing the operating cost and improving the possibility to close the process further. The calcium ions and silicon compounds are removed by addition of carbonate ions for precipitating calcium carbonate and by addition of an iron-containing compound for forming and precipitating a complex of iron ions and a silicon compound, whereupon the precipitates are co-separated from the liquor. The removal of calcium and silicate ions is substantially facilitated by the simultaneous separation of the precipitates. Subsequently, the excess of carbonate ions can be reduced by acidifying the electrolyte for releasing carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Chloride dioxide for a cellulose pulp mill bleach plant is produced by concentrating (evaporating) liquid effluents from the bleach plant to a concentration level high enough for incineration, incinerating the concentrated effluents to produce an ash, chemically reacting at least a part of the ash to produce chlorate, and using the chlorate in the manufacture of chlorine dioxide. The ash is purified to produce sodium chloride and the sodium chloride is reacted with oxygen and external energy to produce sodium chlorate. The chlorate is then used in the manufacture of chlorine dioxide. Sulfates produced are used to manufacture acid and/or caustic, and heavy metal hydroxides are disposed of. A part of the ash may be used directly in chlorine dioxide manufacture. At least some of the salt from chlorate manufacture may be fed to the chemical recovery loop, including a recovery boiler, in the pulp mill. Evaporated gases may be returned to the pulp mill and bleach plant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process to limit the content of impurities in the production of alkali metal chlorate, by integrating the production of chlorate with the production of chlorine and alkali metal hydroxide, which auxiliary chemicals are used in the chlorate process. The alkali metal chlorate is produced by electrolysis of a purified electrolyte containing alkali metal chloride, alkalization of the chlorate electrolyte obtained and precipitation of the chlorate formed by evaporation of the chlorate electrolyte. The very pure water separated in the crystallizer and alkali metal chloride is used in a membrane or diaphragm cell in the production of alkali metal hydroxide, which hydroxide is used in the production of alkali metal chlorate. Either pure chlorine or hydrogen chloride absorbed in water can be used in acidification, at which hydrogen chloride is produced from chlorine and hydrogen generated in the process.

Abstract: A continuous process for producing chlorine dioxide which comprises feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorate to a first ion exchange compartment of an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment, electrolyzing an anolyte in the anode compartment to generate hydrogen ions, passing the hydrogen ions from the anode compartment through a cation exchange membrane into the first ion exchange compartment to displace alkali metal ions and produce an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate, passing alkali metal ions from the first ion exchange compartment into the cathode compartment, and reacting in a chlorine dioxide generator the aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate substantially free of anionic and cationic impurities with a reducing agent which does not form persistent anions in the generator solution, to generate chlorine dioxide and

Abstract: An aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate is produced in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A process for producing chlorine dioxide from an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate which is prouced in a electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode and cathode compartments. The process includes the steps of feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorate to the ion exchange compartment, electrolyzing an anolyte in the anode compartment to generate hydrogen ions, passing the hydrogen ions from the anode compartment through a cation exchange membrane into the ion exchange compartment to displace alkali metal ions and produce an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkalimetal chlorate, passing the alkali metal ions from the ion exchange compartment into the cathode compartment, and finally passing the aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate to a chlorate dioxide generator.

Abstract: The invention discloses a method in the electrolytic production of alkali metal chlorate which is recovered by crystallization and separation of the crystals from a solution recycled to the electrolysis process. A given proportion of the crystals formed are separated and removed from the mother liquor after they have been in contact with the mother liquor for a shorter period of time than the remaining crystals, whereby they obtain a sulphate content which is higher than in the crystals that have been in contact with the mother liquor for a longer period of time.

Abstract: The objectionable hypochlorite values, ClO.sup.- ions, contained in a solution of an alkali metal chlorate produced by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of the corresponding chloride of the alkali metal, are effectively destroyed (consumed) without adversely affecting the valence state of the hexavalant chromium values also contained therein, by intimately contacting such chlorate solution with an effective amount of hydrogen peroxide such that the molar ratio hydrogen peroxide/hypochlorites is at least one and no greater than 3 and the molar ratio available hydrogen peroxide/hypochlorites is at least one.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of removing sulfate ion from an aqueous sodium chlorate liquor. A crystallization temperature is selected between about -15.degree. and about 0.degree. C. and the maximum concentration of sodium chlorate that is soluble in the liquor at that temperature is determined. The liquor is diluted so that the concentration of sodium chlorate in the liquor is less than that miximum concentration and the liquor is cooled to that temperature so that the sulfate ion in the liquor crystallizes as sodium sulfate decahydrate but the sodium chlorate does not crystallize.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a continuous process for the manufacture of potassium chlorate by coupling with a plant for the production of sodium chlorate by electrolysis, the said plant comprising a source of NaCl solution, (1), a loop for purification of the said solution (2--2', 3), an electrolysis device (4), a storage tank (5), if appropriate, and a crystallizer (6) in which the crystallization and the separation of NaClO.sub.3 crystals are preferably carried out, wherein circulating liquid is removed downstream of the said electrolysis device (4), a concentrated solution of potassium chloride is added to said liquid, precipitation (11) of the potassium chlorate is caused by any known means, the said potassium chlorate is separated off and the mother liquor from crystallization of the said potassium chlorate is recycled into the said purification loop (2--2', 3) of the sodium chlorate production plant.

Abstract: A process for electrolytically producing an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate in an electrolytic cell having an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and at least one ion exchange compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment. The process includes the steps of feeding an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorate to the ion exchange compartment, electrolyzing an anolyte in the anode compartment to generate hydrogen ions, passing the hydrogen ions from the anode compartment through a cation exchange membrane into the ion exchange compartment to displace alkali metal ions and produce an aqueous solution of chloric acid and alkali metal chlorate, and passing alkali metal ions from the ion exchange compartment into the cathode compartment.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the reduction of the perchlorate content in electrolytes for chlorate production, whereby the electrolyte is subjected to the following process steps:a) a part of the flow of an electrolyte leaving the chlorate process is evaporated at an elevated temperature of from 30.degree. to 110.degree. C. and/or at a reduced pressure to a reduction in liquid volume of from 1 to 4 times,b) the product from the previous step is cooled to a temperature of from 30.degree. to 0.degree. C.,c) to the product from the previous step is added a potassium chloride solution with a concentration of at least 1.0 mole/l up to the saturation concentration,d) the product from the previous step is relieved of solid phase and recirculated to the chlorate process.

Abstract: A process for preparing chlorinated lime solid having an available chlorine ontent in the range of about 30 to about 50 weight percent by contacting a chlorine source, e.g., liquid chlorine, with a basic calcium-containing substance, e.g., hydrated lime, in the presence of water or aqueous calcium chlorine at a pH to produce an aqueous slurry having available chlorine content in the range of about 13 to 17 weight percent and a pH in the range of about 10.6 to 10.9 and containing an aqueous solution and a chlorinated lime precipitate combined with separating said slurry into an aqueous solution and a chlorinated lime precipitate having less than about 40 to 50 percent water combined with drying said chlorinated lime precipitate to produce chlorinated lime solid having the desired available chlorine content is disclosed.

Abstract: At the production of alkali metal chlorate by electrolysis of alkali metal chloride in an electrolyser a part of the liquid phase from the electrolyser is brought to a crystallizer for precipitation of alkali metal chlorate crystals. The hydrogen gas formed in the electrolyser is purified from contamination of chlorine gas by contacting it with the outgoing mother liquor from the crystallizer, which has a pH in the interval 7.5 to 14. The mother liquor is then brought back to the electrolysis system.

Abstract: A process for the removal of essentially chromium-free sulfate from a chromate and sulfate-containing chlorate liquor which includes mixing the chlorate liquor having a pH of between about 2.0 and 6.0 with a calcium-containing material at a temperature and for a time sufficient to form a sulfate-containing precipitate predominantly of glauberite, Na.sub.2 Ca(SO.sub.4).sub.2, and separating the substantially chromium-free glauberite from the chlorate liquor.

Abstract: A process for the production of chlorine by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution in which a gaseous stream containing chlorine and carbon dioxide is passed into a first reaction vessel and thence into a second reaction vessel and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is charged to the first reaction vessel and aqueous sodium hydroxide solution is separately charged to the second reaction vessel, an aqueous solution containing sodium hypochlorite being removed from the first reaction vessel and an aqueous solution containing an alkali metal carbonate being removed from the second reaction vessel.The process enables saleable alkali metal hypochlorite to be produced which may be substantially free of sodium carbonate, and also aqueous sodium carbonate solution which may be used to precipitate polyvalent metal salts in the purification of the aqueous sodium chloride solution.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the continuous production of chlorine dioxide by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with an alkali metal chlorate solution, which is obtained by means of an electrolysis plant from a chlorate solution containing alkali metal chloride circulating in the process, together with cathodically-formed hydrogen, in a cascade reactor with the introduction of air, wherein the reaction of the alkali metal chlorate solution with the hydrochloric acid is carried out under reduced pressure and chlorine gas separated off from the reaction product is reacted with the cathodically-formed hydrogen with the introduction of external chlorine gas to give the required amount of hydrochloric acid.

Abstract: Metal chloride catalysts employed in liquid phase chlorination reactions are recovered by treating the reaction mass with oxygen or air to form solid metal oxychloride compounds which can be separated and reused.

Abstract: A process for destroying waste alkali metal hypochlorite such as sodium hypochlorite is disclosed. The process involves reacting 50-90% and preferably 70-90% of the alkali metal hypochlorite with urea at from 20.degree.-60.degree. C. and pH 6-8 with pH 7-8 being preferred. The remaining alkali metal hypochlorite can be destroyed with a reactant such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite, or sodium thiosulfate.

Abstract: A method is described for the preparation of high surface area metal fluorides and metal oxyfluorides comprising reacting high surface area metal oxides with a fluorocarbon vapor wherein the fluorocarbon is selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.4-Q F.sub.Q wherein Q is 1 to 3 and totally or partially fluorinated C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and C.sub.5 -C.sub.6 cyclic alkanes, preferably fluoroform (CHF.sub.3) wherein the metal oxides and the fluorocarbon vapors are contacted at a temperature of from about 300.degree. to about 800.degree. C., for a time sufficient to effect the essentially complete conversion of the metal oxides into metal fluorides or the partial conversion of the metal oxides into metal oxyfluorides.

Abstract: From a chlorate cell liquor containing an alkali metal chlorate, an alkali metal chloride and Cr(VI) ions, Cr(VI) ions are recovered by means of a combination of simple chemical procedures and re-used in an electrolysis step for manufacturing an alkali metal chlorate.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of calcium chloride hydrates and calcium chlorate compounds comprises:(a) blending an effluent comprised of an aqueous solution of calcium chloride, calcium chlorate, and calcium hypochlorite and having a weight ratio of Ca(ClO.sub.3).sub.2 /CaCl.sub.2 of less than about 0.2 with a second mother liquor comprised of an aqueous solution of calcium chlorate and calcium chloride and having a weight ratio of Ca(ClO.sub.3).sub.2 /CaCl.sub.2 of greater than about 1.0 to form a blended solution;(b) feeding the blended solution to a first crystallizer to form a slurry of calcium chloride hydrate in a first mother liquor;(c) separating the crystals of calcium chloride hydrate from the first mother liquor, the first mother liquor having a weight ratio of Ca(ClO.sub.3).sub.2 /CaCl.sub.2 of at least about 1.

Abstract: The aqueous substance, for example sea water, is boiled, the steam produced is fed under pressure into a turbo-alternator turbine producing electricity, the residual steam is reduced into soft water and the residue of evaporation, for example sea salt, is recovered as a by-product.The steam is fed directly or on leaving the turbine onto iron heated to about 800.degree. C., which supplies hydrogen and as a by-product ferric oxide. The initial source of energy is, besides solar energy, any known source of energy, such as coal situated at great depths. The starting aqueous substance is, apart from sea water, waste sludges, a rock salt solution or a mixture of sludges and salt solution. In the case of sludges, the by-product is a dry and sterilized fertilizer transformable into fuel bricks. The salt residue is transformable by electrolysis into hydrogen and sodium chlorate, which is a fuel. The sludge-salt residue supplies a combustible mixture.

Abstract: A method has been devised for removing hexavalent chromium from concentrated aqueous alkali metal chlorate solution by reacting the solution with an inorganic sulfur containing compound and separating divalent and trivalent chromium compounds from the solution. Alkali metal hypohalites may be simultaneously removed from the chlorate solution by reaction with excess inorganic sulfur containing compound.

Abstract: The proportion of chlorine dioxide to chlorine in aqueous solutions formed from gaseous mixtures of chlorine dioxide and chlorine is improved over conventional separation techniques. The gaseous product stream from a chlorine dioxide generator is scrubbed with an aqueous salt mixture containing an approximately stoichiometric quantity of sodium hydroxide, which reacts preferentially with the chlorine, yielding chlorine dioxide of high purity. The absorption system is operated under such conditions that the chlorine is converted to sodium chlorate and sodium chloride, which may then be recirculated to the chlorine dioxide generating system. The scrubbing salt solution is adjusted so as to produce an R-2 mixture upon reaction with the chlorine in the chlorine/chlorine dioxide stream.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for the preparation of chlorite from chlorate.

Abstract: Hydrogen is produced from water by the addition of heat to a series of chemical reactions which comprise the reaction of cadmium with water, and the subsequent recovery of the cadmium for re-use. The equipment used to produce the hydrogen requires only the input of water and heat to produce an output of hydrogen and oxygen gas.

Abstract: The present invention relates to removal of chromate from an aqueous solution of an alkali metal chlorate and chloride, particularly sodium chlorate and sodium chloride in a selected ratio which has been obtained by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of alkali metal chloride containing chromate in which the essentially chromate free aqueous solution of alkali metal chlorate and chloride contains the chlorate and chloride in essentially the same selected ratio. In the process the chromate containing aqueous solution of alkali metal chlorate and chloride is acidified with hydrochloric acid to a pH value not smaller than 0.5 and passed through an anionic ion exchange resin bed which has previously been saturated with alkali metal chlorate and chloride. The bed is then regenerated by passing an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hydroxide and alkali metal chloride therethrough to remove chromate therefrom.