Abstract: A system and process for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed.

Abstract: Raw water is treated with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ammonia in various stages as it proceeds from raw water acquisition through clarification (e.g., coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration) to storage of finished water from which the treated water can be introduced into a distribution system. Chlorine dioxide can be used as a pre-oxidant or disinfectant. Chlorine can be used as a disinfectant or to react with ammonia to produce monochloramine.

Abstract: A massive body, e.g., a tablet, for producing a solution of chlorine dioxide when the massive body is added to liquid water. The massive body comprises a metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, an acid source such as sodium bisulfate and a source of free halogen such as the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid or a hydrate thereof. The concentration of free halogen in the solution will be: (a) less than the concentration of chlorine dioxide in said solution on a weight basis and the ratio of the concentration of chlorine dioxide to the sum of the concentrations of chlorine dioxide and chlorite anion in said solution is at least 0.25:1 by weight; or (b) equal to or greater than the concentration of chlorine dioxide in said solution on a weight basis and the ratio of the concentration of chlorine dioxide to the sum of the concentrations of chlorine dioxide and chlorite anion in said solution is at least 0.50:1 by weight.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for generating chlorine by reacting a chlorite with an acid, which consists in using a C1-C12 alkanesulphonic acid and, more particularly, methane-sulphonic acid.

Abstract: Method, composition and system for generating chlorine dioxide gas in a controlled release manner by combining at least one metal chlorite and a dry solid hydrophilic material that reacts with the metal chlorite in the presence of water vapor, but does not react with the metal chlorite in the substantial absence of liquid water or water vapor to produce chlorine dioxide gas in a sustained amount of from about 0.001 to 1,000 ppm.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a biocidal composition, designed for the generation of chlorine dioxide, comprising at least one iodo-compound having at least one iodine atom and a source of chlorite ions. The molar ration of chlorite ions to iodine atoms is 2 or greater. The composition finds use in a variety of applications including methods of cleaning, sanitizing, deodorizing, and disinfecting various surfaces.

Abstract: A solid-state chlorine dioxide generator for generating an aqueous solution of ClO2 is formed within a block comprising an eductor for establishing a vacuum pressure and a reaction column for producing ClO2 from precursor chemicals. The eductor has a water stream flowing therethrough which establishes a vacuum pressure and draws the ClO2 from the reaction column into the water stream to form an aqueous ClO2 solution. The reaction chamber comprises a novel transition zone of increasing flow area wherein the precursor chemicals thoroughly mix resulting in conversion efficiencies of precursors into ClO2 of 95% and above.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A unitary container housing having a plurality of sealed compartments each containing a dry composition which will gradually release an antimicrobially active gas upon exposure to moist air, and each compartment being separately openable to expose its contents to the environment, and a method of using the same.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A solid-state chlorine dioxide generator for generating an aqueous solution of ClO2 is formed within a block comprising an eductor for establishing a vacuum pressure and a reaction column for producing ClO2 from precursor chemicals. The eductor has a water stream flowing therethrough which establishes a vacuum pressure and draws the ClO2 from the reaction column into the water stream to form an aqueous ClO2 solution. The reaction chamber comprises a novel transition zone of increasing flow area wherein the precursor chemicals thoroughly mix resulting in conversion efficiencies of precursors into ClO2 of 95% and above.

Abstract: An electrolytic process and apparatus for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed. The process and apparatus includes contacting a solution containing the inorganic or organic species with an electrocatalytic material disposed in an electrolytic reactor. Also disclosed are processes for fabricating a catalyst material for use in the electrolytic reactors and processes.

Abstract: A greater yield of chlorine dioxide from a chlorine dioxide generating process is obtained by providing acidic or acidity-generating components in the product chlorine dioxide solution to provide a chlorine dioxide solution having a pH below about 5.5.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: Chlorous acid is generated from a chlorite salt precursor, a chlorate salt precursor, or a combination of both by ion exchange. The ion exchange material facilitates the generation of chlorous acid by simultaneously removing unwanted cations from solution and adding hydrogen ion to solution. Chlorine dioxide is generated in a controlled manner from chlorous acid by catalysis. Chlorine dioxide can be generated either subsequent to the generation of chlorous acid or simultaneously with the generation of chlorous acid. For catalysis of chlorous acid to chlorine dioxide, the chlorous acid may be generated by ion exchange or in a conventional manner. Ion exchange materials are also used to purify the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions, without causing degradation of said solutions, to exchange undesirable ions in the chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions with desirable ions, such as stabilizing ions, and to adjust the pH of chlorous acid and chlorine dioxide solutions.

Abstract: An aqueous solution of metal chlorate, mineral acid and a reducing agent are continuously or intermittently sprayed, in a pattern to achieve intimate mixing, into a spherical chamber creating an aqueous foam reaction mixture generating chlorine dioxide which is removed in a direction 90 degrees to the axis of the spray nozzles. A baffle plate may be used to reduce the open cross sectional area of the exit port to increase reaction efficiency. The reactants are a mineral acid and an alkali metal chlorate or chloric acid and a reducing agent such as hydrogen peroxide. The mineral acid is either diluted or concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid or a blend thereof. The ratio of acid is greater than one and less than 3 kg acid per kg of ClO2 formed. The chlorine dioxide may be removed with a stripper column.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution is admixed with flowing water to form a flowing water and sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution. A flowing water and acid solution is admixed into the flowing water and sodium chlorite (NaClO2) solution. The combined solutions are directed into and through a mixing chamber to form a homogenous, acidified sodium chlorite solution. The homogenous, acidified sodium chlorite solution is removed from the mixing chamber and is either utilized as a liquid or is frozen to form ice that is utilized. The acidified sodium chlorite solution provides a slow release of chlorine dioxide gas (ClO2) for use in water treatment, in food plant sanitation, in ice for icing food items, and as an antimicrobial solution for direct application to food items.

Abstract: High concentration chlorine dioxide gel compositions are prepared for disinfectant, deodorizing and for like uses. The preferred gel compositions are prepared from xanthan, guar or like gums.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new method for the in situ generation of chlorine dioxide from a solution of sodium chlorite and carbon dioxide. The present invention produces effective levels of chlorine dioxide without having to resort to the use of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, or methanol. By eliminating the use of toxic and/or hazardous compounds, the present invention provides a safer means for generating and using chlorine dioxide in a wider variety of applications than previously possible. For instance, the present invention can easily be adapted for the treatment of combustion exhaust gases, flue gases, cooling towers, chilled water systems, contaminated groundwater, and agricultural produce or products.

Abstract: The present process proceeds from an aqueous reaction solution containing a chlorite and a halogen-free oxidizing agent which is present in an excess of up to double the required stoichiometric amount. The pH of the reaction solution is set at between 5.5 and 9.5, preferably between 6 and 9, and the reaction solution is reacted at ambient temperature until almost all the chlorite has been converted into chlorine dioxide. In this way a chlorine dioxide-containing solution is obtained which is free not only from residual chlorite but also from chlorate and other undesirable by-products and can be used directly as such in water treatment. Preferably an aqueous chlorite solution with a pH or more than 9.5 and an aqueous solution of the oxidizing agent are mixed with one another in order to produce the reaction solution, the pH of the aqueous mixture being adjusted by means of a proton donor present in the oxidizing agent solution.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide is generated from an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite in the presence of a catalyst having a reduced rate of deactivation. The catalyst is preferably palladium, or palladium together with another platinum group metal (e.g., Pd+Pt), or palladium together with a Group IB metal (e.g., Pd+Au) deposited on a support modified by Group IA carbonate salt (e.g., K2CO3) or a Group IIA carbonate salt (e.g., CaCO3) or a magnesium salt that can be converted to MgO or a support consisting of a Group IA carbonate salt or a Group IIA carbonate salt or a magnesium salt that can be converted to MgO.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2 , CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species. The two beds can be physically mixed together or the fluid can flow sequentially through separate beds.

Abstract: A greater yield of chlorine dioxide from a chlorine dioxide generating process is obtained by providing acidic or acidity-generating components in the product chlorine dioxide solution to provide a chlorine dioxide solution having a pH below about 5.5.

Abstract: A chlorine dioxide generator comprises a water eductor surrounded by a variable volume plenum. The plenum casing is threaded onto the venturi body, permitting the plenum volume and area to be modified depending on the capacity required. Chlorine and sodium chlorite may be fed tangentially into a conical plenum and reacted therein to form chlorine dioxide, which is discharged into water passing through the eductor at the venturi throat.

Abstract: A method for recovering chlorine dioxide from a gas. The method involves contacting gas containing chlorine dioxide with an alkaline metal base and peroxide to form an alkaline metal chlorite solution, and oxidizing the alkaline metal chlorite solution to generate chlorine dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatus for delivery of a gas, e.g., carbon dioxide and/or chlorine dioxide, and methods of its use and manufacture. The apparatus includes an envelope, and a sachet within the envelope that contains reactant, which generates a gas in the presence of an initiating agent, e.g., water. In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a barrier layer, a sachet layer disposed adjacent to the barrier layer, a reactant disposed between the barrier layer and the sachet layer that generates a gas in the presence of an initiating agent, and an envelope layer disposed adjacent to the sachet layer.

Abstract: Method and system for generating chlorine dioxide gas in a controlled release manner by combining at least one metal chlorite and a solid material that reacts with the metal chlorite in the presence of water vapor, but does not react with the metal chlorite in the substantial absence of liquid water or water vapor to produce chlorine dioxide gas in a sustained amount of from about 0.025 to 1,000 ppm.

Abstract: Method, composition and system for generating chlorine dioxide gas in a controlled release manner by combining at least one metal chlorite and a dry solid hydrophilic material that reacts with the metal chlorite in the presence of water vapor, but does not react with the metal chlorite in the substantial absence of liquid water or water vapor to produce chlorine dioxide gas in a sustained amount of from about 0.001 to 1,000 ppm.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to a method of producing an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide from the reaction of a metal chlorite and an acid forming component which do not react to produce chlorine dioxide in the substantial absence of water. The reactants are separated from liquid water by a membrane which allows the controlled passage of liquid water and/or water vapor into contact with the reactants. The chlorine dioxide thus generated passes out through the membrane into the liquid water to produce the desired aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions containing chlorine dioxide produced in this manner can be conveniently used for commercial and domestic cleaning operations such as in the food industry.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide is generated from an aqueous solution of sodium chlorite in the presence of a catalyst having a reduced rate of deactivation. The catalyst is preferably palladium, or palladium together with another platinum group metal (e.g., Pd+Pt), or palladium together with a Group IB metal (e.g., Pd+Au) deposited on a support modified by Group IA carbonate salt (e.g., K2CO3) or a Group IIA carbonate salt (e.g., CaCO3) or a magnesium salt that can be converted to MgO or a support consisting of a Group IA carbonate salt or a Group IIA carbonate salt or a magnesium salt that can be converted to MgO.

Abstract: The present invention is generally directed to a method of producing an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide from the reaction of a metal chlorite and an acid forming component which do not react to produce chlorine dioxide in the substantial absence of water. The reactants are separated from liquid water by a membrane which allows the controlled passage of liquid water and/or water vapor into contact with the reactants. The chlorine dioxide thus generated passes out through the membrane into the liquid water to produce the desired aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions containing chlorine dioxide produced in this manner can be conveniently used for commercial and domestic cleaning operations such as in the food industry.

Abstract: The present process proceeds from an aqueous reaction solution containing a chlorite and a halogen-free oxidizing agent which is present in an excess of up to double the required stoichiometric amount. The pH of the reaction solution is set at between 5.5 and 9.5, preferably between 6 and 9, and the reaction solution is reacted at ambient temperature until almost all the chlorite has been converted into chlorine dioxide. In this way a chlorine dioxide-containing solution is obtained which is free not only from residual chlorite but also from chlorate and other undesirable by-products and can be used directly as such in water treatment. Preferably an aqueous chlorite solution with a pH or more than 9.5 and an aqueous solution of the oxidizing agent are mixed with one another in order to produce the reaction solution, the pH of the aqueous mixture being adjusted by means of a proton donor present in the oxidizing agent solution.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing molecular chlorine dioxide, by the addition of potassium iodide to a solution of alkali metal chlorite. The metal chlorite and the potassium iodide are kept separate, until the need for the generation of chlorine dioxide arises—to ensure long-shelf life. After initiation or activation of the chlorite anion to form chlorine dioxide, the beneficial properties of chlorine dioxide can be used, for different health and cosmetic purposes. Such uses include the treatment of herpes, dandruff, acne, skin rashes (e.g. poison ivy), ulcers, bed sores, warts, nail fungus, athletes foot, sun burn and gum disease; and as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and general deodorant form refrigerator sprays to oral mouthrinses.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and optionally also a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with excess protons, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite and such a water-retaining substance with excess protons. Proton generating species useful for the activation are acids such as acetic, phosphoric, and citric acid, and metal salts such as ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, CoSO4, CoCl2, MnSO4, MnCl2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and MgSO4. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or other water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with a proton generating species.

Abstract: The present process proceeds from an aqueous reaction solution containing a chlorite and a halogen-free oxidizing agent which is present in an excess of up to double the required stoichiometric amount. The pH of the reaction solution is set at between 5.5 and 9.5, preferably between 6 and 9, and the reaction solution is reacted at ambient temperature until almost all the chlorite has been converted into chlorine dioxide. In this way a chlorine dioxide-containing solution is obtained which is free not only from residual chlorite but also from chlorate and other undesirable by-products and can be used directly as such in water treatment. Preferably an aqueous chlorite solution with a pH or more than 9.5 and an aqueous solution of the oxidizing agent are mixed with one another in order to produce the reaction solution, the pH of the aqueous reaction mixture being adjusted by means of a proton donor present in the oxidizing agent solution.

Abstract: Method, composition and system for generating chlorine dioxide gas in a controlled release manner by combining at least one metal chlorite and a dry solid hydrophilic material that reacts with the metal chlorite in the presence of water vapor, but does not react with the metal chlorite in the substantial absence of liquid water or water vapor to produce chlorine dioxide gas in a sustained amount of from about 0.001 to 1,000 ppm.

Abstract: A reactor vessel and an associated process for preparing a controlled-dosage chlorine dioxide solution. The vessel according to the invention comprises a hollow body inside which there are provided two chambers which have different volumes, each chamber having, in an upper region, an opening which is closed by a removable plug and the chambers are mutually connected by a substantially horizontal duct with openings located in a region which is spaced upward with respect to the bottom of the two cited chambers. The vessel according to the present invention is particularly suitable for preparing a disinfectant and highly pure chlorine dioxide solution, minimizing the risk of developing noxious gases.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for generating a volume of chlorine dioxide based sterilant/disinfectant. The method includes the step of generating chlorine dioxide gas, and transferring the chlorine dioxide gas to a sterilization chamber. It also includes the step of monitoring the concentration of chlorine dioxide gas within the sterilization chamber, and terminating the transfer of chlorine dioxide gas to the sterilization chamber when the concentration of chlorine dioxide within the chamber reaches a predetermined level.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for deodorizing malodorous solids, liquids, and/or gases by contacting them with a mist of an aqueous deodorizing solution consisting of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chlorite, buffering agent(s), water, and optionally an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chlorate and/or an alkali metal alkaline earth metal chloride. The preferred alkali metal is sodium. The deodorizing solution contains available chlorine dioxide and has a pH of about 8.5-9.5. In the process a concentrated solution of the deodorizing solution is diluted and mixed with water and misted into or onto the substance(s) to be deodorized, for example, the sewer gases from a sewage lift station. The apparatus consists of a rotameter which measures the amount of the concentrated deodorizing solution introduced into an eductor for dilution in a passing water stream which is then transported to spray nozzles for misting the malodorous substance(s).

Abstract: An apparatus and method for generating chlorine dioxide. Reagents are introduced into the lower end of a reaction column through "V" inlets. The reagent column surrounds a center column through which motive fluid moves upwardly into a nozzle and venturi throat to produce a zone of reduced pressure at the upper end of the reaction column. The reagents move upwardly through the column interacting throughout 360.degree.. Reaction product exits the generator through the venturi throat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process of producing chlorine dioxide by the reduction of chlorate ions with hydrogen peroxide as a reducing agent in a tubular reactor, preferably in the presence of a mineral acid, wherein the preferable degree of chlorate conversion in the reactor is above about 75%, preferably from about 80 to 100%.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating zeolite crystals (which have been impregnated with metal chlorite such as sodium chlorite, and a water-retaining substance such as magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, or potassium hydroxide, or calcium chloride) with an acid, or activating an aqueous solution of metal chlorite (preferably sodium chlorite) and such a water-retaining substance. Acids useful for performing the activation are acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and citric acid. The activation can be performed by causing fluid to flow through a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride (or another water-retaining substance) and sodium chlorite, and a bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with the acid. The two beds can be physically mixed together, or the fluid can be caused to flow sequentially through distinct first and second beds (preferably first through the bed containing acid-impregnated zeolite).

Abstract: A method of forming an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution is disclosed which includes reacting in a reaction vessel an acid reaction solution containing a hydroxy carboxylic acid and a companion acid with an alkali metal salt of a chlorite ion. In accordance with the process, the hydroxy carboxylic acid serves to temporarily transfer chlorine from and does not form a salt with the alkali metal salt of a chlorite ion. The aqueous chlorine dioxide solution produced is substantially free of chlorous acid and preferably is free of other by-products such as sodium chloride and free chlorine. The method further includes maintaining the reaction vessel at a pH of less than 5 and/or withdrawing at least a portion of the chlorine dioxide from the aqueous chlorine dioxide solution. The method enables rapid, efficient, compact and safe generation of chlorine dioxide. A method of disinfecting water, and apparatus for making chlorine dioxide and for disinfecting water also are provided.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by activating a mixture of impregnated zeolite crystals, the mixture itself, and a method for regenerating the mixture after chlorine dioxide production. The activation is accomplished by causing water or a moisture-containing gas (e.g., air including water vapor) to flow through the mixture or otherwise exposing the mixture to such fluid, or by exposing the mixture to liquid hydrogen peroxide, liquid sulfuric acid, ferric chloride solution, or sodium chlorate solution. The mixture can include sodium chlorite-impregnated zeolite crystals and zeolite crystals impregnated with ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, or both, and optionally also zeolite crystals impregnated with calcium chloride.

Abstract: A method for producing chlorine dioxide by moving fluid (such as air) relative to (e.g. flowing the fluid through) a first bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with at least one of the following: phosphoric acid, acetic acid and citric acid, and then moving the fluid relative to a second bed of zeolite crystals impregnated with sodium chlorite and/or zeolite crystals impregnated with chlorine. Optionally, at least some of the produced chlorine dioxide is absorbed by moving the fluid relative to (e.g., flowing the fluid through) a third bed of chemically impregnated zeolite crystals.