Abstract: An improved and more gentle process for extracting useful substances from wine grapes is achieved by electroporation of the must produced from red and/or white grapes. The must is pumped or circulated before the pressing applied for must production through an installation or part of an installation and pulsed electric fields are applied therein to irreversibly rupture the biological cell walls of the grape skins. The device for carrying out must electroporation comprises a dielectric pipe, the flow duct for the must, in whose wall are arranged two mutually spaced electrodes to form a pulsed electric field between the electrodes. The must, which forms the electrolytic load of the device, has an electric resistance at least as high as the impedance of a high-voltage pulse generator connected to the device.

Abstract: A point-of-sale apparatus for making customized chocolate articles includes one or more temperature-controlled chocolate tempering machine(s) for melting and storing tempered liquid chocolate, a dispenser for dispensing the liquid chocolate into a cavity formed in a single-use mold, a dispenser for depositing one or more selected food product exclusions across the surface of the liquid chocolate, a vibrating table for removing air bubbles and distributing the exclusions evenly, a cooling tunnel for rapidly cooling the chocolate article, and one or more conveyors for moving the single-use chocolate mold and carrying it through the cooling tunnel. The exclusion dispenser may include a hopper having a funnel and a grate with different sized openings corresponding to different sized exclusions. The single-use mold may carry a customer identifier for later identification. The single-use mold containing the solidified custom chocolate article may be deposited directly into a box provided to the customer.

Abstract: A process for making caffe latte macchiato from coffee, milk and frothy milk, may include loading at least part of the frothy milk with oscillations in the ultrasonic range before the addition of coffee. An apparatus for making caffe latte macchiato from coffee, milk and frothy milk, may include a coffee unit that is used to supply coffee, a milk unit that is used to supply at least a frothy milk, and a mechanism for loading the frothy milk with oscillations.

Abstract: Foodstuff products (1) such as chocolates and the like are made through the steps of: making a shell (4) with a general cup-like configuration having a mouth rim (5); making a cap (6) for closing the shell (4) by pouring foodstuff in a mould (9); connecting the cap (6) to the shell (4) whilst the foodstuff poured into the mould (9) is in the molten state with a free inner surface that is substantially flat and outer surface of a desired shape, by bringing about the connection of said cap (6) with the mouth rim (5) of said shell (4); and achieving consolidation of the cap (6) connected to the shell (4).

Abstract: Described are homogenized liquid egg products, which may be prepared by subjecting liquid whole egg material to sufficient ultrasonic energy to prepare a homogenized liquid egg product. Also disclosed are methods for treating liquid egg material with ultrasonic energy to prepare homogenized liquid egg products.

Abstract: A desiccating device and method providing variable drying conditions allowing the desiccated material to substantially maintain its natural characteristics upon rehydration as well as have a low microbial content. The method provides a process of subjecting the material to ultrasound and flowing hot air or gas for a defined period of time. The ultrasonic frequency, temperature, air flow and time of exposure can be varied to produce the most efficient drying conditions depending on the material to be dried. The apparatus has plurality of drying chambers with forced heated air or gas input and output ducts and ultrasonic emitter. The material passes through each chamber at a pre-determined rate on a perforated conveyor belt in one embodiment of the invention. Optionally, the material may be placed on a drying bed or substrate comprising a number of spheres.

Abstract: A method of treating food capable of easily softening or pulverizing food in a short time without losing nutrients is provided. A shock wave (SW) generated in a shock wave source is applied to food such as an apple or tea leaves to soften or pulverize the food. A large mechanical load is not necessary, so the food is easily softened or pulverized. Moreover, it is not necessary to heat the food, so the food is softened or pulverized in a short time without losing nutrients in the food due to heat during heating.

Abstract: A novel low-carbohydrate digestible hydrocolloidal composition is separated from a cereal-based substrate by means of a specific sequence of steps for treating an aqueous slurry of the substrate. These all-natural compositions are low in digestible carbohydrates, principally starches, and rich in soluble fiber, principally ?-glucan, as well as proteins. The hydrocolloidal products are recovered in high yields, are smooth in texture, have unexpected thickening properties, have a bland flavor, and are useful for texturizing food, especially bakery products. These hydrocolloidal products can also be used as food ingredients for increasing the nutritional level of foods and supplements.

Abstract: The invention is relating to device for the controlled heating and cooling and conservation of eggs (18) that is provided with an oven space (13) with a carrier plate (7) with holders for the positioning of the eggs (18) substantially upright and a spray device (12) for the cooling of same with a coolant, and which is further provided with a heating element (11) for the generation of steam, whereby means (14) are provided that allow said steam to be subjected to a forced flow whereby this steam flows over the eggs (18) in order to heat the eggs, whereby said carrier plate (7) has openings (16) such that at least part of said steam is guided along the side of the eggs (18) to the underside of the carrier plate (7) so that the underside of the eggs (18) is heated.

Abstract: A crystalline material sufficiently pure for use in pharmaceuticals may be made by forming a saturated solution of the material, changing the temperature of the solution so it becomes supersaturated, and subjecting the solution to irradiation by high intensity ultrasound, the frequency of the ultrasound being scanned over a range of frequencies. For example the ultrasound may be varied between 19.5 and 20.5 kHz, and this variation may be sinusoidal. Preferably the ultrasound is provided only briefly, say for less than 5 s, before allowing the solution to cool gradually without further irradiation. The ultrasound may be applied using a vessel with an array of ultrasonic transducers attached to a wall, so each transducer radiates no more than 3 W/cm2 yet the power dissipation within the vessel is between 25 and 150 W/litre. This method can reduce the metastable zone width to less than 10 K. It is applicable in particular to aspartame.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gasified food product comprising a solid-gas clathrate and methods for making the same. The solid-gas clathrates used in the present invention are selected from the group consisting of an ?-cyclodextrin-gas clathrate and a derivative thereof. Furthermore, the present invention provides food products such as a powdered coffee mix, dough, sauce, soup, hot cereal and the like comprising the solid-gas clathrate.

Abstract: A smooth apple composition is prepared by ultrasonically processing a composition that includes at least 85% apple sauce. The smooth apple composition, which may optionally be derived only from apples and water, has physical and sensory properties that make it useful in a wide range of food and beverage products.

Abstract: A triple coextruded baked good having a bar shape with a desired substantially smaller height than width, is continuously produced with distinct, at least substantially uniform concentric fillings which are visually apparent at opposing cut ends of the baked piece. The bar-shaped products are preferably cookies with dissimilar fillings, such as a fruit filling and a cheese-cake filling. Undesirable excessive flow of a middle filling or layer towards the cross-sectional ends or sides rather than the top and bottom of the coextrudate is substantially reduced by obstructing and diverting the flow of the middle filling through the middle die orifice so that it flows towards the top and bottom elongated portions of the middle annulus. A baked product having a substantially even middle concentric layer which is desirably uniformly thick and continuous at least across the top and bottom is obtained.

Abstract: A system for treating meat by the application of a shock wave to the meat while the meat is in contact with a diaphragm which is substantially transparent to the shockwave, confines the meat within a tunnel. In addition, the diaphragm and shock wave generating chamber are preferably disposed above the meat.

Abstract: A draught beverage 170 which may be alcoholic or non-alcoholic, for example a lager or cider in an open-topped drinking vessel or glass 172. The beverage comprises a water content and dissolved gas content. The draught beverage is dispensed from a font at a cooled temperature below the freezing point of water at ambient atmospheric pressure. The dispense temperature may be in the range of ?1° C. to ?12° C. The beverage in the glass may or may not be subjected to external excitement energy, for example ultra-sound, to encourage formation of nucleation sites in the beverage. Either way dissolved gas bubbles out of the beverage causing occurrence of nucleation sites at which ice 188A, 188B from the water content forms. At least in part the ice has a slushy character. A head 174 also forms on the dispensed draught beverage and below the head the ice 188A, 188B locates and develops downwards into the beverage.

Abstract: A method comprises subjecting ant oxygen scavenger to actinic radiation; and then optionally storing the oxygen scavenger in a container, the container configured such that the oxygen scavenger exhibits no substantial oxygen scavenging activity while inside the container. The dosed oxygen scavenger can later be removed from the container, if stored therein, subjected to a second dose of actinic radiation to trigger the oxygen scavenger, and used in packaging oxygen sensitive products. A stored oxygen scavenger, untriggered, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method and system for altering the interaction of wine ingredients to obtain changes in wine resembling many years of natural aging, a more complete homogenous solution, and an extended shelf life. The method includes application of ultrasonic radiation to a solution containing wine ingredients at a frequency causing cavitation, optimizing the application of ultrasonic radiation to cause cavitation throughout the solution, and continuing the application of the ultrasonic radiation for a duration sufficient for the cavitation to produce a consumable wine product. The system provided implements the described method.

Abstract: A method for removing entrained gases from wine by applying ultrasonic radiation to a solution containing wine ingredients at a frequency causing cavitation, optimizing the application of ultrasonic radiation to cause cavitation throughout the solution, and continuing the application of the ultrasonic radiation for a duration sufficient for the cavitation to remove entrained gases.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing pericarp from a seed, such as a corn kernel. The method includes sonicating the kernel to loosen the pericarp and then separation of the pericarp. One example of separation is by frictional milling. An additional optional aspect of the invention is isolation of the pericarp from the remainder of the seed and/or further cleaning or purification of the pericarp.

Abstract: An apparatus (30) and method for ultrasonically energized slitting of a slab of confectionary material wherein a slitting tool (33a) incorporates a plurality of slitting knives (37a) spaced apart in accordance with the desired width of the product, which strips are further processed by transverse cutting and/or molding or other processing steps such as chocolate enrobing to provide improved confectionary products.

Abstract: A multi-stage system and method for pasteurizing food products includes a first processing unit configured to receive the food product and apply an amount of non-thermal energy treatment to the food product which is effective to inactivate one or more key enzymes. A second processing unit is configured to receive the food product from the first processing unit and reduces the population of potentially harmful microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to consumers of the food product. In one alternative embodiment, the second processing unit comprises a concentration unit which removes water from the food product to produce a concentrated form of the product. The first processing unit may, for example, comprise a high voltage arc discharge unit, a non-thermal pulsed electric field unit, an oscillating magnetic field unit, or an ultrasonic unit.

Abstract: A system and method for forming a cooked, shaped product (e.g., an animal food) is provided. A flowable substrate is introduced into one or more shaping chambers in a fixture configured to both shape and cook the substrate. An ultrasonic energy source in communication with the fixture vibrates the walls of the one of more shaping chambers to cook the substrate in a desired manner. The fixture also may be configured to produce a shaped, hollow product and a multi-layer product.

Abstract: A food cooking apparatus is provided. It includes a first container, and a second container connected to the first container with a passage defined therebetween and communicating with the first container. An ultrasonically tuned basket is rotatably mounted in the first chamber. The first and second containers are pivotally mounted together, and pivot between a first, vertical position and a second, tilted position, causing a heated cooking liquid to flow from the second container to the first container. The basket is rotated in the first container for a predefined period of time. The first and second container are returned to the vertical position, while the basket is provided with an ultrasonic vibrating motion, in order to reduce the amount of fat in the food. Further, a method of ultrasonically removing cooking liquid from food is provided. An ultrasonically tuned flexible membrane, onto which food may be placed, is provided.

Abstract: A method of modifying at least one surface of a food product, including the steps of conveying a food product having a first surface along a travel path, urging a first contact element against the first surface of the food product while conveying the food product past the contact element along the travel path, and applying ultrasonic energy to the first contact element while it is being urged against the first surface of the food product, thereby modifying the first surface of the food product. The method may more specifically include the ultrasonic energy being applied to the first contact element at a frequency that modifies the first surface of the food product such that the first surface of the food product that has been conveyed past the contact element is smoother than the first surface of the food product before it is conveyed past the contact element.

Abstract: An apparatus for cutting food product includes an ultrasonic resonant horn. A reciprocating cutting tool is mounted with respect to the ultrasonic resonant horn, and includes a plurality of longitudinally oriented first cutting blades and a plurality of transversely oriented second cutting blades. Each second cutting blade is positioned between and connected with adjacent first cutting blades. Also disclosed is a method for forming a plurality of food product cubes from a food product base.

Abstract: The invention relates to a proceed for solidifying the surface of raw sausage emulsion using ultrasound treatment and/or an adhesion-minimizing microstructure on the sonotrode interior surface while it is being transported, with, in the course of a continuous process, a substantial degassing of the raw product first being carried out. Subsequently, there is a direct contacting of the raw product with the surface of one or more ultrasonic sonotrodes, at least one of the ultrasonic sonotrodes being heated. As a result of the treatment, a thin, sealed, shape-stabilizing independent coagulation skin forms on the surface of the raw product. The ultrasonic energy is in the low frequency range, but has a high vibrational amplitude.

Abstract: An apparatus for carrying a target object having a plurality of surfaces, within a pulsed light sterilization chamber including a treatment zone within which pulsed sterilizing light is emitted, comprises: a transmissive carrier within the treatment zone detachably coupled to the target object, the transmissive carrier having a transmissivity of at least about 10% to light within the 250 to 350 nm wavelength range; and moving means coupled to the transmissive carrier for moving the target object on the transmissive carrier through the treatment zone, the plurality of surfaces of the target object being sterilized by the pulsed sterilizing light in the treatment zone.

Abstract: A system and method for moving a flowable substrate through a chamber is provided. The chamber extends between first and second open ends and is both shaped and heated such that the flowable substrate can be shaped and cooked therein. A pushing force is applied to the cooked substrate to expel the cooked substrate through the second open end. In one embodiment, the pushing force is provided by a pushing device that extends into the chamber at the first open end to loosen the cooked substrate from the chamber walls and to cause the cooked substrate to exit the chamber through the second open end. In another embodiment, the pushing force is provided by a fill device that continuously introduces the flowable substrate into the chamber. In certain embodiments, an ultrasonic energy source may be provided to prevent adherence of the food product to the chamber walls and/or to assist in loosening any adhered food product from the chamber walls.

Abstract: Disclosed are microwave popcorn articles comprising any conventional microwave popcorn bag, and a food charge disposed therein comprising kernel popcorn, fat, salt and sufficient amounts of a calcium ingredient to provide a total calcium content of about 360 to 3600 mg per 100 grams of unpopped popcorn. Preferably the salt and calcium ingredients are essentially characterized by having a mean particle size of less than 25 &mgr;m. Methods of preparing such microwave popcorn articles are disclosed wherein some of the salt and/or calcium ingredient is added to the fat slurry while the balance is added in particulate form in a separate step after the fat and kernel popcorn have been added to the bag.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for removing pericarp from a seed, such as a corn kernel. The method includes sonicating the kernel to loosen the pericarp and then separation of the pericarp. One example of separation is by frictional milling. An additional optional aspect of the invention is isolation of the pericarp from the remainder of the seed and/or further cleaning or purification of the pericarp.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for cutting separate portions of a food product and inserting dividers between adjacent portions, in which a cutting blade is ultrasonically energized during a first cutting movement, the blade is withdrawn while a divider sheet is inserted between the blade and the food item, and then the blade is driven in a second cutting movement to fold the divider sheet and to insert the thus-folded divider sheet into the cut between the two now separate portions of the food item. A particular feature of the invention is a camming mechanism to provide precise support for and folding of the divider sheet.

Abstract: A system and method for forming a cooked, shaped product (e.g., an animal food) is provided. A flowable substrate is introduced into one or more shaping chambers in a fixture configured to both shape and cook the substrate. An ultrasonic energy source in communication with the fixture vibrates the walls of the one of more shaping chambers to cook the substrate in a desired manner. The fixture also may be configured to produce a shaped, hollow product and a multi-layer product.

Abstract: A system and method of ultrasonic rotary forming food products is provided. The system includes a first ultrasonically activated rotary wheel including a first cavity for receiving a food product and a second rotary wheel. The first ultrasonically activated rotary wheel and said second rotary wheel rotate such that food product within the first cavity contacts the second rotary wheel to form an individually-formed food product. The food product passes from the first cavity to form a single formed food product. The system also includes a food product delivery system for delivering food product to the first ultrasonically activated rotary wheel and the second rotary wheel. The second rotary wheel may also be an ultrasonically activated rotary wheel having cavities formed on the outer circumferential edge of the wheel. The food product delivery system may include a single food product delivery tube that simultaneously delivers food product from the same stream, droplet, or line to both rotary wheels.

Abstract: Dietary fibers have their properties modified by applying a shock wave to a dispersion of the fibers in a fluid carrier. Pressure from a piston, in either a single or a series of compressive strokes or pulses exerted on the dispersion applies the shock wave. Increasing the effect of cavitation caused by the shock wave can enhance the modified properties of the fibers. The resulting pressure treated dietary fiber exhibits reduced calories, higher insoluble fiber content, reduced moisture absorption properties, and greater uniformity from batch to batch.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the crystallization of a solid phase from a liquid, characterized in that the liquid during crystallization is subjected to ultrasound in the absence of transient cavitation. In particular the liquid is sonicated under such conditions of time and frequency that nucleation of stable crystals in the liquid is induced without exceeding the cavitation threshold and the occurrence of transient cavitation and the accompanying flavor deterioration is avoided. The liquid preferably is a triglyceride oil such as a vegetable oil or animal fat, e.g. liquefied milk fat.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a food product comprising the steps of: (a) preparing a mixture comprising protein and water; (b) adjusting the pH of the mixture to a value within the range of 2.0-11.0; (c) pre-incubating the mixture; (d) subjecting the mixture to a sonication treatment or a high shear mixing treatment; (e) optionally, separating the product of step (d) in a fraction rich in gas microbubbles and a fraction poor in gas microbubbles; (f) drying the mixture and/or fraction comprising protein coated gas microbubbles until dried protein coated gas microbubbles are obtained; (g) using the dried protein coated gas microbubbles in part or in whole as a food ingredient and (h) finishing the preparation of the food product.

Abstract: The invention provides for the manufacture of food products. In one preferred form, methods and apparatus are provided for cutting individual confectionery products from a slab or strip of product material into a product with a particular silhouette. In another form, the invention provides methods and apparatus for both cutting and forming individual confectionery products from strips or ropes. The process can be used for simply forming products from pre-cut segments or other blanks of confectionery material, including imparting a relatively precise texture, finish or detail to such products. The products may, but need not, be subsequently enrobed in chocolate or another coating. In still other embodiments, the confectionery material may comprise grains of a puffed cereal. In some instances, a matrix of plasticizable material holds the grains together and the confectionery material may also include, in addition to the puffed cereal, candied fruit bits, dry fruits, nuts, or the like.

Abstract: The method of impregnation treatment for foods of the present invention comprises the impregnation step to impregnate the foods with the liquid component or the gas component by contacting the foods with the liquid component or the gas component after the vacuum treatment or in the vacuum state and/or cooling the foods in contact with the liquid component.

Abstract: An ultrasonic cutting system including: an ultrasonic vibrating device having an operative face; a block horn having a responsive face connected to the operative face of the ultrasonic vibrating device and an operative face and being provided with at least one normal tuning slot having a width of about 4 mm to about 6 mm traversing the block between its operative and responsive faces; a plurality of cutting blades mounted on the operative face of the block horn so as to be vibrated therewith, the blades lying in a plane containing the longitudinal axis of vibrations such that the block horn is also provided with at least one thin tuning and damping slot having a width of about 0.1 mm to about 2.5 mm traversing the block horn between its operative and responsive faces. Also included are methods of ultrasonic cutting using such cutting systems.

Abstract: The invention provides for the manufacture of food products. In one preferred form, methods and apparatus are provided for cutting individual confectionery products from a slab or strip of product material into a product with a particular silhouette. In another form, the invention provides methods and apparatus for both cutting and forming individual confectionery products from strips or ropes. The process can be used for simply forming products from pre-cut segments or other blanks of confectionery material, including imparting a relatively precise texture, finish or detail to such products. The products may, but need not, be subsequently enrobed in chocolate or another coating. The confectionery material may also include candied fruit bits, dry fruits, nuts, or the like.

Abstract: The invention provides processes for the preparation of puffed cereal cakes, in particular puffed rice cakes. The processes comprise molding puffed or unpuffed cereal grains under pressure with the application of ultrasound. The ultrasound assists bonding of the cereal grains to form a solid cake. The ultrasound reduces fouling of the mold and increases processing speed. In one aspect, the starting material is prepuffed cereal grains, and these grains are coated with a binder agent and then bonded together at low temperature using ultrasound energy. This permits the formation of puffed cereal cakes with edible inclusions of temperature-sensitive foodstuffs, and also the rapid formation of puffed cereal cakes with shaped or profiled top and/or bottom surfaces.

Abstract: One species or a mixture of a plurality of species of turmeric, which are made to contain a water content and dried after being irradiated with a far infra-red ray, is soaked in cooking oils and fats. A far infra-red ray is further irradiated, so that oil-soluble ingredients are dissolved. As a result, active ingredients, which are easy to be absorbed in intestines, are generated from the raw turmeric, the oil-soluble ingredients of the turmeric, such as curcumin, essential oil, etc. are dissolved in the cooking oils and fats to facilitate the absorption in intestines, and an offensive smell and a bitterness, which are peculiar to turmeric, are removed.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for infusing flavors into cereal grains and agglomerating the grains into a unitary food product. Grains of cereal, powdered soluble flavors and a moisturizing liquid are supplied to a mixer. The flavors, liquid and cereal grains are thoroughly mixed and the grains surface moisturized and then discharged into a product-forming chamber which is ultrasonically energized for a sufficient period of time so that the flavors are infused within the interiors of the grains which are agglomerated into a unitary product.

Abstract: An apparatus (30) and method for ultrasonically energized slitting of a slab of confectionary material wherein a slitting tool (33a) incorporates a plurality of slitting knives (37a) spaced apart in accordance with the desired width of the product, which strips are further processed by transverse cutting and/or molding or other processing steps such as chocolate enrobing to provide improved confectionary products.

Abstract: A method of deactivating microorganisms in food products, packaging material, water, air, and other products involves illuminating the microorganisms using at least one short-duration, high-intensity pulse of broad- spectrum polychromatic light. In variations of this embodiment, the light has an intensity of at least 0.1 J/cm2, the pulse duration is from between about 10 nanoseconds and 10 milliseconds, and/or at least 50% of the at least one pulse's energy is transmitted in light having wavelength from between about 170 and 2600 nanometers. Advantageously, the microorganisms may be Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Bacillus pumilus spores or poliovirus.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the preparation of quick cooking rice having a natural appearance and smooth mouthfeel. The rice is produced by mechanically manipulating wet rice at a moisture content of from more than 17% to 32% by weight, preferably by wet milling the rice to remove the bran, followed by drying. The wet milling results in a product with quick cooking properties, superior cook yield and eating properties. The mechanically manipulated wet rice can also be instantized after the wet flexing step to produce an instant rice. Accordingly, the invention provides quick cooking and instant rices obtainable by the claimed processes.

Abstract: A apparatus and method for infusing flavors into cereal grains and agglomerating the grains into a unitary food product. Grains of cereal, powdered soluble flavors and a moisturizing liquid are supplied to a mixer. The flavors, liquid and cereal grains are thoroughly mixed and the grains surface moisturized and then discharged into a product-forming chamber which is ultrasonically energized for a sufficient period of time so that the flavors are infused within the interiors of the grains which are agglomerated into a unitary product.

Abstract: The pulsating electric field (PEF) treatment system for preserving fluid products by means of a pulsating electric field comprises at least one electric supply source and at least one fluid flow path including at least one fluid treatment unit. The treatment unit comprises at least two electrodes which are each provided with a number of wires composed to form a net. Between the wires of the net fluid flow-through openings are formed. A surface stretched by the net is directed at least substantially perpendicularly to a fluid flow direction of the fluid flow path at the location of the net. The pulsating electric field is highly homogeneous.

Abstract: An apparatus (30) and method for ultrasonically energized slitting of a slab of confectionary material wherein a slitting tool (33a) incorporates a plurality of slitting knives (37a) spaced apart in accordance with the desired width of the product, which strips are further processed by transverse cutting and/or molding or other processing steps such as chocolate enrobing to provide improved confectionary products.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the crystallisation of a solid phase from a liquid, characterized in that the liquid during crystallization is subjected to ultrasound in the absence of transient cavitation. In particular the liquid is sonicated under such conditions of time and frequency that nucleation of stable crystals in the liquid is induced without exceeding the cavitation threshold and the occurrence of transient cavitation and the accompagnying flavor deterioration is avoided. The liquid preferably is a triglyceride oil such as a vegetable oil or animal fat, e.g. liquefied milk fat.