Abstract: A reduced-step method of producing puffed apple chips made from USDA certified organic apples is provided. The invention is a two-part drying process, where the apples are oven baked and then popped. The crispy apple chips can be flavored using flavorings such as natural, apple cinnamon, caramel, peach, green tea and chili, for example. From the novel infusion-free and reduced step process the apple pieces contain nutrients of their fresh fruit essence, making them a healthful and desirable snack. The method includes drying apple pieces in a wind oven until a specified moisture-content of the apple pieces is reached, then storing the apple pieces in a refrigerated environment. The chilled apple pieces are then flavored, and then dehydrated in a low-pressure dehydration chamber until the apple pieces change from a first state to a second state, and immediately packaged in a nitrogen-filled hermetically sealed package.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor for organic molecules such as ethylene includes an electrochemical cell, gas sample inlet means and means for detecting current produced by the oxidation of the organic molecule at the anode of the cell. The sensor is capable of sensing multiple organic molecules in some embodiments. A voltage is applied to the anode of the cell to provide energy to drive the oxidation reaction and produce a corresponding current. The sensor of the invention can be made as a small, hand-held unit that is capable of real-time detection of various organic species.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved packages and methods for packaging meat, fish, poultry, vegetables or other food products. A package of the present invention is a vacuum skin package comprising a multilayer film comprising at least one layer of an organic acid modified ionomer blend and at least one layer of an ethylene-containing polymer, such as an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, wherein the film has specific gas permeability requirements.

Abstract: A method of handling fruit at ambient temperature is provided using bagging and cooling for prolonged storage and ripening of fruit. The type of fruit that is contemplated with respect to the method is a fruit having an internal fruit seed. The method begins by enclosing the fruit within a plastic packaging material to produce an enclosed fruit. The method continues with the enclosed fruit being exposed to an air flow. The enclosed fruit is exposed to the air flow until the internal fruit cools to a first cool temperature. The fruit is transferred from a surrounding environment at an ambient temperature to a surrounding environment which allows the internal fruit seed to cool to the first cool temperature. The internal fruit seed cools from the ambient temperature to the first cool temperature within a cool-down period. The method may conclude with the fruit being maintained at the first cool temperature of the internal fruit seed for a storage period.

Abstract: Prolonged preservation of the orange fruit, easier wrapping, packing, storage, processing and transport without need for expensive refrigeration would necessarily facilitate transport and exportation; and vastly increase the material and moral well-being of the persons involved in the business, including the producers, the workers and consumers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a new plant breeding process. The process improves the agronomic performance of crop plants by using genetic material that is also used in classical breeding. Instead of sexually recombining entire genomes at random, as is done in classical breeding, specific genetic elements are rearranged in vitro and inserted back into individual plant cells. Plants obtained through this new plant breeding process do not contain foreign nucleic acid but only contain nucleic acid from the plant species selected for transformation or plants that are sexually compatible with the selected plant species. Plants developed through this new plant breeding process are provided. In particular, potato plants displaying improved tuber storage and health characteristics are provided.

Abstract: Packaging of respiring biological materials, particularly bananas and other fruits, in sealed containers. The containers preferably include a gas-permeable membrane comprising (1) a microporous film, and (2) a polymeric coating on the microporous film. Using appropriate containers and appropriate controlled atmospheres around the container, the respiring materials can be stored and/or ripened under controlled conditions. Bananas can be ripened while they are being transported, or in conventional ripening rooms without opening the containers in which they have been transported. The ripe bananas are less dehydrated and remain in a satisfactory ripened state for longer periods of time.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and a method for fresh fruit processing that minimizes the exposure of the fruit to microbial contamination. The apparatus includes: a controlled environment chamber having an inlet portion configured to receive whole fruit and an outlet portion configured to deliver processed fresh fruit; a floor that is sloped downward from the inlet portion toward the outlet portion; an access portal on a lateral side of the controlled environment chamber, which is configured to provide access from the outside of the controlled environment chamber to the inside of the controlled environment chamber through a sealable barrier; an outlet portion having a container inlet that is configured to receive a container into the interior of the controlled environment chamber and a container outlet that is configured to deliver a container filled with processed fresh fruit out of the controlled environment chamber.

Abstract: Effective utilization of vegetable called Ipomoea aquatica that although exhibiting high nutritional value and excellent antioxidant capability and ensuring huge supply capacity, is poor in distribution preservability and is notable in discoloration and quality degeneration attributed to processing, thereby disenabling merchandization of relevant processed food. There is provided a method of cultivating Ipomoea aquatica, characterized in that Ipomoea aquatica having been broadly classified as per flower color and leaf width is minutely classified as per whole leaf shape, leaf configuration appearing within a radius of equal to or less than 5.0 cm from leaf base and configurational difference among leaves from the same stem, and that an appropriate one is selected from among the resultant classes and cultivated. By virtue of this method, the distribution enduring period in fresh condition can be prolonged, and the discoloration by heating can be suppressed.

Abstract: To kill insects on fresh produce, the fresh produce is placed into the interior of a vacuum chamber and a partial vacuum is drawn and maintained within the interior for a time interval adequate to kill the insects. In some examples the holding step is carried out with the absolute pressure maintained in a range of 4.57 to 5.0 mm Hg. In some examples a pathogen-killing sanitizing gas is injected into the vacuum chamber at the end of the time interval.

Abstract: Method for the control of a controlled atmosphere for the storage of plant products in at least one storage- or transport space, where a) the concentration of at least one trace gas that is produced by the plant products and has a share of less than 1% of the controlled atmosphere is measured at least twice at different times; b) the degree of change in the concentration of the trace gas is derived from at least two measuring values as the measure of the production rate of the plant product for said trace gas; c) the control variables for the composition in the controlled atmosphere are determined depending on the degree of change in the concentration of the trace gas, and d) the composition of the controlled atmosphere is adjusted according to the control variables.

Abstract: A party tray includes a support tray and, on the support tray, a sealed package made up of transparent container body and a polymeric sealing sheet sealed to the rim of the container body. The sealed package contains foodstuffs, in particular respiring foodstuffs such as fresh fruits and vegetables, which rest on the sealing sheet; the sealing sheet is in turn supported by the support tray. The sealed package may include an atmosphere control member. When the party tray is on display, its contents are viewed through the single thickness of the container body.

Abstract: This invention concerns an aluminum alloy container and lid for transportation and handling of perishable products. It combines the ability to provide improved temperature control for the product, and in addition is reusable, nestable and recyclable. This container is comprised of two components, the box and the lid. The box is made from three separate pieces. The bottom and two sides are formed from the same piece of material. The two ends are formed separately and each are welded to the bottom and two sides. The lid is made from two separate pieces, the lid plate and the interface bracket. All parts are made of light aluminum alloy.

Abstract: The present invention provides yellow tomato plants producing fruit suitable for processing.

Abstract: A filter for absorbing ethylene gas and moisture and emitting carbon dioxide that can be removably coupled to a container. The container can have vent openings to allow air to circulate to prevent excess condensation, or the container can be any type of flexible, semirigid, or rigid produce container such as a plastic bag, a refrigerator or a typical plastic container. The contents of the filter are in vapor contact with the internal environment of the container such that it can absorb ethylene gas and moisture in the container and release carbon dioxide into the container to retard the ripening process of the produce stored in the container.

Abstract: A method of processing roasted coffee to improve the retention of carbon dioxide and aromatics liberated from the roasted coffee. The method involves preparing one or more containers for receiving coffee. The containers are purged of contained air through flushing with an inert gas. Roasted coffee is transported and delivered to a grinding circuit where it is ground directly into a container filling apparatus. The container filling filling apparatus delivers the ground coffee directly into the purged containers after which the containers are sealed to maximize the retention of carbon dioxide and aromatics liberated from the roasted coffee and to minimize contact of the ground roasted coffee with the air.

Abstract: The present invention provides a device for modifying an atmosphere in proximity to the device, the device comprising a sachet comprising a semipermeable material, and a composition including a mixture of acetylsalicylic acid and sodium bicarbonate contained within a cavity of the sachet. The invention further provides methods for modifying an atmosphere comprising placing a mixture of a carboxylic acid and a base in the atmosphere, wherein the atmosphere has a sufficient level of water vapor such that, upon contact of the water vapor with the mixture, carbon dioxide is produced.

Abstract: A package for prolonging the storage life of produce is disclosed. The package comprises a gas permeable container and an atmosphere modifying device contained within the container. The atmosphere modifying device comprises a carbon dioxide emitter, an oxygen scavenger, and an optional ethylene scavenger. Produce is stored in the container with the device. The device and container are suitable to use in a consumer's home (e.g., kitchen cabinet or refrigerator).

Abstract: A carbonation system is disclosed that effectively controls the treatment of fruits and vegetables with CO2 gas, providing enhanced flavor to fruits and vegetables. One embodiment of the invention uses a microprocessor to preferably monitor and control the pressure, temperature and gas flow within a sealable enclosure to effectively control the carbonation of fruits and vegetables. Another embodiment consists of a combination carbonation system and cooler that effectively controls the carbonation of fruits and vegetables by including pressure relief devices and an insulation cover. The insulation cover has apertures that provide for the distribution of CO2. A third embodiment is disclosed that also consists of a combination carbonation system and cooler. This third embodiment controls carbonation by including, among other features, feedback mechanisms and a pressure relief device. A method of using the first embodiment is also provided.

Abstract: A system and method for packing agricultural produce including functionality for: providing a container having at least one communications aperture formed in a wall thereof; providing at least one flexible controlled permeability bag within the container; providing at least one bag aperture in the at least one flexible controlled permeability bag in general registration with the at least one communications aperture; sealing the produce inside the at least one flexible controlled permeability bag within the container, while leaving the at least one bag aperture and the at least one communications aperture open; providing atmosphere treatment within the at least one bag via the at least one bag aperture and the at least one communications aperture; and sealing at least one of the at least one bag aperture and the at least one communications aperture.

Abstract: The invention concerns a membrane for selective gas separation. The membrane consists of an ethylene oxide copolymer or a polymeric material obtained by crosslinking such a copolymer. Said copolymer is characterised in that it consists of at least 30% in number of —CH2CH2O— units derived from ethylene oxide, and at least 2% in number of —CHR—CH2O— units derived from an oxirane bearing a crosslinkable substituent R and/or of —CHR1—CH2O— units derived from an oxirane bearing a non-crosslinkable substituent R1. The membranes are particularly useful for separating hydrophilic gases contained in a gas mixture.

Abstract: The invention allows cool rooms or sea containers designed for frozen goods to handle produce requiring more precisely controlled temperatures and conditions, e.g., vegetables and fruits requiring temperatures in the chilling range and often also needing control or modification of the atmosphere. Each load of produce (100) (e.g. of pallet size) is held in the sea container or cool room but is sealed from the air of the refrigerated environment by, for example, a plastics bag (56). The atmosphere within the bag is then circulated by a fan (12) (or by convection currents from a heating element) so as to pass through the load and around it via ducts (30) provided adjacent the bag (56). Heat exchange (50) between the circulating gas and the refrigerated environment, via the plastics film, serves to cool the load. However, if cooling is excessive a heating element can be used to raise the temperature of the circulating atmosphere. Gas composition of the atmosphere can be controlled by scrubbing, flushing, etc.

Abstract: Roast coffee bean freshness is maintained by storing just roasted beans in a sealed container having much less than 1.0% oxygen therein. Storage of roasted coffee at very low temperatures (less than −40 degrees F. (−40 degrees C.)) also preserves the freshness of the coffee. The combination of low oxygen and low temperature storage provides the freshly roasted coffee taste and a long shelf life for that preserved taste.

Abstract: A method and system for carrying out the disinfestation of a product by means of the use of disinfesting gas under atmospheric pressure with pretreatment in vacuo, the said product being introduced into a first container in which the vacuum is produced and in which, subsequently, the said vacuum is broken by the introduction of the disinfesting gas, the said method comprising: a) the introduction of the first container into a second container before the vacuum is produced, b) the creation of the vacuum in both containers and the subsequent breaking of the said vacuum by passing the disinfesting gas into the two containers, c) the removal of the said gas from the second container, the gas being retained in the first container, d) the extraction of the first container from the second container so as to permit the use of the latter for subsequent disinfestation, the disinfesting gas being retained in the first container for the time necessary to complete the disinfestation of the product.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel method for the storage and transport of fresh fruit, vegetables and cut flowers. More particularly, this invention pertains to a novel method to prolong the postharvest life of such horticultural produce that is packaged in a modified atmosphere by the inclusion of a small amount of nitric oxide gas into the package.

Abstract: A disinfestation treatment chamber for treating fruit, flower and vegetable commodities subject to infestation by quarantine pests. The commodities are disinfested so as to meet quarantine restrictions without adversely affecting the quality of the commodity. The commodity is heated inside of the chamber in hot air having a relative humidity of 30-85% until the temperature of the commodity exceeds the thermal death point temperature of the target pest but is not so high as to adversely affect the quality of the commodity. The temperature of the commodity is held at this temperature until the pest is killed. The commodity is loaded into the treatment chamber in bins onto a low friction conveyor track system which transports the bins from one end of the chamber to the other. The commodities are treated while they are inside of the treatment chamber. After treatment of the commodities, the bins are unloaded using the low friction conveyor track system out of the opposite end of the treatment chamber.

Abstract: Blends of quercetin and isoflavones from the group consisting of genestein, daidzein and glycetin display synergistic effects when applied as anti-inflammatory agent or as skin agent in particular for anti ageing purposes.

Abstract: A method for packaging, cooling, and storing fresh produce is disclosed. The produce is placed in a plastic bag having apertures that control ventilation so as to admit a fumigant gas but prevent significant moisture loss. Multiple units of the bagged produce are, in turn, placed in a corrugated shipping container. Using the bag design shown it has been found that humidity of the cold storage environment may be safely reduced to about 65-75% without significant deterioration of the contained produce. This is in contrast with the usual 90% RH environment needed to prevent moisture loss. The reduced humidity environment effects a very significant improvement in shipping container compression strength. Storage at 70% RH, in contrast to storage at 90% RH, results in an almost 50% improvement in compression strength. The result is less damage to the containers and their contents. Somewhat lighter weight shipping containers are also suitable, resulting in reduced costs.

Abstract: A closure system for attachment to and use in gas flushing a container of fresh produce includes a body portion, a closure connected to the body portion, and a pressure-sensitive mechanism connected to the body portion and to the closure that moves the closure to an open position or to a closed position, depending on the pressure exerted on said mechanism.

Abstract: Novel gas-permeable membranes which are particularly useful in the packaging of fresh cut fruit and vegetables, and other respiring biological materials. The membranes have an O2 permeability of at least 775,000 ml/m2.atm.24 hrs, a P10 ratio of at least 1.3, and a ratio of CO2 permeability to O2 permeability (R) of at least 1.5, and are made by forming thin polymeric coatings on microporous polymeric films. Preferred coating polymers are side chain crystalline polymers. Preferred microporous films contain inorganic fillers, particularly such films based on ultrahigh molecular weight polyetheylene or polypropylene. FIG. 1 illustrates how O2 permeability an R ratio vary for different coating polymers and microporous films.

Abstract: For preserving fresh foods at low cost, using a packing material safe for global environment, while the freshness, color, taste and texture of the fresh foods are retained, a method of the present invention arranges broccoli in a corrugated carton box in which a freshness-keeping bag is spread, and sprays water on the broccoli at farms. The corrugated carton boxes are loaded on a pallet at a selection platform to be then placed in a preliminary vacuum chamber to preliminarily cool the broccoli in vacuum. The corrugated carton boxes on the pallet are placed in a cold insulation chamber and the opening of the freshness-keeping bag is closed. Cooling air blown from a cooler in an enforced manner is circulated through an air permeable hole of the corrugated carton box in the cold insulation chamber, to cool the broccoli in the corrugated carton box.

Abstract: A soybean sprout package comprising a bag having an open end portion, with multiple soybean sprouts clustered in the bag, the sprouts having elongated stems, the stems generally extending in the same direction at the open end portion, thereby enabling the user to readily grasp the stems as a bundle when the bag is opened.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a drawn polypropylene film as a wrapping material that has transparency and mechanical properties sufficient as a wrapping material yet having the needed gas permeability for maintaining the freshness of the enclosed goods and additionally enables control of permeability of gases to a certain proportion if needed even if secondary steps such as perforation processing, etc., are eliminated.

Abstract: A method of removing individual gas components of a mixture of gases within a controlled environment container uses apparatus which comprises first and second chambers which are arranged in parallel for the gas mixture to flow through them from their inlet ends to their outlet ends. The chambers contain adsorbent material with different affinities for the gas components of the mixture. The method comprises supplying the gas mixture to the first chamber so as to pressurize it while allowing a purge stream to flow from the outlet end of the first chamber to the second chamber to purge adsorbed gas from the adsorbent material in the second chamber. A purge pulse of gas is then supplied from the outlet end of the first chamber to the second chamber to purge adsorbed gas from the adsorbent material in the second chamber, the rate of flow of the purge stream being less than that of the purge pulse.

Abstract: The present invention provides a cost-effective and convenient storage device which allows for the extended storage of all types of oxidizable materials, including foodstuffs such as fruits and vegetables; nonfoodstuffs such as plants, flowers, paper, cloth and leather; and inorganic materials such as oxidizable metals. The stored items are preserved solely through a reduction in air pressure, without a reduction of temperature, or the active addition and disposal of gases. This reduced-pressure storage allows stored foodstuffs to preserve their original taste without hardening, and organic nonfoodstuffs to be preserved without water condensation. Additionally, an optional step of humidifying the internal storage environment by means of a vessel inside or attached to the storage chamber and which delivers water vapor is provided.

Abstract: Methods for disinfesting insect pests such as the Mexican fruit fly in citrus fruit such as grapefruit with minimal adverse effect on fruit quality include placing and maintaining such fruit for a time period of about 15 to about 21 days at a temperature of about 14° to 18° C. and in a gaseous mixture that includes not more than about 0.05% oxygen by volume, a balance nitrogen or up to 20% carbon dioxide in combination with nitrogen.

Abstract: An adsorbent having a hydrophobic zeolite and at least one binding agent which adsorbent adsorbs traces of volatile and gaseous organic substances from gaseous mixtures so strongly that a concentration of the volatile, organic substance in the gaseous mixture of less than 500 ppm after adsorption, is attained.

Abstract: Aqueous compositions formed from combining water, and at least one solute such as sodium bicarbonate, acetylsalicylic acid or mixtures thereof, are used to introduce and maintain relatively high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of selected environments. The aqueous compositions benefit live plants and prolong the shelf life of various perishable foods and products, including vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, seafood, dairy products, and dry goods and ingredients. The aqueous compositions are applied directly by bathing or showering a perishable product in the aqueous compositions, or indirectly with absorption devices that carry the aqueous compositions, and which are placed in close proximity to a perishable product. An aqueous composition can be applied to or formed directly on an absorption device. An absorption device can also be recharged by reapplying or reforming the aqueous composition to the absorption device as needed.

Abstract: The invention provides polymeric films for the storage or packing of plant material, the film being perforate and having a water vapor permeability of not more than 800 g m−2 day−1 and an oxygen permeability of not more than 200000 cm3 m−2 day−1 atmosphere−1, both permeabilities being measured at 25° C. with a relative humidity of 75 percent. Examples of polymers which can be used to make the film are regenerated cellulose, homo and copolymers of polyolefins, e.g. with vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate, polyesters and polyamides. Various plant materials, for example carrots, tomatoes, calabrese and mushrooms heat sealed in packs of films of the invention have shown improved shelf lives compared with similar plant materials packaged for example in polyethylene cling film or polyvinyl chloride stretch wrap.

Abstract: A multilayer film comprises: a first layer comprising a first homogeneous ethylene/&agr;-olefin copolymer; a second layer comprising a polyolefin; and a third layer comprising a second homogeneous ethylene/&agr;-olefin copolymer. The second layer is between the first layer and the third layer, the second layer is chemically different from the first layer and the third layer, and the multilayer film has an oxygen transmission rate of from about 500 to 50,000 cc/m2/24 hr STP. Also disclosed are a process for making the film, a packaging process using the film, and a product packaged in the film. The film is especially suitable for the packaging of oxygen-sensitive products, such as lettuce, and exhibits exceptional hot tack seal strength.

Abstract: A release device for slowly releasing vapors of a sprout inhibitor into a small package of potatoes is disclosed. The release device includes a container for holding finely particulate porous media which has absorbed a liquid sprout inhibitor. The container is at least partially porous with respect to sprout inhibitor vapors such that the release device may be utilized to inhibit sprouting of potatoes in small packages during shipments. The release device may further be structured to be coated to control the release rate and may further include being printed upon a porous substrate.

Abstract: Methods of aseptically transporting a bulk quantity of a sterile product such as an edible food product comprise sterilizing a transporting container by flooding the container with a chemical sterilant, pressurizing the sterilized container with a positive pressure inert gas atmosphere, and aseptically supplying a bulk quantity of the sterile product to the sterilized container. The pressurized container supplied with the sterile product is sealed to substantially maintain the positive pressure during transport of the container, and the container with the sterile product therein is then transported to a remote location. A transporting container for use in the present methods comprises an insulated transportable storage tank provided with a sealable atmospheric vent on an upper portion thereof, an inert gas valve provided with a microbial filter, and an aseptic inlet/outlet valve for supplying a sterile product therethrough.

Abstract: Plant sterols have been shown to be cholesterol-reducing agents in human serum. In the present invention, plant sterols, plant stanols, plant sterol esters and other non-toxic sterols are co-crystallized with emulsifiers to form a plant sterol/emulsifier complex or plant stanol/emulsifier complex which can be incorporated into full-fat, reduced-fat, low-fat, fat-free and triglyceride-free food products. Plant sterols and plant stanols can be co-crystallized with emulsifiers to produce a blend which has a melting temperature significantly lower than the melting temperature of the plant sterol or plant stanol. Such complexes can be used to incorporate relatively high levels of such sterols/stanols in food products without the adverse organoleptic effect normally associated with the use of such plant sterols and plant stanols.

Abstract: A composition for absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide in a high moisture environment including by weight an iron-based component for absorbing oxygen in an amount of between about 15% and 60%, a carbon dioxide releasing component for releasing carbon dioxide in an amount of between about 8% and 50%, an acidifying component for providing acid for activating the carbon dioxide releasing component, and a dry water-attracting component for preventing premature activation of the iron-based component and carbon dioxide releasing component and for attracting water from a high moisture environment to thereby supply water for activating the acidifying component and the iron-based component.

Abstract: The present invention provides for optimal extraction conditions for extracting yellow mustard gum from yellow mustard bran to provide for high yield. The four variables examined were extraction temperature, pH, water:solid ratio and extraction time. Of these variables, temperature and pH had a much greater influence on the yield and rheological properties of the extracted gum compared to water/solid ratio and extraction time. Optimum extraction conditions were temperatures between 50-70° C., pH 7-10, water/solid ratio of 40:1-60:1 and extraction time of 2-2.5 hr. The yield of gum obtained under the optimum extraction conditions was 30% of bran weight. The extracted gum exhibited maximum shear thinning flow behaviours. It can be incorporated into cosmetic products and skin lotions.

Abstract: A method of preserving produce by providing a plastic packaging material having a thickness of up to about 500 microns and a permeability to water vapor exceeding about 1.5 g mm m−2 per day at 38° C. and 85-90% relative humidity, whereby when the material is used to package produce, no condensation or minimal condensation appears on a surface of the material. Related methods and products produced thereby are also described and claimed.

Abstract: A disinfestation treatment chamber for treating fruit, flower and vegetable commodities subject to infestation by quarantine pests. The commodities are disinfested so as to meet quarantine restrictions without adversely affecting the quality of the commodity. The commodity is heated inside of the chamber in hot air having a relative humidity of 30-85% until the temperature of the commodity exceeds the thermal death point temperature of the target pest but is not so high as to adversely affect the quality of the commodity. The temperature of the commodity is held at this temperature until the pest is killed. The commodity is loaded into the treatment chamber in bins onto a low friction conveyor track system which transports the bins from one end of the chamber to the other. The commodities are treated while they are inside of the treatment chamber. After treatment of the commodities, the bins are unloaded using the low friction conveyor track system out of the opposite end of the treatment chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for the preparation of multiple pollen samples for cryogenic preservation comprising a plurality of chambers for the storage of pollen samples. A vacuum pump reduces the pressure within the interior of the chambers through a vacuum manifold that operatively connects with the pollen samples in the interior of the chambers. An air source vents the interior of the chambers to atmospheric pressure through an air manifold operatively connected with the pollen samples in the interior of the chambers. A vacuum controller controls the pressure within the interior of the chambers through operative connections to the vacuum manifold, the air manifold, the air source, and the vacuum pump. The vacuum controller pulses the pressure with the interior of the chambers between a first and a second reduced pressure level. A sensor operatively connected to the chambers senses the moisture content of the pollen samples within the interior of the chambers at the reduced pressure levels.

Abstract: A method of preventing wound-induced browning in lettuce by applying a short thermal stress induced by immersing the lettuce in water at approximately 40.degree. C. to approximately 60.degree. C. for approximately 360 seconds or less. Alternatively, forced-air heating could be used if the air was at a relative humidity of near 100% to prevent water loss. After heat-shocking the lettuce, the lettuce can be vacuum cooled to effectively cool and dry the lettuce. The heat-shock effect is so persistent that lettuce will not show any browning even after being held for approximately 15 days in the air at 5.degree. C. This treatment could eliminate the need to store fresh-cut lettuce in low oxygen, and or high carbon dioxide modified atmospheres to prevent browning during marketing. It would also allow the use of vacuum cooling to cool the processed lettuce. It would also prevent browning of cored, whole heads of lettuce.

Abstract: A process for controlling the atmosphere in a container including the steps of passing a pressurized portion of the atmosphere serially through a plurality of separate but inter-communicating adsorbent beds which selectively adsorb water vapor, ethylene, carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the compressed atmosphere, then isolating the ethylene-selective adsorbent and desorbing ethylene therefrom, then desorbing nitrogen from the nitrogen-selective adsorbent and purging the carbon dioxide-selective bed, the ethylene-selective bed and the water vapor-selective bed with the desorbed nitrogen, and returning the purge and purged gas mixture to the container.