Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for the production of an improved purified short fiber cellulose suitable for human consumption from agricultural by-product materials, such as legume hulls, preferably soybean hulls. The legume hulls are comminuted into a particulate feed which is admixed with water to form a slurry. The slurried particulate legume hulls are oxidized, hydrolyzed and extracted with a caustic oxidizing agent utilizing an initial pH of about 12 to effect solubilization of the greater portion of non-cellulose material in the feed. A solid cellulose containing material is thereafter removed from the slurry, for example, by filtration or centrifugation. The recovered solid mass is slurried in water and the resulting slurry if pH adjusted to about 7 by the addition of phosphoric acid. The resulting suspension is agitated and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is added, and the mixture is heated to promote bleaching and breakdown of the non-cellulose components.

Abstract: A non-pungent dijon mustard flavoring has been isolated as a water soluble extract of brown mustard seed bran. This non-pungent dijon mustard flavoring is useful in a variety of foods and, particularly, in mustard pastes containing yellow mustard seed, brown mustard seed, or mixtures thereof, because the addition of the extract to such mustard pastes increases their dijon flavor character without altering pungency. The extract can be isolated by contacting the brown mustard seed bran with water or an aqueous solution and separating the residual bran solids from the extract-containing water. The extract can then be blended with any food product in which a dijon flavoring is desirable. With respect to mustard paste, brown mustard seed bran can alternatively be mixed with the other conventional mustard ingredients (which include water) and ground to withdraw the water soluble bran extract.

Abstract: A process of preparing an alkaline solution of Labiatae antioxidants essentially free of lipids by agitating a solvent extract of the herb with an aqueous alkaline lower-aliphatic alcoholic or polyol solution thereof, separating the aqueous phase from the insoluble phase, and removing the alcohol from the aqueous phase by distillation to give a stable product with an antioxidant strength of 0.2 or more, having a pH above about 8.4, and having less than 75% having, preferably in the presence of a water-immiscible solvent, and a stable aqueous antioxidant solution of a Labiatae extract, consisting essentially of essentially all of the antioxidant substances present in the herb, which is preferably rosemary, sage, or thyme, with an antioxidant strength of 0.2 or more, and less than about 75% water, preferably having a pH between about 8.4 and about 11.

Abstract: An aqueous wood smoke solution for flavoring foodstuffs is produced by heating in an oxygen starved atmosphere ground wood or cellulose to between 400.degree. C. and 650.degree. C. within 1.0 second; maintaining the said wood or cellulose and the primary pyrolysis vapors between 400.degree. C. and 650.degree. C. for between 0.03 and 2.0 seconds; reducing the temperature of the pyrolysis products to below 350.degree. C. within 0.6 seconds; separating and collecting the water soluble liquid products; and diluting the said water soluble liquid products with water to achieve a partial phase separation and to reduce the benzo(a)pyrene concentration to less than 1.0 ppb.

Abstract: The edible composition having improved water solubility and dispersibility of a useful hydrophobic edible material obtained from an animal or plant natural raw material, improved absorption of the hydrophobic edible material into the body, as well as improved taste and palatability, which comprises the hydrophobic edible material and a water soluble ingredient selected from the group consisting of water soluble low molecular weight peptides, water soluble concentrated extracts and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: An improved process of gum extraction from whole yellow mustard seed is described. The process is time temperature interdependent. In a first step the seed is treated in water, preferably at elevated temperature, the extract is then separated, preferably mechanically, more preferably by a perforated centrifuge, or even more preferably by a slitted centrifuge. The aqueous extract on precipitation and drying gives a gum with pseudoplastic properties similar to those of xanthan gum. The extraction using mechanical separation, especially by a perforated bowl centrifuge, which can be slitted, is suitable for industrial scale extraction of the yellow mustard seed. A centrifuge adapted for juice extraction is suitable. The gum produced under these conditions exhibits unique properties dramatically different from those reported from other previous processes, in both composition and viscosities.

Abstract: A method of determining the specific gravity of a fermentable liquor during fermentation is disclosed. Specific gravity is determined from measurements of original gravity, velocity of sound, and temperature.

Abstract: A process for enhancing a natural vanilla flavor, comprising; freezing mature green vanilla beans at a temperature between -5.degree. C. and -30.degree. C., thawing the frozen beans, and then extracting the flavor constituents from the beans.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for processing prepared materials of fruits, vegetables and fishery products under a nitrogen gas atmosphere at a gauge pressure of 150 KPa and more by using physical steps to prevent the oxidation of the processed materials and the undesirable propagation of micro-organisms, and to maintain the natural flavor of the materials.

Abstract: A method of and products resulting from treating soy grits to remove bitter flavor therefrom and to provide an instantaneously edible fluffy and neutral soy food product, by the use of a special combination of controlled scalding, soaking, heating and rinsing using only water treatment are disclosed. The debittered soy food product can be used immediately in recipes, or can be dried by heating followed by grinding to obtain a dry, debittered edible soy product of sandy or flour texture, depending upon the desired final use of the product. By adding water to the dried, debittered product, the reconstituted moist, fluffy soy product is ready for immediate use in a variety of recipes to provide a high protein, nutritious, soy food.

Abstract: A method for the production of low alcohol wine comprising separating a fruit juice into a high sugar fraction and a low sugar fraction, stripping volatile components, such as high-boiling point esters, from the fruit juice or from the high sugar fraction and adding them to the low sugar fraction, and fermenting the low sugar fraction. A preferred method of separating the fruit juice into high and low sugar fractions is by fractional crystallization.

Abstract: A process is described for producing a water-soluble soybeam extract comprising the steps of hydrating soybeans, crushing the hydrated soybeams at an elevated temperature to form a soybean and water slurry and thereafter thermally treating the slurry. The slurry is then separated into a liquid extract containing portion and a solid portion. If desired, a solid soybean extract powder is recovered by removal of water form the liquid extract containing portion. Also disclosed is a liquid or soluble soybean extract produced by this process which contains a relatively high percentage of protein and a taste similar to cooked cereal.

Abstract: An aqueous wood smoke solution for flavoring foodstuffs is produced by heating in an oxygen starved atmosphere ground wood or cellulose to between 400.degree. C. and 650.degree. C. within 1.0 second; maintaining the said wood or cellulose and the primary pyrolysis vapors between 400.degree. C. and 650.degree. C. for between 0.03 and 2.0 seconds; reducing the temperature of the pyrolysis products to below 350.degree. C. within 0.6 seconds; separating and collecting the water soluble liquid products; and diluting the said water soluble liquid products with water to achieve a partial phase separation and to reduce the benzo(a)pyrene concentration to less than 1.0 ppb.

Abstract: A process for processing cacao beans comprising mixing cacao mass or cocoa powder treated with an alkali, with hot water maintained at 70.degree. to 130.degree. C. to dissolve a water-soluble portion of the cacao beans in hot water, or mixing the cacao mass or cocoa powder with hot water containing an alkali and maintained at 70.degree. to 130.degree. C. to dissolve the water-soluble portion in hot water and simultaneously to treat the cacao mass or cocoa powder with the alkali, whereby a water-soluble portion/fine particle portion mixture or cacao butter is isolated. This mixture or cacao butter has various advantages over conventional products and is suitable for use in preparation of cocoa drinks.

Abstract: A method of securing a soaker pad (20, 30) to an expanded polystyrene tray (10) for the display of meat products. The method includes securing the soaker pad (20, 30) to the tray (10) at discrete, spaced locations (40) by employing sonic welding to weld a polyethylene lamina or laminae (24, 24', 34, 34') of the soaker pad (20, 30) to the tray (10).

Abstract: The present application is directed to a process for producing a processed soybean food having a phosphorus and potassium content reduced by 30% or more. The process comprises heating 1 part by weight of soybean at 70.degree.-150.degree. C. for 1 to 60 minutes in the presence of water, soaking the heated soybean in 5-100 parts by weight of water at a pH of 3 to 6.5 and a temperature of 10.degree.-80.degree. C. for 5 to 36 hours, separating the soybean from the soaking liquor and washing the separated soybean with 1-100 parts by weight of water at a pH of 5 to 9 and a temperature of 10.degree.-80.degree. C. for 10 minutes to 3 hours.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of the constituents of CO.sub.2 hop extracts employing aqueous alkali is disclosed, as well as the process for the conversion of the separated or unseparated alpha acid fraction into an isoalpha or isohumulone fraction by a process which requires heat alone. Advantageously, the two (2) steps can be combined into a single two-step process, and the ultimate isoalpha acid or isohumulone employed in the bittering of beer, this ultimate end product not requiring the presence of any of the usual synthetic solvent contaminants or other unnatural conditions. The non-acidic fraction may be employed in the flavoring of beer in the usual manner, whereas the beta acid fraction may be converted to hydrogenated isoalpha acids or isohumulones, also for employment in the bittering of beer.

Abstract: A process for the production of a nutritional lactic acid fermentation product comprising admixing a lactobacillus with the waste liquor obtained by soaking soybeans in water and then removing the soybeans, said waste liquor containing very low protein content and containing sugar, and then fermenting said waste liquor containing said lactobacillus whereby said nutritional lactic acid fermentation product is obtained.

Abstract: A prefabricated window unit with an air conditioning system in which cold or hot air is passed through hollow vertical and horizontal members forming a framework of the window unit, and the air is blown out through a blow part formed in the framework toward a room, whereby the room air is conditioned by thermal radiation to or from the framework and by the air blown from the framework. Hollow spaces formed in an upper horizontal member and a waist transom are partitioned into indoor side and outdoor side hollow space portions. In a windowpane frame section consisting of left and right vertical members, the upper horizontal member and the waist transom connected horizontally between the vertical members, are delimited a sealingly enclosed space including a blind by indoor side and outdoor side transparent plates mounted to the outdoor side portion of the windowpane frame section.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for grinding soybeans by grinding soaked soybeans together with a predetermined amount of water to obtain a soybean slurry which method comprises grinding the soaked soybeans in the presence of 10 to 30% by volume of air relative to the total weight of the soaked soybeans and the water, and also to a method for producing retort or aseptic packed tofu using the soybean milk obtained by the method of grinding.

Abstract: A clarifying or clearing vat for the production of worts during the manufacture of beer, including a chopping or breaking open arrangement incorporating a carrying arm which is raisably and lowerably drivable about a central shaft in the clarifying vat. Knives are mounted on the arm for the breaking open or chopping of the brewer's grain. A grain sweeping beam is articulated to the carrying arm and is swingable from a lowered operative position into an elevated or raised inoperative position, whereby the grain sweeping beam is retained in the inoperative position thereof by a latching element which engages into a bolt provided on the carrying arm.

Abstract: A hopping material useful as a kettle additive in preparing anactinic malt beverages is prepared by a method which includes first forming an aqueous suspension of crude hops, containing alpha acids and cellulosic material and alkali hydroxide and an alkali borohydride. The suspension, which has a pH above about 10.5, is heated to isomerize and reduce the alpha acids initially present in the hops. The pH is lowered to about 2 to convert the reduced iso-alpha acids to their free acid forms so that they are adsorbed on cellulosic hop material in the reaction mixture. The cellulosic material which now contains the free isomerized and reduced alpha acids is isolated and is useful as an anactinic kettle additive which can be stored for prolonged periods with no decomposition.

Abstract: The subject matter of this invention relates to a process for removing the soluble metal cations contained in iron oxide pigments comprising washing said iron oxide pigments with a ligand compound having a pH greater than 6.0. The pigments can be used as colorants for substances ingested by man and animals, and they can also be used to stabilize plastics against ultraviolet degradation, and as pigments in base-coat clear-coat automotive finishing operations.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for removing substantially all of the theobromine normally present in cacao beans. The process includes a water extraction of cacao nibs at from about 45.degree. C. to about 55.degree. C. followed by a series of water extraction steps at from about 90.degree. C. to about 105.degree. C. Theobromine and caffeine are separated in the filtrates and the final methylxanthine extracted fraction is returned to the cacao nibs mass from which a methylxanthine extracted cacao liquor is obtained.

Abstract: A flavor enhancing seasoning is disclosed, which is prepared by blanching garlic, and extracting the blanched product with water. The extract produced may be deodorized and concentrated, to provide a seasoning additive that dramatically improves flavor fullness, depth and duration, and can be advantageously combined with flavor intensifiers such as MSG.

Abstract: An internally lined food storage bag useful in the storage of moisture-retentive foods such as fruits and vegetables. The storage bag comprises a hand-closed water-impermeable outer bag containing an absorbent inner bag. The inner bag is made of water absorbent paper or paper-like material attached at the bottom and in small areas (i.e., spots) only part of the way up the interior of the outer bag, thereby enabling separate closure.

Abstract: A tea bag and cover (1), the cover having two leaves (2) and (3) with the tea bag (5) staped to one leaf (2) only below the fold line. In use the tea bag (5) is suspended in the cup with the leaf (2) outside the cup to be supported by a wedging action in cantilever fashion with the leaf (3) folded upwardly and backwardly to fully expose the top of the cup for the pouring in of the water.

Abstract: A method for extracting soy protein from soy flour is provided. Soy flour is added to acidified water so that, immediately upon addition of the soy flour, the water will be in the iso-electric range of soy protein and the soy protein will be usable to enter solution but the soluble fraction of the soy flour will enter solution.

Abstract: A process for the separation of the constituents of CO.sub.2 hop extracts employing aqueous alkali is disclosed, as well as the process for the conversion of the separated alpha acid fraction into an isoalpha or isohumulone fraction by a process which requires heat alone. Advantageously, the two (2) steps can be combined into a single two-step process, and the ultimate isoalpha acid or isohumulone employed in the bittering of beer, this ultimate end product not requiring the presence of any of the usual synthetic solvent contaminants or other unnatural conditions. The non-acidic fraction may be employed in the flavoring of beer in the usual manner, whereas the beta acid fraction may be converted to hydrogenated isoalpha acids or isohumulones, also for employment in the bittering of beer.

Abstract: Flatulence-causing sugars can be removed from beans that contain such sugars through ultrafiltration. An ultrafiltration membrane system with a molecular weight cut-off between 30,000 and 100,000 daltons will permit the sugars to permeate through it, but it will retain most proteins.

Abstract: An internally lined food storage bag useful in the storage of moisture-retentive foods such as fruits and vegetables. The storage bag comprises a hand-closed water-impermeable outer bag containing an absorbent inner bag. The inner bag is made of water absorbent paper or paper-like material attached at the bottom and in small areas (i.e., spots) only part of the way up the interior of the outer bag, thereby enabling separate closure.

Abstract: A method for producing a beverage from an infusible material such as coffee or tea by contacting the material with aqueous medium such as hot water in successive discrete portions, each successive portion re-suspending and re-agitating the material to increase extraction efficiency. The infusible material is preferably enclosed in a disposable brewing container such as a sachet or capsule, the aqueous medium injected therein in successive cycles.

Abstract: A method for harvesting algae of the genus Dunaliella from suspensions thereof in brines containing sodium chloride at a concentration of about 3M or above, wherein the algal suspension is contacted with an adsorbent having a hydrophobic surface so as to adsorb the algae thereon, and the adsorbent with the algae adsorbed thereon is separated from the brine..beta.-carotene and other useful cell components may be extracted from the adsorbed algae by treatment with a suitable solvent.

Abstract: A health food comprising acid- and alkali-insoluble substances obtained as an unextractable residue on extracting defatted seeds of leguminous plants with acid and alkali. Said health food is useful in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of obesity.

Abstract: Substances producing an undesired odor and taste can be removed from microbial protein materials if these materials are treated with aqueous solutions which contain a phosphate and/or a hydrophilic low molecular weight aliphatic compound which contains at least two functional groups from the series comprising hydroxy, formyl, keto and carboxy. Preferred aliphatic extraction auxiliaries are flavoring acids, sugars and polyols, and phosphates are orthophosphates and diphosphates. The extraction can also be carried out in association with reducing the nucleic acid content of defatted cell aggregates.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a non-caloric citrus albedo bulking agent comprising obtaining albedo from citrus peels to produce albedo particles substantially free of flavedo, water-washing to reduce soluble carbohydrates, constituents, removing alcohol and water, and bitter constituents, removing alcohol and water, and finally milling to the consistency of flour. The citrus albedo bulking agent obtained from this process is especially useful as a partial replacement for high-caloric ingredients such as flour, fat and/or sugar in a food product with at least a one-third reduction in caloric density, more preferably from 50% to 75% or higher. The citrus albedo bulking agent has a water binding capacity of from 10 to 20 grams of water per one gram of the albedo bulking agent.

Abstract: The sodium content of a food is reduced and the potassium content simultaneously increased by a process wherein an aqueous solution of a sodium-containing food and an aqueous solution containing potassium ions are circulated on opposite sides of a cation exchange membrane for a time and at a rate sufficient to exchange at least a portion of the sodium and potassium ions.

Abstract: Grape pomace is contacted with an aqueous extraction solvent containing HSO.sub.3.sup.- ions to form anthocyanin-(HSO.sub.3) complex. The complex is recovered by treating the liquid extract phase with a non-ionic adsorbent to adsorb the complex. Anthocyanin colorant, free of the HSO.sub.3.sup.- ions is recovered by elution with an acidified organic solvent for anthocyanin. The anthocyanin colorant may be provided in dry form by drying the solvent solution. This process allows us to remove sugars, organic acids, polymerized anthocyanin pigment and other water soluble material, thus providing a highly "colored" monomeric anthocyanin pigment. The anthocyanin colorant produced by this process is at least 10 times more concentrated than that produced by conventional methods and about two times stronger than most of the concentrated pigment.

Abstract: Apparatus for the extraction of fruit and vegetable pressings and plant raw materials in a closed system. The extraction is effected by simultaneous mechanical and hydrodynamic effects on the materials, the fruit or plant mass being subjected to several extractions in two cyclically alternating modes of fountain-type and turbulent agitation with different intensities with bladed agitator tip speeds in an over-all range of 3 to 25 m/sec. The apparatus has a closed heat-insulated vessel with internal draining wall, a conical bottom, a cover having a ventilation opening, and an opening for the raw material, with a driving unit mounted on the cover with two driving speeds. The driving unit is a shaft on the lower end of which there is mounted an impeller, the shaft resting on a special bearing supported on a grid of blades rectifying the material flow, an elongated diffuser surrounding the impeller, the impeller together with a suction unit leading to the diffuser being fixed to the bottom of the vessel.

Abstract: A process is provided for the processing of certain organic agricultural foodstuff by-products normally having little commercial value to produce a cellulosic product suitable for human consumption or use in various products. The process of the present invention is characterized by subjecting a variety of certain agricultural by-products having little commercial value, such as, for example, soybean hulls, to a series of separate steps utilizing certain chemical treating to effect a solubilizing and removal of the non-cellulosic components of the by-product agricultural material to produce residue solids which consist essentially of cellulose. The cellulose residue solids are subjected to specified purification procedures and thereafter dried to produce a short, fine fibered cellulose which may be processed to a fine powdered state suitable for use as a component part in a wide variety of edible or otherwise useable products by humans, an example of such a product being a low calorie bread.

Abstract: A gel-forming protein product is prepared from a raw material of either defatted or non-defatted oil seeds or products derived therefrom, which contain proteins, carbohydrates and a polysaccharide fraction. The proteins are subjected to a thermal treatment in water. The thermal treatment comprises heating the proteins in one or more stages at a temperature above 50.degree. C. The proteins need not be separated from other constituents of the raw materials but are separated from the polysaccharide fraction. The protein product can be formed into gels having desirable compressibility and elasticity characteristics. The gels are useful in foodstuffs.

Abstract: A flavoring material comprising a flavoring wooden material obtained by treating a wooden raw material with pressure and heat for a time period of 30 seconds or longer in the presence of a saturated steam having a pressure of 4 kg/cm.sup.2.G or higher or a super-heated steam having a temperature of 151.degree. C. or higher and thereafter rapidly or slowly discharging the wooden material into an atmosphere having a lower pressure, and a process for producing drinks and foods to which said flavoring material has been added.

Abstract: Extracting anthocyanin-containing pulp from a vegetable source with sulfur dioxide to form an extract, treating the extract with enzymes to reduce suspended solids, reducing the sulfur dioxide content of the extract, acidifying and recovering the anthocyanin by ion exchange resin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a non-caloric sugar beet pulp bulking agent comprising placing sugar beet pulp slices, particles or spent cossettes into a stabilizing solution to prevent darkening, water-washing to remove a majority of soluble carbohydrates, contacting with an alcoholic solution to remove color and bitter constituents, removing water and alcohol and milling to a flour consistency. The sugar beet pulp bulking agent is especially useful as a partial replacement for high-caloric ingredients such as flour, fat and/or sugar in a food product with at least a one-third reduction in caloric density, more preferably from 50% to 75% or higher. The sugar beet pulp bulking agent has a high water binding capacity of from 15 to 25 grams of water per 1 gram of bulking agent.

Abstract: In a process for depurinizing cocoa, green or roasted cocoa beans are extracted with water at a temperature of from 40.degree. to 60.degree. C., the extract is treated with an adsorbent based on desugared and activated carob particles in order to remove the purines therefrom, and the beans are dried and roasted. The dried beans are preferably rehydrated using the depurinized extract after being concentrated and before final roasting.The treated cocoa is useful for the production of beverages containing cocoa and, when the variant with reincorporation of the non-purine solids is applied, for the production of chocolate.

Abstract: A textured protein product having a protein content of up to 80% is produced by mixing soy meal (grits, flakes or flour) with water containing a protein insolubilizing agent to prepare a homogeneous mass; forming from said mass discrete pieces of a desired configuration under temperature and pressure conditions which retain the proteins in the undenatured state and retain the protein and carbohydrate molecules thereof substantially in the original matrix relationship of the starting material; and cooking the pieces in water in order (1) to denature the proteins in situ whereby contiguous protein molecules interlock to form a three dimensional network structure throughout each of the pieces, and (2) to leach out soluble carbohydrates from within the protein structure.

Abstract: A novel aqueous process for the production of soy protein concentrates which possess many of the functional attributes of soy protein isolates. In producing the soy concentrate, parameters are controlled in the aqueous leaching and separating, neutralization, pastuerization and drying steps which are performed in the order recited.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for isolating and concentrating a natural colorant of bland taste found in plants containing betanin. The process involves adjusting the pH of an aqueous extract of the betanin-containing plant to the isoelectric point of betanin, contacting the pH-adjusted extract with a non-ionic adsorbent to concentrate the betanin pigment on the adsorbent, eluting the adsorbent to remove the betanin pigment, and separating the pigment from the eluting agent.

Abstract: Disclosed are an improved process for preparing compressed yeast and the product of that process. Prior to filtering yeast, it is conventional to contact the yeast with salt or other osmotically-active material to extract a portion of the intracellular water. Some solids are also withdrawn from the yeast cells; and, unless these are washed away prior to filtration, they tend to clog the filter medium. Our improvement concerns washing the yeast prior to filtration and results in increased filtration rates, increased filter medium life, and yeast of improved quality. The product yeast has improved color and plasticity and a lower salt content.

Abstract: An instant coffee substitute is prepared from roasted soybeans. Soybeans are preheated until their interiors are at near roasting temperatures. The interiors of the preheated soybeans are maintained at roasting temperatures for an extended time to over-roast the soybeans. The roasted soybeans are the ground, extracted and filtered as necessary. After filtering, the extract is dried and later may be reconstituted. The product has the color, flavor and aroma of coffee, without any noticeable soy aroma or flavor.