Abstract: A process including dry blanching of raw nuts is described. The nuts are heated with a gas at a temperature of 125.degree. to 175.degree. C. for 30 to 180 seconds and then immediately cooled to below 35.degree. C. within 5 minutes prior to blanching. This provides improved blanching, sorting and other steps in a process for producing products ranging from nuts per se to peanut butters or spreads.

Abstract: Method and pressure vessel for cooking food. The pressure vessel is divided into two zones one of which receives the food to be cooked and the other of which may receive a predetermined quantity of liquid. The pressure vessel is periodically pivoted during cooking with saturated steam, and due to the pivotal or rotational movement the liquid passes periodically from one zone into the other, thus wetting the food retained therein, and back into the former zone.

Abstract: Precooked potato products are prepared by a process wherein the potatoes are washed, peeled, and treated whole or cut into pieces. The so-prepared potatoes are cooked at a temperature below the temperature at which sloughing of the potato surface would occur if the whole potato were cooked to its center at that temperature. Then, the potatoes are heated in air and cooked again at a temperature of about 50.degree. to 100.degree. C. Following the last cooking procedure the potatoes are frozen, chilled, or retorted to preserve them in the absence of starch suspensions. To prepare them for consumption the potatoes can be fried or boiled.

Abstract: A cooker for foodstuff in particulate form, in particular pasta, comprises a plurality of perforate pots, each of which is of a size to cook an individual portion. The pots are individually movable vertically in a tank between a raised position and a lower position. The foodstuff is put in the pot when in raised position. When the pot is lowered, boiling water pumped from a reservoir is injected into the pot to cook the foodstuff while stirring it to prevent its sticking to the pot or to itself. The water drains into the tank and is returned to a hot water reservoir. After a preset time interval the pot is returned to its raised position for discharge of the cooked foodstuff.

Abstract: A continuous cooking or sterilizing process employs apparatus wherein particulate foods are cooked under pressure in and by the cooking sauce with which the food is eventually packed in containers. The sauce is externally heated in a heat exchanger to the sterilizing temperature, and the food and sauce are cooled under pressure by injecting cooled sterile sauce into the hot mixture of cooked product and sauce before the mixture is released to atmosphere. By cooking the product directly in the sauce, product flavor is enhanced and upon cooling, the absorbed sauce is cooled below the flash temperature preventing damage to the cellular portions of the food particles on pressure release. Thus during the canning operation, only a relatively short reheat of the sealed containers and possibly the product is necessary to resterilize the outer portions of the food particles, the cooking sauce, and the interior of the containers.

Abstract: Precooked fruits or vegetables are prepared by a process wherein the fruits and vegetables are cooked to their centers at a temperature below the temperature at which sloughing of the surface tissue would occur if the fruits or vegetables were cooked to their centers at that temperature, i.e below about 81.degree.-83.degree. C. Following the cooking procedure the fruits or vegetables are heated in air and are then preserved.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooking corn is disclosed whereby corn particles are immersed in water in a cooking vessel to form a mass of corn particles, and the water is circulated throughout said mass. The temperature of the mass is raised and the corn particles agitated by directing steam, from a steam chamber, into said mass by deflecting said steam radially outwardly through perforated side walls in the steam chamber. The steam flow is then stopped whereafter the water circulation is stopped and cooked particles of corn are obtained.

Abstract: A low liquid volume retort method is provided wherein a tunnel is disposed within and spaced from the side walls and cover of a retort. A plurality of spaced containers are loaded in the tunnel, and a liquid maintained at a temperature different from that of the containers is then pumped from an inlet end of the tunnel to the outlet end to completely fill the tunnel and to evenly transfer heat between all of the containers and the liquid. The liquid then overflows from the outlet end of the tunnel and gravitates to the lower portion of the retort for return to a desired processing temperature and recirculation through the tunnel. The quantity of liquid required for processing is greatly reduced by filling only the tunnel with liquid, and collecting only a small portion of the liquid at the bottom of the retort before again recirculating the liquid through the tunnel and past the containers therein being processed.

Abstract: Pressurized sprays of a liquid cooking medium are directed against food articles disposed on a support means until said articles are cooked. The sprays are directed simultaneously and aligned in a common plane with one another against opposed sides of each article while maintaining relative movement between the sprays and support means such that each article is clamped between the pressurized sprays and the entire surface of each article is contacted by the cooking medium.

Abstract: Quick-cooking white, brown, and wild rices are prepared by a process wherein the rice is soaked in water, cooked, and dried in a centrifugal fluidized bed drier while being tumbled at at least two different centrifugal forces.

Abstract: This invention relates generally to formulation and manufacture of a meat substitute (and meat extender) base derived from textured soy protein particles and a "functional protein source" such as whey solids, skim milk solids, egg solids and/or wheat gluten to yield a cotextured particle which closely resembles freshly cooked ground meat, both as initially prepared and after prolonged cooking, and to a process for preserving same in a semimoist, ready to use condition. Textured soy protein particles are moisture cooked until soft and pliable in water containing 1% to 3% of common salt, dried to a moisture content of about 30% to 60%, and blended with the "functional protein source" and suitable humectants and antimycotics to develop a cotextured matrix by gentle kneading and grinding, and drying the particled matrix to a moisture content of about 20% to 35%, which is set by means of heat.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rapidly cooking food which includes pressing food directly against a very hot cooking surface with a liquid interface therebetween while the food is submerged in a heated cooking liquid, such as a water-base broth. The cooking surface is preferably formed with a plurality of dispersed dimples which collect and contain the liquid interface at the cooking surface when the food is pressed thereagainst. The apparatus includes two pans located at the extending ends of a connecting conduit with a perforated compression plate for pressing food against the bottom surface of each pan, and a burner is disposed beneath each pan. Controls are provided for alternately lowering the pans to positions immediately above these respective burners and to permit the cooking liquid to flow into the lowered pan, and for automatically energizing and de-energizing the burners when the pans are lowered and raised with respect thereto.

Abstract: Significantly improved cooking of food is achieved in machines which tumble the food in a rotating heated vessel. In one embodiment a food-containing vessel rotates past an electric heater which supplies heat to the vessel. The vessel has a cap provided with an axial vent through which a temperature sensing probe may be inserted for automatic temperature control and has means for circulating the vessel contents. A drive motor is coupled to the vessel automatically when the vessel is inserted in a stand or housing. The axis of rotation of the vessel may be inclined, and the inclination may be adjustable.

Abstract: Shelled peanuts, preferably blanched, are pressed to remove fat from the peanuts and then are cooked in water for a time sufficiently to gelatinize starch and coagulate proteins and also inactivate enzymes while destroying microorganisms. The cooked nuts are then fragmented into particles as by dicing for relatively large particles, or by grinding, for small size particles to make paste or, with drying, to make flour, for example. The particulate product, as a flour, may be used for baking or may be added to water to form milk substitutes. Shredded and diced nuts so treated may be used as food extenders, fillers and the like. The resulting product is of high protein content characterized by a long shelf life and extremely flexible with respect to water content.

Abstract: A dressed body of a fish, which is obtained by cutting off the head part and removing the internal organs of the fish therefrom, is sliced into upper and lower fish fillets and a part mainly consisting of the vertebra thereof. The thus obtained upper and lower fish fillets are heated by means of very hot water, or steam or the like and then cooled forcibly by a coolant with the result that the connective tissues of the fish meats can be hardened in a short time, consumption of heat energy for hardening them is small, the quality deterioration thereof is little and high yield of product is obtained. The upper and lower fillets are heated on a plate with the fillet skins against the plate. The part containing the vertebra is heated, and white meat is later separated from bone.

Abstract: Whole raw onions, as harvested, are cleaned and scalded sufficiently to slicken the membrane interface between the outermost and next inner layers of flesh without appreciably affecting the interfaces between subsequent layers of flesh. The root and stem ends are then cut off, and the outermost layers of flesh of each onion bulb and any outer skin adherant thereto is cut longitudinally along the root-stem axis of the bulb to provide a slit therealong. The so-slit onion bulb is then gripped at opposite sides of and along the slit, and the slit outermost layer of flesh and any adherant skin are pushed downwardly and stripped from the onion bulb, followed by separation of the strippings and the remaining bulb.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and apparatus for the hydration and/or cooking of a particulate material, for example grain which is to be used as a nutrient medium for mycelium growth in the production of mushroom spawn, or food products such as peas, beans, rice, diced root vegetables or meat cut into small pieces.The material is heat treated under pressure with water in liquid or vapour phase, then flash cooled and sterilized. Throughout these operations the material is agitated and the treated sterile material is fed into sterile containers under aseptic conditions.

Abstract: An article of food is heated in an oven in which air is circulated. Moisture in the form of steam or a water spray is added to the air as it circulated several times during the cooking or thawing cycle according to a program. Each moisture dose and the length of the interval between doses is controlled independently according to the treatment desired. The first dose is made after the cooking cycle is started, and the dosing time is usually a fraction of the time between doses.

Abstract: A method of obtaining a plurality of products from soybeans comprising the steps of adding a quantity of water to soybeans in a predetermined ratio to provide a water-soybean mixture and soaking said soybeans for a predetermined period of time, cooking said mixture at a temperature of less than about 235.degree. F. and at a pressure of between about 2 and 10 PSIG for a sufficiently long time to produce a water-soybean solution along with the soybeans, removing said water-soybean solution from the soybeans, adding additional water to said soybeans and again cooking said soybeans in said additional water under the same conditions noted above, removing the water-soybean solution from the soybeans, removing water from said water-soybean solution to produce a concentrated water-soybean solution, extracting oil from said soybeans, drying said soybeans after extracting oil therefrom and grinding said dried soybeans to provide protein meal.

Abstract: In the process of preparing deep-fried potato products such as chips or French fries, the conventional blanching step comprising washing and pre-heating before the actual cooking in oil is replaced by novel blanching step. In this process step, the cut potato products are submersed in water and subjected to the passage of electric current of 50-60 cycles per second supplied to the water bath by means of electrodes immersed therein, during which treatment the potato products are heated to a suitable high temperature such as the boiling point.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and device for the processing of organic substances, particularly the preparation of comestibles such as potatoes, with direct passage of electric current in an electrolyte. The method is distinguished in that the electric characteristics of the current passage processing, e.g. the voltage applied, are varied during the processing period and that the processing is divided into a number of stages with mutually dissimilar electric characteristics.

Abstract: A system for cooking spaghetti and similar pasta products includes a cooking section and a storage section with means for supplying water alternately to either section. The cooking section is equipped with a cook pot having conventional electric or gas heaters for heating water to cook spaghetti. A cooking basket containing spaghetti is suspended in the cook pot by attachment to a basket lifter. Electrical timing means connected to the basket lifter automatically lower the cooking basket at the start of a preselected cook cycle and raise the basket out of the cook pot after the cooking period has ended. The storage section includes a storage tank for rinsing and storing cooked spaghetti in cold water. Multiple rows of nesting cups stacked vertically store individual serving portions of spaghetti in the storage tank. A cup rack is used to reconstitute the spaghetti by suspending the serving cups containing cooked spaghetti in the hot water of the cook pot.

Abstract: A process for cooking quantities of foodstuffs comprises introduction of food and water into a pressurized cooking chamber where the food is cooked under pressure at temperatures of over 100.degree.C. The cooked food is then conveyed into a centrifugal separator wherein excess cooking water and its vapour are removed from the cooked food by subjecting the cooked food to centrifugal force.

Abstract: A digital cooking timer responsive to the temperature of a cooking medium and incorporating minimum and maximum time decoders to insure that the cooking period is within a predetermined range is described. An interval timer sets up a counting period upon immersion of the product in the cooking medium but is inhibited from starting its counting function by the minimum time decoder until elapse of a fixed time period. After elapse of the fixed time period, the interval timer is enabled when and if the cooking medium reaches a predetermined temperature. The maximum time decoder provides an override control that energizes the control device after a fixed period in the absence of an energizing signal for the control device from the interval timer.