Abstract: Citrus fruit juice beverages with minimized bitterness can be obtained by treating citrus fruit juice under a pressure of at least 2000 Kg/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing individual fruit sections from fresh citrus fruit, with improved ease of peeling and sectioning and with reduced amounts of adhering albedo. The fresh citrus fruit are initially scored so as to penetrate the albedo layer, but not the underlying juice sections, and the scored fruit is then immersed in an aqueous solution of a pectinase enzyme. A series of positive pressure pulses is applied to the immersed fruit, to infuse the enzyme solution into the albedo and, after storing the infusion-treated fruit for a prescribed time period, the peel and other membrane material can be readily removed from the fruit and the individual fruit segments readily separated from each other. Infusing the pectinase enzyme solution under pressure, rather than vacuum, and maintaining the solution at approximately room temperature, rather than an elevated temperature, significantly improves the ease of peeling and sectioning and reduces the amount of adhering albedo.

Abstract: A method are disclosed for treating fresh fruit to prevent and retard the growth of fungus. The techniques of the invention include simultaneously scrubbing the fresh fruit while drenching with a falling liquid containing a fungicide. Large volumes of liquid are used and the liquid can be recycled. The liquid also removes dirt and debris and, while containing a rather small amount of fungicide, such amount is present in a concentration sufficient to apply a coating to the fruit at the end of the scrubbing step given proper pH control. The pH of the solution is controlled. During the scrubbing step, the fruit is continuously rotated to provide even fungicidal deposit.

Abstract: Biomass slurry is hydrolyzed in a fuel fired hydrolysis heater. When the biomass is fruit waste, the organic acid in the waste is used as the hydrolysis catalyst. When the biomass does not contain organic acid, carbon dioxide generated in a fermenter is fed to the hydrolysis heater as carbonic acid to provide the catalyst. Solids are separated from the hydrolyzed effluent, and flue gas from the hydrolysis heater is used to dry same. The effluent is fermented and subsequently distilled at substantially atmospheric pressure to produce ethyl alcohol vapor. The vapor is fed to a vacuum distillation tower for producing anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Vacuum distillation tower bottoms provide the reflux for the atmospheric distillation unit. A portion of the stillage from the atmospheric distillation unit is recycled by mixing with new feedstock. The remaining stillage is evaporated to a syrup, mixed with unreacted solids, and dried to produce an animal feed byproduct.

Abstract: Commercially processed orange juice products, including frozen orange juice concentrates, which are closer to hand-squeezed orange juice in character are disclosed. At single-strength, these products have a viscosity of about 7 centipoise or less (at 8.degree. C.) and a titratable oil content of about 0.015% or less. These products are further characterized by an orange aroma and flavor component which has a higher ratio of certain desirable "fresh" and "orangey" compounds, relative to certain less desirable orange compounds, when compared to current commercial orange juice products prepared from orange juice concentrate.

Abstract: There is provided a method of carbonating a liquid dairy product ot which another liquid food ingredient is added in admixture by heating the mixture to between 160.degree. F. and 200.degree. F. for 5 seconds to 30 minutes, to form a buffer of the indigenous ash of the liquid dairy product, cooling and carbonating the mixture to at least 1.5 volumes of carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A method for obtaining commercial feed juices having textural, aroma and flavor properties more like hand-squeezed orange juice is disclosed. This method involves gentle extraction of orange fruit with commercial juice extractors, gentle and quick removal of rag, seeds and peel from the extracted juice, substantially complete removal of sensible pulp, and removal of at least some of the sinking pulp. The feed juices obtained have a relatively low viscosity and sinking pulp level, minimized levels of peel oil and flavanoid glycosides and a relatively high ratio of more desirable orange compounds to less desirable orange compounds.

Abstract: A nutritional fiber composition which comprises approximately 30 to 48.5% fiber, based on the weight of the entire composition, derived from the fruit and vegetable groups, approximately 30 to 48.5% fiber derived from the cereal group and approximately 3 to 40% fiber from sources other then the fruit, vegetable and cereal groups, wherein at least 10% of the total dietary fiber in the entire composition is soluble dietary fiber.

Abstract: Disclosed are improved, intermediate moisture fruit compositions exhibiting the organoleptic properties of greater shortness and moistness and exhibiting reduced stickiness to teeth. The fruit compositions comprise: (A) about 4% to 30% by weight of fruit solids; (B) about 20% to 60% of carbohydrates; (C) about 2% to 25% flaked cereal grains; and (D) about 9% to 18% moisture. Also disclosed are methods for the preparation of such fruit products.

Abstract: A process for forming a citrus juice extender substantially from natural components of citrus fruit wherein flavedo from the citrus fruit is comminuted and combined with an acidifier such as citric acid and sodium citrate as a buffering agent, sufficient water being added to maintain liquidity of the combination. The combination is then finished to remove solids, the resulting liquor being pastuerized and homogenized to form the extender. The extender is stored preferably by packaging and freezing it for subsequent combination with a sweetener and a substantial amount of water to form a diluted and sweetened extender, having citrus flavoring and color as well as cloud forming agent provided by the comminuted flavedo portion of the extender, which is then blended with an initial citrus juice to form a citrus extended product.

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing an improved natural citrus fruit flavor from citrus rinds.

Abstract: Individually separated juice-bearing vesicles are provided by processing citrus fruit having clusters of juice-bearing vesicles within natural enclosures. Extra-gastric digestion may be employed to expose these clusters. A slurry is then formed including exposed clusters of juice-bearing citrus fruit vesicles, and such slurry is propelled in countervailing first and second streams until the clusters are broken up into discrete juice-bearing vesicles.

Abstract: The subject matter of this invention is the use of 6-amino-2-ethylthio-4-pyrimidinol and its water-soluble salts to lessen the acidity and increase the Brix/acid ratio of citrus.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a non-caloric citrus albedo bulking agent comprising obtaining albedo from citrus peels to produce albedo particles substantially free of flavedo, water-washing to reduce soluble carbohydrates, constituents, removing alcohol and water, and bitter constituents, removing alcohol and water, and finally milling to the consistency of flour. The citrus albedo bulking agent obtained from this process is especially useful as a partial replacement for high-caloric ingredients such as flour, fat and/or sugar in a food product with at least a one-third reduction in caloric density, more preferably from 50% to 75% or higher. The citrus albedo bulking agent has a water binding capacity of from 10 to 20 grams of water per one gram of the albedo bulking agent.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the recovery of useful products from orange peels derived from the processing of oranges. The peel is contacted with a solution comprising a non-aqueous water-miscible solvent to extract the sugars, essential oils, and bioflavanoids contained therein. The solvent-extracted peel is dried to produce a product high in cellulose and pectin. The extract is diluted with an aqueous solution to render the essential oils insoluble, with the essential oils being recovered from the extract, causing the bioflavanoids to precipitate and permit their recovery by filtration. The remaining portion of the extract may be recovered and purified to provide a sugar syrup.

Abstract: Fresh citrus pulp is water washed and/or combined with an inorganic basic material such as calcium oxide in order to raise the pH of the pulp material to about 4.0 or above. The pH-adjusted pulp is then frozen and freeze-dried resulting in a dry pulp material which has good wetting and dispersion characteristics and a natural appearance in aqueous medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing a non-caloric sugar beet pulp bulking agent comprising placing sugar beet pulp slices, particles or spent cossettes into a stabilizing solution to prevent darkening, water-washing to remove a majority of soluble carbohydrates, contacting with an alcoholic solution to remove color and bitter constituents, removing water and alcohol and milling to a flour consistency. The sugar beet pulp bulking agent is especially useful as a partial replacement for high-caloric ingredients such as flour, fat and/or sugar in a food product with at least a one-third reduction in caloric density, more preferably from 50% to 75% or higher. The sugar beet pulp bulking agent has a high water binding capacity of from 15 to 25 grams of water per 1 gram of bulking agent.

Abstract: An article of manufacture and process for making same are provided wherein fresh fruit or mixtures thereof is made into a puree by heating, pulping and finishing same in a manner which preserves the fruit's natural integrity, and then the pulped and finished puree is drum dried, flaked and packaged under controlled atmospheric conditions to produce a free flowing flaked fruit product which is readily reconstitutable, and does not contain any binders, gelling agents, fillers, extenders, or other undesirable additives.

Abstract: Disclosed are food compositions having a fluid viscosity and texture similar to pudding, (i.e., a viscosity ranging between about 7,000 to 18,000 c.p. at 40.degree..+-.2.degree. F.). The food products essentially comprise, (A) from about 30% to 55% by weight of raw, washed juice pulp (wet basis); (B) from about 5% to 15% of an acidified milk product such as sour cream or yogurt (solids basis); (C) from about 5% to 15% of nutritive carbohydrate sweetening agent(s); (D) sufficient edible organic acid to provide the food composition with a pH ranging from about 3.0 to 4.5; and (E) sufficient water to provide a moisture content of about 65% to 85%. Preferred embodiments additionally comprise from about 5% to 20% fruit. The food products can be distributed either chilled or frozen.

Abstract: An essential peel oil containing high concentrations of carotenoid pigments and organoleptic constituents may be produced from citrus fruits by a process of abrading the flavedo in small pieces with maximum rupture of peel oil sacs and chromoplasts, mixing the abraded flavedo with a suitable solid dehydrating agent, and pressing the mixture so-produced to express the highly colored oil.

Abstract: A process for producing a dried albedo clouding agent which does not impart off-flavors to the beverage is disclosed. The process involves heating albedo-containing material which is then ground and treated with a macerating enzyme. The enzyme is then inactivated and coarse particles are filtered out and discarded. The filtrate is centrifuged to obtain the clouding agent which is then washed with water, isopropyl alcohol or a combination of the two. The clouding agent is dried to obtain a stable product compatible with dry beverage formulas for citrus-type beverages.

Abstract: A citrus food, which is prepared by incorporating 0.005 to 1.0 weight percent of cyclodextrin into natural citrus fruit in the course of the production of said food, thereby removing or reducing the bitterness as well as in preventing the formation of cloudiness in the citrus food.

Abstract: A method of preparing citrus fruit sections with a fresh fruit flavor and appearance is disclosed. Thick albedo type grapefruit and oranges are cleaned and heated to a core temperature of about 20.degree. to 40.degree. C. They are subsequently scored to the juicy portion, vacuum infused with a commercial pectinase, incubated for critical time and temperature periods, and peeled. The resultant high quality fruit is stored in refrigeration.

Abstract: This is a method in which a liquid extract containing effective ingredients is obtained from water solutions of Mycelium nutrient medium and tissue-medium from edible fungus belonging to the genus Basidiomycetes and is diluted with water and sprayed over the surface of the leaves to accelerate coloring and improve sweetness of citrus fruits.

Abstract: Disclosed are dry cake mixes which produce improved layer cakes. The cake mixes contain flour, sugar, emulsified shortening, leavening agents, and from about 0.2% to 10% by weight of dried citrus juice vesicle solids. The juice vesicle solids have a moisture content between about 5% to 12% and a particle size of from about 50 to 400 microns.

Abstract: Palatable and edible food products are prepared from a fruit precursor comprising substantially non-edible and substantially non-palatable portions of fruits by comminuting the precursor and digesting the comminuted precursor by combining an edible, water-soluble digesting agent with the comminuted precursor. The digesting agent serves to adjust the pH of the precursor to a value at which the precursor cells rupture and enzymes in the precursor are active.Thereafter, the digested precursor is neutralized by changing the pH of the digested precursor with an edible, water-soluble neutralizing agent to about the value of the pH of the comminuted precursor prior to digestion. Fruits for which this process can be used include citrus fruits, pineapple, banana, papaya, mango, and combinations thereof.

Abstract: A citrus fruit fresh cream cosmetic manufactured from the solid parts of citrus fruit. By blending and homogenizing, an equal quantity in volume of tenderized solid parts of citrus fruit and fresh drinking water, an emulsion is produced as a colloidal dispersion of all the constituents of the fruit in the fresh water. The citrus fruit fresh cream is a cleanser-emulsion by the action of water reducing its surface tension.

Abstract: A method, and the product rendered by the method, for processing citrus fruit to tenderize the intermediate membrane between adjacent fruit sections includes heating canned citrus sections containing membranes to an elevated center can temperature in order to tenderize the membrane, but in which the cooking process is insufficient to appreciably damage the juice sacs in the fruit sections adjacent to the membrane.

Abstract: Disclosed are non-dairy dessert compositions which are free of conventional emulsifiers and which are heat shock stable. The compositions comprise from about 50% to 98% of a specially prepared comestible base, from about 0.4% to 4% of an acid-stable whipping agent, from about 0.05% to 0.5% of an acid stable polysaccharide gum and from about 1% to 15% of an edible fatty triglyceride oil. The moisture content of the dessert compositions ranges between 48% and 65%. The comestible base is prepared by forming an uncooked blend comprising from about 25% to 65% by weight of the blend of citrus juice vesicles, from about 7% to 45% of a nutritive carbohydrate sweetening agent, from about 1% to 5% of an ungelatinized starch, from about 0.1% to 0.4% of water-soluble pectin, from about 8% to 60% by weight of water and sufficient non-volatile edible organic acid to provide the blend with a pH between 2.5 and 5.5. The blend is then cooked to a viscosity (190.degree. F.) between 7,000 and 10,000 cp.

Abstract: Disclosed are frosting compositions which are substantially free of emulsified oleaginous materials yet exhibit the organoleptic attributes of creme icings. The frosting compositions comprise a comestible base prepared in prescribed manner, and minor amounts of both an acid-stable whipping agent and polysaccharide gum. The comestible base is prepared by cooking a blend comprising citrus juice vesicles, a nutritive carbohydrate sweetening agents, an ungelatinized starch, an edible organic acid to provide a pH between 2.5 to 5.5 and water. The cooking yields a base having a moisture content between 30% to 60% and a viscosity between 7,000 to 10,000 cp. The frosting compositions upon aeration provide frostings having a density between 0.6 to 0.8 g./cc.

Abstract: Disclosed are food products in the form of a comestible base which contain major amounts of citrus juice residual juice vesicle solids. The comestible bases are formed by first preparing an uncooked blend comprising (1) 25% to 65% citrus juice vesicles having a moisture content between 89% to 96% by weight of the vesicles, (2) 7% to 45% by weight of a nutritive carbohydrate sweetening agent, (3) sufficient edible non-volatile organic acid to provide the blend with a pH between 2.5 to 5.5, (4) 1% to 5% of an ungelatinized starch, and, (5) 8% to 60% added water. The blend prepared by mixing these essential ingredients is cooked at a temperature of between 180.degree. F. and 280.degree. F. to form the present comestible bases. The cooking step results in the comestible base having a moisture content reduced to 30% to 60% and an increased viscosity of up to 7,000 to 10,000 cp. at 190.degree. F. Consistency of the comestible base is alternatively expressed in Bostwick consistometer values of between 7.5 and 9.

Abstract: Preparing a citrus fiber additive for food products, made from about 80% orange and 20% grapefruit waste containing the peel, membrane, pulp and seed. After washing the fruit, removing the oil from the fruit, extracting the juice therefrom, chopping the waste into chunks, neutralizing the acid content of the chunks by the addition of calcium hydroxide, and pressing out and removing the wet molasses from the neutralized chunks, the process includes:A. blending in sesame grain flour;B. grinding such pressed chunks into about 1/4 inch uniform particle size material;C. drying to less than about 7% moisture in moderate heat of about 210.degree. F.-230.degree. F. into a light tan colored material; andD. milling said material into a desired particle size.

Abstract: The storage life of citrus fruit, such as lemons, oranges and grapefruit, is extended and their resistance to deterioration upon exposure to air is improved by subjecting them to controlled or modified atmospheres (CA) consisting essentially of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen and nitrogen.

Abstract: Disclosed are intermediate moisture food products which contain major amounts of orange citrus juice vessicle solids. The food products also contain from about 12% to 40% of a carbohydrate nutritive sweetener and sufficient amounts of edible organic acid to provide a pH of about 2.5 to 4.5. The food products have a moisture content of from about 8% to 30% and a water activity ranging from about 0.30 to 0.85. The disclosed food products exhibit prolonged moisture retention and microbial stability.

Abstract: A gelling composition used as a food gelling agent, in water or milk, and comprising a gelling mixture consisting of a first gelling agent which is a galactomannan and a second gelling agent which is an agar and/or a xanthane, wherein the galactomannan has undergone a depolymerization treatment so that its solution in water at 1% has a viscosity in the range of 10 and 1000 centipoises at 25.degree. C.

Abstract: The membranes of citrus-fruit pulp-segments may be removed in a short time without using an acid liquid by a process comprises separating pulp-segments of peeled fruits from each other, heating the separated pulp-segments with hot water or steam and then immersing the pulp-segments in a solution of a mixture of alkali and phosphate.

Abstract: Bitterness in citrus juices is reduced by addition of a minor proportion of neodiosmin.

Abstract: A concentrate for fresh lemon-flavored alcohol beverages comprises alcohol and from 0.5 to 10 percent lemon, in the form of lemon peel or lemon oil, is prepared by mixing the lemon and alcohol, and thereafter permitting these ingredients to stand at ambient temperature and form a concentrate solution. Suitable quantities of water and sugar may be added to control the percent alcohol and dryness, respectively, of the beverage.

Abstract: Fruit flakes made by applying a moist mass of fruit pulp, sugar and starchy material to a hot smooth substrate in a thin layer, at least partially dehydrating said layer to form a cohesive film, peeling said film from said substrate and forming said film into an irregular structure, drying said film until it is brittle, and dividing said film into flakes.

Abstract: In a process of preparing animal feed from citrus residue, the citrus residue is pulverized and pectin is precipitated, preferably with lime. The resulting mixture is then heated to release water and volatile compounds including (d-limonene) from solids. The evaporated water and d-limonene are collected and condensed, thereby preventing their escape into the atmosphere. The solids are then dried in a rotary kiln to yield the animal feed.

Abstract: This invention relates to a rapid method for drying foodstuffs and the foods dried thereby. In particular, the method disclosed involves comminuting the foodstuff, blending therewith starch in an amount of 20 to 96% by anhydrous weight of the total mixture and drum drying to a desired moisture level. The resulting dried and extended foodstuff is superior to conventionally dried foodstuffs in color, fragrance, flavor retention and storage stability.