Abstract: A livestock feed containing meat and bone, bloodmeal, soy hulls, corn and about 20% by weight liquid animal fat. The invention further relates to a process for making a livestock feed including the steps of mixing together meat and bone, bloodmeal, soy hulls, corn and a first portion of liquid animal fat; extruding the mixture into pellets; and then spraying the extruded pellets with a second portion of liquid animal rat. All of the fat used in the livestock feed and in the process for making the livestock feed is liquid animal fat.

Abstract: The process for producing a flake style food of the present invention comprises adding a dehydrated vegetable to a seasoning solution, emulsifying the obtained mixture by stirring at a high speed of from 1,000 to 10,000 rpm within a temperature zone of from 10.degree. to 80.degree. C. for 1 to 10 minutes and mixing the emulsified product thus obtained with fish meat, poultry meat, cattle meat or artificial meat.

Abstract: A composition for inhibiting the growth of bacteria in raw or processed meat products having a pH between about 6.0 and 6.5 stored at above freezing temperatures using an inorganic propionate salt which extends the shelf life of the meat is described. The salt is preferably sodium propionate or calcium propionate and is used in an amount less than about 1% by weight and preferably between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent by weight of the meat such that no flavor is imparted to the meat. Preferred dried compositions containing a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici and a propionate salt are also described.

Abstract: A completely digestible highly nutritious dog chew, the texture or hardness of which is easily modified to suit a particular dog by the dog owner. By irradiating the chew in a microwave oven, the chew is caused to expand and is thereby rendered more easily chewable.

Abstract: The dog food formula is a composition comprising the following ingredients: brewer's yeast, bran, biscuit mix, water, desiccated liver, safflower or corn oil, ascorbic acid and chelated zinc. Additional ingredients may also be included such as bone meal, lecithin oil, wheat germ oil, soy oil, wheat flour, honey and flavorings such as meat or fish.

Abstract: Instead of using injection needles, that have to be inserted into and withdrawn from the meat with the latter substantially stationary relative to the needles, the method and apparatus of the invention use high-pressure nozzles (11) directing powerful jets of liquid penetrating into the meat to the requisite depth, preferably while the meat is being conveyed through a set of conduits, including a unit (7) containing said nozzles (11), preferably also a vibration-massage unit (8) and a deformation-massage unit (9), before being delivered through an outlet unit (10).

Abstract: The surface of red meat is treated with an trialkali metal orthophosphate to reduce, remove, retard or control salmonella, campylobacter, listeria, and spoilage bacteria without causing organoleptic depreciation of the meat, including color change.

Abstract: A process for producing a vegetable protein product for use with an animal protein material in which a non-hydrated vegetable proteinaceous extract is blended under conditions of shear with a quantity of water insufficient for full hydration of the extract and a frozen animal food product having a temperature sufficiently low to render it essentially rigid, e.g. not greater than 0.degree. C., to produce a granular product containing said vegetable proteinaceous extract and said animal food product.

Abstract: An edible salt enhancing composition is provided which is a combination of L-aspartic acid and L-arginine and sodium chloride.

Abstract: A method for inhibiting the growth of bacteria in raw or processed meat products having a pH between about 6.0 and 6.5 stored at above freezing temperatures using an inorganic propionate salt which extends the shelf life of the meat is described. The salt is preferably sodium propionate or calcium propionate and is used in an amount less than about 1% by weight and preferably between about 0.05 and 0.5 percent by weight of the meat such that no flavor is imparted to the meat. Preferred dried compositions containing a bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici and a propionate salt are also described.

Abstract: The invention enables processed meat to absorb and retain a large quantity of water without causing the processed meat to ooze water, especially over an extended shelf life. The water replaces the fat in muscle meat. A first step is achieved by dissolving and removing fat and myosin from the muscle meat, thereby leaving a matrix of muscle fixers. By marinating the meat in a brine, water is introduced into the matrix, much as a dry sponge soak up water. Then, the meat is further processed by cooking it to entrap the water within the meat by closing and sealing the fiber of the matrix over it. The inventive process includes a preparation of a "bag" of ingredients which may be dropped simultaneously into a processing vat filled with water, as opposed to a system where the processing ingredients are added one at a time, in a prescribed sequence and time program. Among other things in the bag of ingredients, perhaps, the most important are isolated soy protein and carrageenan.

Abstract: Meat is marinated or pickled in a marinating or pickling medium which contains a heat stable starch in an amount of from 0.1% to 5.0% by weight based upon the weight of the meat.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method for treatment of soapstock obtained by alkali refining of fats to provide a fluid, uniform, pumpable animal feed product. In the method, a raw soapstock is provided. The soapstock is pretreated by adding a strong, soluble base to the soapstock. Propionic acid is then added to the pretreated soapstock and the pH is adjusted to provide an acidified soapstock. With soapstocks having low gum levels, a fluid, uniform, pumpable product is provided without further treatment. At higher gum levels, the pretreated soapstock and/or the acidified soapstock is heated to a predetermined temperature to provide the fluid, uniform, pumpable product.

Abstract: A chew toy comprised of a pair of cattle hooves and length of flexible cotton rope secured to and extending between the hooves whereby the hooves are carried by the rope and the rope obstructs access to the natural cavities within the hooves, thereby inhibiting the ability of a pet to grip one of the side walls of the hooves between its teeth and obtain sufficient leverage thereon to fracture the side wall. The soft cotton rope also renders the chew toy flexible and easily manipulated by the pet and additionally provides an alternative chewing surface which provides a gentle massaging of the pet's gums and a flossing of the pets teeth when chewed.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for making pet chews. According to the invention, ligaments from cattle and other hoofstocks are rendered substantially free of fat and then dried until the de-fatted ligaments are hardened and suitable for use as pet chews. According to the invention, the ligaments are rendered substantially free of fat in one of two ways: (1) either by washing the ligaments in an aqueous degreasing solution comprised of water, strong alkali (e.g., sodium or potassium hydroxide) and cleaning agents or (2) by roasting the ligaments until they are rendered substantially free of adherent fat. With the aqueous degreasing method, the washed ligaments are roasted until they assume a pleasing color. Following roasting, the ligaments may be further dried until they are hard and "bone like", and suitable for pets to chew on.

Abstract: A process for the removal of sterols and/or lipid components (e.g., cholesterol and fats) from lipid containing food (e.g., meat) using sub or supercritical fluids (e.g., CO.sub.2) involves initial processing of the food to produce an intermediate moisture product in which substantially all of the "free water" but not all of the "bound water" is removed. Different moisture removal techniques may be used. Where freeze drying of food flakes is adopted the moisture level is preferable reduced to 30-55% w/w. The intermediate moisture product is treated with supercritical CO.sub.2 to remove the lipids therefrom. Optionally the cholesterol can be separated from the fat component by use of an adsorbent to selectively remove the cholesterol from the supercritical CO.sub.2. The product can be reconstituted with water and fat to provide a reconstituted meat product suitable for hamburgers.

Abstract: A meat product of at least one individual chunk of meat cooked in a compact form in an outer mesh netting is provided. The meat product is simultaneously wrapped and covered with both a thin and fragile edible inner collagen film and the outer netting such that the edible inner collagen film is in surface contact with the meat product as a casing and as a separating medium to hinder adhesion of the outer netting to the meat product. The netting completely encloses both the meat product and the inner collagen film. The meat product is then heat treated by cooking it as well as the edible inner collagen film and the outer netting to avoid any problem of sticking of the netting to the meat product and preclude damage to the edible inner collagen film. The edible collagen film is insoluble in water so that the cooking makes it possible to provide a compact, ready-to-eat meat product with a flawless, intact outer surface. Finally, the outer netting is removed to obtain a visually pleasing meat product.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method enabling reduction in the occurrence of dark-cutting meat in animals especially in ruminants such as bovine cattle, sheep and goats. This method comprises the administration to animals intended for slaughter of an effective amount of sorbitol shortly before their slaughter. The invention also comprises a feed supplement for animals intended for slaughter, this feed supplement being administered either in solid form or in the form of an aqueous liquid preferably added directly in their drinking water. The amount of sorbitol administered before slaughter is at least 0.05% of the weight of the carcass of the animal.

Abstract: A method of making a food product from prime meat, said product being capable of lowering blood cholesterol levels, wherein the prime meat is made to react with omega-3, omega-6 and/or omega-9 group fatty acids by homogenizing their mixture into a colloid.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of increasing the ratio of body protein to fat in a animal by maintaining the animal in a hyperimmune state. The invention also provides a method of increasing carcass protein levels in animals. The invention further provides a method for producing lean, low-fat meat for human or animal consumption.

Abstract: Simple and effective methods for dramatically reducing the cholesterol content and saturated fat content of red meat and fowl are provided. The processing employs a heated unsaturated oil to solubilize the saturated fat and cholesterol of fragmented meat and then employs an aqueous fluid to separate and remove the extracting oil from the oil processed meat. The invention not only includes methods for such processing, but also provides meat having markedly reduced saturated fat, markedly increased unsaturated fat, reduced total fat, and reduced cholesterol content; an aqueous meat flavoring and stock agent; and an oil containing concentrated amounts of cholesterol and saturated fat which may be employed for food in which cholesterol and saturated fat are not a concern or for non-food uses.

Abstract: A process for preparing food products having adjustable energy and nutritional values which comprises, in that sequence, (a) preparing an emulsion of a milk product such as whole milk, nonfat milk, powdered milk and the like, (b) freezing this emulsion and (c) then thoroughly and intimately admixing this frozen emulsion with a meat, fish, vegetable, grain, fruit, cheese etc. product. By suitable selection and adjustment one to the other of the milk component with the other component, products having different caloric and energy values can be obtained. These products are distinguished by fine taste, texture and stability.

Abstract: A meat product composed of a meat core and a fatty outer layer is made by coextrusion of small thin slices of lean meat and fatty material. Prior to extrusion the thin slices are coated with meat glue. The coextrudate is case hardened and cut to the desired length.

Abstract: A stepwise method of recovering high integrity particulate feed supplement fats free of live pathogens and malodors from abatoir sludge containing substantial fat components in a vacuum evaporating granulator. The method comprises: primary comminuting aqueous abatoir sludge with strong base until a fluid suspension of finely divided particles is formed; evaporatively heating the suspension until the dry matter amounts to more than 70 percent and the strong base has reacted with the fat component and coagulated the fluid suspension to form soft homogeneous solid agglomerates; secondary comminuting the agglomerates with high speed blades until particles are formed with diameters smaller than 5 millimeters; and setting the particles by heating under vacuum until the particles harden, exhibit no malodors, and are free of live pathogens. A chemical agent such as phosphoric acid or uncondensed urea-formaldehyde concentrate may be additively reacted with the abatoir sludge to ameliorate odors and pathogens.

Abstract: An animal hoof is soaked in a solution containing from about 50% to about 100% propylene glycol and from about 0% to about 50% water, then pressure cooked in a solution containing from about 50% to about 100% propylene glycol and from about 0% to about 50% water, the cooked in vegetable oil. The cooked hoof may then be filled with an edible filer such as dry dog food.

Abstract: Novel C-Gel food products comprising an aqueous gelatin kappa carrageenan matrix and a dispersed food product selected from the groups consisting of meat, seafood, vegetable, fruit, synthetic protein fiber, chocolate and mixtures thereof, in which the gelatin and carrageenan are present as a structurally firm continuous aqueous carrageenan/gelatin phase matrix at refrigeration temperature.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for the removal of cholesterol and/or cholesterol esters from foodstuffs by extraction with compressed carbon dioxide, whereina) the cholesterol-containing extraction material is treated with compressed carbon dioxide at a pressure above 100 bar and at a temperature of from 10.degree. to 90.degree. C.,b) from the carbon dioxide stream loaded with cholesterol and/or cholesterol esters, as well as with further lipophilic components, the cholesterol components are selectively removed by adsorption on a solid adsorption agent or by adduct formation andc) at least a part of the carbon dioxide current substantially free from cholesterol components is again passed over the treated extraction material and/or used for the extraction of untreated, cholesterol-containing extraction material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods, compositions, and apparatus for treating and upgrading the tenderness and sensory qualities of fresh red meats. The present invention provides a mechanism whereby low grades of meat may be made tender, flavorful, and juicy without significantly increasing saturated fat content. This is accomplished by injecting the meat with appropriate injectates. Such injectates may include unsaturated vegetable fats such as corn oil, water, and even beef tallow or other saturated fats. It is presently prefereed to include a binder in the injectate such that a substantial portion of the injectate is retained within the meat even after cooking. Failure to provide a binder often results in a drier tasting meat product.The present invention also teaches the construction of an apparatus which allows injection in a sanitary manner. Additionally, injection can be accomplished such that the meat product may have the appearance of natural marbling.

Abstract: Use of compounds which are capable of providing selecter cations in solution to inhibit the development of warmed-over flavor (WOF) in meats and meat products. Al.sup.3+ and divalent cations, such as Ca.sup.2+, Cu.sup.2+, Zn.sup.2+, and Mg.sup.2+, may inhibit iron-catalyzed oxidation of certain phospholipids in the meat and thereby reduce WOF generation.

Abstract: Disclosed are high meat content jerky-type pet treats and their methods of preparation. The present pet jerky treats provide product quality attributes of conventionally prepared jerky treats but with substantial cost savings. The present method involves a multi-step extrusion cooking process of major amounts involving aqueous dispersions of animal meats, soy meal, farinacious material, and minor amounts of salts, humectants, and flavorants.

Abstract: A boneless meat product, including hams and other boneless meat, the meat being spirally sliced around an axis through the meat. The axis is created by the insertion of a temporary support member through the meat. The meat is mounted in meat slicing apparatus which rotates the meat. A slicer blade is introduced into the meat in a plane substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation while the meat is rotating. The slicer blade is then indexed linearly along an axis parallel to the axis of rotation of the meat, thereby effecting a spiral cut in the meat. The meat is removed from the apparatus following slicing operations and the support member removed from the meat.

Abstract: A method of making a jerky-type product is provided which uses multiple extrusion steps. First, a blend of a wet beef product and a high protein flour are mixed and then cooked by extruding the first blend at a temperature sufficient to at least partially cook the beef in the first blend. Next, a second blend is formed which includes the extruded product of the first extrusion step and additional wet beef. The second blend is then cooked by extruding the second blend at a temperature sufficient to cook the wet beef in the second blend. Finally, the material from the second blend is processed into jerky form.

Abstract: A process for the removal of sterols and/or lipid components (e.g., cholesterol and fats) from lipid containing food (e.g., meat) using sub or super-critical fluids (e.g., CO.sub.2) involves initial processing of the food to produce an intermediate moisture product in which substantially all of the "free water" but not all of the "bound water" is removed. Different moisture removal techniques may be used. Where freeze drying of food flakes is adopted the moisture level is preferably reduced to 30-55% w/w. The intermediate moisture product is treated with supercritical CO.sub.2 to remove the lipids therefrom. Optionally the cholesterol can be separated from the fat component by use of an absorbent to selectively remove the cholesterol from the supercritical CO.sub.2. The product can be reconstituted with water and fat to provide a reconstituted meat product suitable for hamburgers.

Abstract: Described is a process for producing a marinaded proteinaceous product, such as a marinaded chicken meat, whereby the resulting product has a savory flavor, such as a teriyaki flavor, comprising the steps of:(a) providing a meat muscle tissue inner food core;(b) preparing a mixture of:(i) an inorganic phosphate salt;(ii) water; and(iii) a reaction flavor which is a reaction product of cysteine hydrochloride, thiamine hydrochloride and macerated meat;(c) coating the mixture of (b) onto the surface of the meat of (a) and keeping the coating on the meat for such a period of time as to cause the meat to permanently absorb or adsorb the flavor composition of (b); and(d) cooking the resulting product.

Abstract: A reconstituted meat product comprising a plurality of meat pieces agglomerated together, wherein the meat pieces are of an elongate shape and are arranged in a substantially helical array through the meat product. The helical arrangement of the meat pieces aids in binding the meat pieces and gives to the reconstituted product a natural appearance.

Abstract: A chewy, semi-plastic, non-porous, microbiologically-stable dog food which includes: 12 to about 30 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the dog food, of gelatin; at least one acidulant; at least one cereal starch-containing textural agent; at least one release agent; at least one taste agent; at least one sugar; salt; and added water. The dog food is in a compacted form. The dog food has a pH of about 3 to 5, and has a moisture content of about 10 to about 25 weight percent, based upon the weight of the dog food. The process for preparing the dog food includes: (a) mixing the dry components and liquid components with low speed agitation and continuing the mixing until a dough is obtained; (b) forming the dough by compacting into compacted dog snacks or biscuits; (c) conditioning the compacted dough at 185.degree. to 200.degree. F. for about 7 to 8 minutes; and (d) packaging the compacted dog snacks or biscuits in a protective package.

Abstract: A novel foodstuff is produced by reacting a milk-coagulating enzyme which is produced by a milk-coagulating enzyme-producing microorganism belonging to genus Aspergillus, genus Mucor, or genus Rhizopus and which exhibits a milk-coagulating activity (A) and a protease activity (B) such that the ratio of (A)/(B) is larger than 0.1, with soymilk thereby inducing coagulation, and collecting a resulting coagulated material. The novel foodstuffs produced have the benefit of lacking the bitterness and astringency common to soybean, abounds in emulsifying activity, exhibit a high water-retention property, and are smoothly agreeable to the taste. Thus, they have extensive utility as substitutes for raw materials in conventional processed foods. They are especially suitable for use as raw materials for emulsifiable foods.

Abstract: Described is a process for producing a cooked edibly browned storage-stable fibrous proteinaceous muscle tissue foodstuff including the steps of:(a) providing a particulate flowable flavoring powder which contains individually discretely encapsulated Maillard reaction reagents with the reaction reagents being at least one encapsulated amino acid and at least one encapsulated sugar;(b) providing an uncooked fibrous proteinaceous muscle tissue foodstuff containing more than 50% water;placing in intimate the contact with at least part of the surface of the foodstuff, a flavor augmenting, imparting or enhancing quantity of the particulate flowable flavoring powder of (a); andexposing the flavoring powder coated foodstuff surface to microwave powder-radiation for a period of time to cause the foodstuff to be ediblewhereby the resulting product is caused to be edible as a foodstuff and the cooked fibrous proteinaceous muscle tissue is edibly browned.

Abstract: Raw meat is sliced into wafer-thin slices having coarse and irregular surfaces and fibrils protruding therefrom. The slices are intertangled with each other through the fibrils to form a cohesive mass which is then formed into a restructured meat product. A restructured meat product which is a cohesive mass of meat slices is also disclosed.

Abstract: Barbecue meat patties of a pre-determined weight are formed by an automated process which includes the steps of providing a barbecue sauce including at least 5% of a binder, such as molasses and ketchup, mixing meat with the sauce to form barbecue meat while chilling the meat and sauce to a temperature of 28.degree. F. to 32.degree. F., forming the chilled meat and sauce into patties under a pressure of 70 to 80 psi, and gradually freezing the patties to storage temperature.

Abstract: A composition is provided of inorganic polyphosphates which will form a clear, stable solution suitable for injection into meat products. The composition comprises sodium tripolyphosphate and a long-chain glassy phosphate in sufficient quantities to provide 92 to 85 parts by weight sodium tripolyphosphate and 8 to 15 parts by weight of long-chain glassy phosphate, said long-chain glassy phosphate having a degree of polymerization of about 20 to 30, an average mole ratio of (Na.sub.2 O+H.sub.2 O)/P.sub.2 O.sub.5 below about 1.067, and preferably possessing terminal groups on the polyphosphate chain having no less than about 75% OH with the remainder being ONa.

Abstract: Described is a process for producing a marinaded proteinaceous product such as marinaded chicken meat whereby the resulting product has a savory flavor such as a teriyaki flavor, comprising the steps of:(a) providing a chicken meat food core;(b) preparing a mixture of:(i) an inorganic phosphate salt;(ii) water; and(iii) a reaction flavor which is a reaction product of cysteine hydrochloride, thiamine hydrochloride and macerated chicken meat;(c) coating the mixture of (b) onto the surface of the chicken meat of (a) and keeping the coating on the chicken meat for such a period of time as to cause the chicken meat to permanently absorb or adsorb the flavor composition of (b); and(d) cooking the resulting product.

Abstract: Meat and poultry portions, such as chicken breasts, are marinated uniformly with standardized quality under various conditions encountered in the manufacturing process. This quality is achieved by mixing a batch of raw products in a marinade to pass the products periodically out of the marinade. The meat and the marinade are simply metered to provide a predetermined amount of marinade to be absorbed by the meat. The meat is then simply mixed or agitated with the marinade until all the marinade is absorbed and the outer meat surfaces are covered by a myosin protein layer. A coating mixture of dry powders, including natural sugar solids, is applied to the moistened surface of the marinated meat and adheres to the myosin layer to produce a uniform thin glazing coat adhering to the product surface. Flavorings and spices in the coating mixture provide product taste, and sugar solids provide a product appearance.

Abstract: A textured proteinaceous food having a unique texture which is obtained in such a manner that a domestic animal meat or a marine animal meat or a minced meat of such animal is heated so as to gel to such an extent that the meat material does not lose its binding capacity, and the proteinaceous material in this gel state is force-extruded under pressure from a die having a predetermined configuration and a predetermined number of orifices. It is possible to obtain products having various kinds of cross-sectional pattern such as a honeycomb pattern and a rose-like pattern by employing appropriate dies.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a food and feedstuff intended to be able to function in connection with an antibacterial system comprising lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide donor, and salivary peroxide-thiocyanate-hydrogen peroxide donor, respectively, whereby the vegetables present in the food and the feedstuff have been treated in such a way that vegetable peroxidases present have become deactivated.

Abstract: A two-phase meat product comprising 20-90 wt % of a texture imparting phase consisting of aligned flat meat slices, having a thickness of 0.5-6 mm, and 80-10 wt % of a finely dispersed succulence imparting phase, which product exhibits a parallel arrangement of its constituent phases, so that appropriate planes of orientation are formed to give sequential breakdown of the product in the mouth upon consumption. Also a process of producing these products is disclosed.

Abstract: A method of preparing crispy barbecued snouts, beef tripe or pig ears and skins, and the products thereof, including: in all products trim off excess fat from the lean meat, cover the lean meat with water and boil for about 20-30 minutes, season it while keeping water in and over the products, and boil for another two hours. Allow the boiled product to cool, place it on a platter, and freeze it. This frozen product then may be kept for a long period of time in the frozen state, wrapped and packaged to avoid freezer burn. When it is desired to use the product, it can be put into deep frying fat for 15-30 minutes, removed and put in a sauce and served.

Abstract: Cholesterol reductase was discovered in certain green plant parts. The enzyme is known to be present in several bacteria that commonly inhabit the digestive tract of animals. Eubacteria species A.T.C.C. 21408 is one such cholesterol reductase-containing bacterium. It is concentrated from a homogenate, preferably of leaves of plants or from bacteria or other organisms to provide a cell-free, cholesterol reductase-enriched preparation that can be used to decrease cholesterol content of food substances.

Abstract: The invention provides a meat-based product comprising a whole-muscle body A and a core B of stuffing. The stuffing contains cereal, herbs and spices and also a major proportion of a material, preferably fatty, to produce a thick viscous readily extrudable emulsion. The product also includes an outer casing D and an annular layer C of fat between the whole-muscle body A and the casing D. The product is made by coextrusion from a triple coextrusion head supplied with whole-muscle meat, stuffing formulation and the fatty material from separate hoppers.

Abstract: Methods of using fructose as a sweetener, particularly crystalline fructose, are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of using dry foodstuff mixes containing fructose in a crystalline form to prepare foods for consumption while hot or cold. Further, the use of fructose and acidulants to obtain a foodstuff of desired sweetness is also disclosed. The consistent sweetness of fructose over temperature, regardless of the distribution of anomeric forms thereof, and the varying effect different acidulants have on the sweetness of fructose are also disclosed.