Abstract: A method of treating cellulose-containing materials to increase chemical and biological reactivity of cellulose. The cellulose is contacted, in a pressure vessel, with a volatile liquid swelling agent having a vapor pressure greater than atmospheric at ambient temperatures, such as ammonia. The contact is maintained for a sufficient time to enable said agent to swell the cellulose fibers. The pressure is rapidly reduced to atmospheric, allowing said agent to boil and explode the cellulose fiber structure. The rapid pressure reduction also causes some freezing of the cellulose. The agent is separated from said cellulose and recovered for recycling.

Abstract: A livestock feed block comprising a compacted mass of cotton burr and other residue produced in the process of ginning cotton. The burr is compacted in a mold apparatus including a movable power operated tamping or compacting ram fitted with a spray manifold for coating the feed block material with a settable liquid binder prior to the compaction process. Compaction is carried out in a series of steps to compact plural layers of material to build the feed block in the mold. The mold is supported on retractable transport wheels which provide for jacking the mold upward off the ground surface to release the block whereby it may be transported by motor truck from its point of manufacture to its point of use.

Abstract: Preparation of a composition particularly suitable for use as feedstock in the production of animal feed grade biuret by solid state pyrolyzation thereof in a recirculating oven, which composition comprises from about 37% to about 25% urea, from about 45% to about 60% biuret, and from about 3% to about 20% cyanuric acid, by weight, such preparation involving sparging air or other non-reactive gas through a urea charge at a temperature of from about 145.degree. C. to about 165.degree. C. and at a rate of between about two to about ten cu. ft. of gas/hr/lb of urea for a period of at least four hours, then cooling and comminuting the product.

Abstract: A method of preserving fodder masses for animal feeding by applying an acid catalyzed coating liquid to the surfaces of the fodder masses. The coating liquid comprises a thermosetting monomer and a nutritive cross-linking agent, which is catalytically polymerized and cross-linked by a mineral acid to form a water insoluble solid barrier to the penetration of moisture, air, and other elements which can cause degradation of stored fodder. Suitable thermosetting monomers include: urea-formaldehyde resins, furfuryl alcohol, and their mixtures. Liquid carbohydrates derived from vegetable sources, particularly molasses, starch, and fermentation by-products, are effective cross-linking agents. Mineral acids found to be effective for the polymerization and cross-linking include: phosphoric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids.

Abstract: New glycopeptide antibiotic CUC/CSV which has the formula: ##STR1## wherein R is L-ristosaminyl;R.sub.1 is the disaccharide mannosyl-glucosyl; andR.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are mannosyl, and its salts, particularly the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are useful new antibiotics are active against gram-positive bacteria and increase feed-efficiency utilization and enhance milk production in ruminants.

Abstract: Lignocellulose-containing materials are chemically converted to a form which is suitable for feeding to ruminant animals by wetting the materials with dilute acid, storing the wet material at ambient temperature and pressure in a low acid environment to effect mild hydrolysis of the materials, drying the acidified materials and partially neutralizing the dried material with ammonia.

Abstract: An improved fodder composition resulting in the slow release of phosphorous comprising a combination of a phosphorous component, a nitrogen component and a starch and a process for the preparation thereof.

Abstract: An improved method of producing silage for use as ruminant feed, whereby green fodders are ensiled with about 1 percent of an additive containing methylolurea and methylenediurea in a weight ratio between 1 and 20 to 1, sufficient free urea to prevent reversion to free formaldehyde, a buffering agent to maintain pH, and water. The method preserves contained natural protein, substantially prevents growth of mold, and increases crude protein content, palatability, and feed efficacy. Operative feature of the method is the discovery that a methylolureamethylenediurea-urea solution may be reacted to a point where it will not sterilize the bacteria needed to ferment contained sugars to carboxylic acids, but will protect the silage against mold formation and natural protein degradation. A process for producing the required silage additive from urea, formaldehyde, ammonia, alkali, and water is provided.

Abstract: A process of producing a ruminant animal feed by mixing calcium ammonium lactate sediment derived by precipitation from fermented ammoniated condensed whey, with calcium sulfate and drying the mixture in contact with air.

Abstract: For supplying a desired amount of ammonia to a straw bale, particularly a large round bale, in order to convert the straw material into a feedstuff, the bale is subjected to an ammonia injection treatment in direct association with the bale being reloaded from a local receiving position to a final storing position by a tractor fitted with a suitable bale carrier implement. The bale carrier implement may comprise carrier spears which are provided with injector for supplying the ammonia to the interior of the bales from an ammonia tank carried by the tractor itself.

Abstract: The invention is a sugar solution-based, preferably molasses-based, animal feed supplement which is produced as a viscous liquid that is gelled into a hard solid by the addition of a soluble calcium salt or oxide, preferably calcium oxide, a soluble phosphate, and a substantial quantity of magnesium oxide. Prior to its solidification a limited amount of discrete cellulose fibers can also be added to reinforce the solid and prevent its cracking. The solid product is hard and water resistant and has a limited consumption rate.

Abstract: The growth of microorganisms in stored crops, and especially in animal feedstuffs, is inhibited by the application, in the presence of urease, of a preservative composition which comprises ammonia, urea and urea polymers in a fluid medium. Urea polymers which are useful include biuret, triuret, cyanuric acid, urea cyanurate and other compounds which decompose to form ammonia. The effect of treatment with the preservative composition is to provide an immediate microorganism-inhibiting ammonia level, which, due to delayed decomposition of the urea and urea polymers, is sustained to some significant degree during prolonged storage of the treated material.

Abstract: In the feeding of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds such as urea to ruminants, the NPN compound is decomposed to ammonia in the rumen. To mitigate against toxic effects of the resulting high ammonium ion content of the ruminal fluid, a zeolite, or crystalline alumino silicate cation exchange material, is introduced into the rumen and maintained therein so that ammonium ions formed by NPN decomposition are accumulated during the post-feeding fermentation period, and later released by the regenerant action of saliva entering the rumen during rumination.

Abstract: Cold anhydrous ammonia, preferably cold liquid anhydrous ammonia at substantially ambient or atmospheric pressure is applied to feed grains, forages and anaerobically fermentable plant material to supply thereto and provide therein non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The cold anhydrous ammonia is obtained by supplying a stream of ambient temperature, pressurized anhydrous liquid ammonia to an expansion chamber for expansion therein to provide the cold anhydrous ammonia. Cold anhydrous ammonia, preferably substantially only cold liquid anhydrous ammonia, is recovered from the expansion chamber operated under substantially adiabatic conditions, at a temperature in the range -30.degree. F. to about -17.degree. F. and at substantially ambient or atmospheric pressure, such as at a pressure in the range 1 pound per square inch below atmospheric pressure up to about 5 pounds per square inch atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A new animal feed suspension including method for its preparation, where xanthan gum stabilizes the suspension such that an excess of 20% by weight insoluble nutrients are held suspended therein.

Abstract: Disclosed are feed supplement compositions for ruminant animals which are especially effective to increase milk production of cows. The compositions comprise mixtures of ammonium isobutyrate, ammonium valerate, ammonium isovalerate and ammonium 2-methylbutyrate.

Abstract: Alfalfa and other cellulosic agricultural crops and crop derivatives are treated with ammonia under pressure to increase the true protein availability and the cellulose digestibility. The materials can be evacuated from the reaction vessel either gradually or explosively, with explosive evacuation providing a dust free product having a greener color. The ammonia is recycled by recovering it and recompressing it for reuse in treating an additional quantity of crop.

Abstract: Livestock and poultry excreta can be treated to destroy pathogenic bacteria therein and to eliminate offensive odors by contacting the excreta with from 0.10 to 3% by weight of the waste matter of a liquid aldehyde, preferably formaldehyde in aqueous solution.

Abstract: Fermented ammoniated condensed whey (FACW) is solidified by mixing it with certain calcium salts and allowing the mixture to stand. The mixture, while still liquid, may be mixed with grains, roughage and forage materials, or it may be shaped into blocks, cubes or pellets. Solidified FACW can be used as a feed supplement for ruminant animals. During the solidification calcium ammonium lactate is formed which is a new crystalline chemical composition. Calcium ammonium lactate (CAL) may be prepared in purified form from lactic acid, calcium hydroxide and ammonia. CAL is useful independently as a feed supplement for ruminant animals.

Abstract: Improved ruminant animal feedstuffs of substantially increased crude protein content are prepared by first subjecting a feedstuff of relatively low crude protein content to chlorination and then subjecting the chlorinated feedstuff to ammoniation.

Abstract: Formulated animal feeds having excellent digestibility with high energy and good protein content based on lactose-rich whey products are produced by supplementation with small quantities of water insoluble poly-N-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucosamine glycosides having a molecular weight of at least 5,000 and are fed to farm type animals. Most of the formulated feeds contain at least 7% lactose and up to 5% poly-N-acetyl-.beta.-D-glucosamine glycoside in addition to the usual protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin and mineral constitutents of the feed. For poultry, which are among the least efficient metabolizers of lactose, such feeds may contain 5-25% lactose.

Abstract: Cold anhydrous ammonia, preferably cold liquid anhydrous ammonia at substantially ambient or atmospheric pressure is applied to feed grains, forages and anaerobically fermentable plant material to supply thereto and provide therein non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The cold anhydrous ammonia is obtained by supplying a stream of ambient temperature, pressurized anhydrous liquid ammonia to an expansion chamber for expansion therein to provide the cold anhydrous ammonia. Cold anhydrous ammonia, preferably substantially only cold liquid anhydrous ammonia, is recovered from the expansion chamber operated under substantially adiabatic conditions, at a temperature in the range -30.degree. F. to about -17.degree. F. and at substantially ambient or atmospheric pressure, such as at a pressure in the range 1 pound per square inch below atmospheric pressure up to about 5 pounds per square inch atmospheric pressure.

Abstract: A homogeneous, free-flowing urea containing composition which has particular utility as an animal feed supplement or a fertilizer material and an improved process for preparing same are disclosed. In the process urea and particular forms of calcium sulphate are intimately mixed, optionally with calcium phosphate and one or more desired additives, and pelletized or granulated as by compression compaction. In one embodiment, micronutrients are blended into the urea-calcium sulphate mixture before compaction and the granules so produced may be subsequently utilized as a fertilizer supplement or in combination with primary nutrients as a complete fertilizer. In a second embodiment, the urea-calcium sulphate constitute an animal feed supplement to be blended with other, non-hygroscopic, nutrients such as calcium phosphate and the like in forming a silage or complete animal feed.

Abstract: There is disclosed a stable thixotropic suspension of water insoluble animal feed nutrients in an aqueous sugar solution. The method comprises incorporating an ammonium phosphate, sulfate or mixture in an aqueous sugar solution in a sufficient quantity to form a gel, controlling the pH of the gel to a value from about 6.5 to about 7.5 and adjusting the water content of the mixture to provide a viscosity to the product from about 4,000 to about 10,000 centipoises. The resultant gel is an excellent carrier for the suspension of water insoluble nutrients such as, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, or insoluble drugs such as monisan. The gel provides a very stable suspension of the water insoluble nutrients, providing shelf life stability in excess of 12 weeks over a wide range of temperature. High temperature stability of the suspension can be further enhanced by including in the supplement a dispersing agent such as gellatinized starch, an alkali metal alginate or a montmorillonite or kaolin clay.

Abstract: The palatability as well as digestibility and protein content of straw is enhanced by treating it with a dilute aqueous solution of hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, ammoniating the acid-treated straw, and fermenting it with a yeast such as Aureobasidium pullulans. The so-treated straw is useful as a feed for ruminants and other animals.

Abstract: A feedstuff supplement comprising urea or a derivative thereof as a source of nutritive nitrogen and a compound selected from the group consisting of orotic acid and derivatives of orotic acid of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, glucosyl or ribosyl, in a minor proportion for increasing the assimilation of urea by herbivorous animals, and a vegetable based feedstuff containing the supplement.

Abstract: Feedstuff for livestock containing essentially carbohydrates (starches and cellulose based products) and glucosylurea of more than 90% purity. The glucosylurea is obtained by the condensation under acidic conditions of urea and glucose and the addition of 30-50% water which results, after final concentration and cooling, in the crystallization of pale yellow glucosylurea.

Abstract: A low cost, high capacity method for making starch-NPN liquid feed supplements is provided wherein a substantially NPN-free slurry containing water and a starch source is treated under high temperatures and pressures to gelatinize the starch component. After gelatinization, an NPN substance such as urea is added and thoroughly mixed with the slurry to produce a final feed. The cooking step may be advantageously performed indirectly using a tube and shell heat exchanger, or alternatively in a direct steam injection jet cooker. A wide variety of NPN substances can be employed in the supplements hereof, along with a large number of starch sources such as grains or industrial wastes. In addition, the liquid supplements can be modified either before or after processing by adding energy sources such as molasses thereto.

Abstract: A composition for limiting feed supplement intake for cattle is disclosed which comprises at least one member of a group of compounds, including mixtures of these compounds, having the formula: ##STR1## in which R is a C.sub.9 to C.sub.17 saturated aliphatic group and R.sup.1 is hydrogen or a lower alkyl such a methyl, ethyl, propyl, or a cation such as sodium or potassium together with meat meal, diammonium phosphate, and ammonium sulfate. Furthermore, a compound of the above general type, has been found to control feed supplement intake in cattle without the additional intake limiting ingredients. These compositions control feed supplement intake by cattle upon addition to the feed supplement, thereby permitting self-rationed feeding to the cattle without waste, yet providing the right degree of weight maintenance for the animal.

Abstract: A high (4% to 6%) magnesium-containing liquid feed supplement is provided which has stable suspension properties over 1-8 weeks and which is flowable at 20.degree.-30.degree. F. and higher.

Abstract: Feed pellets are produced by homogeneously mixing feed meals with from 0.1 to 2% of a pulverulent urea-formaldehyde resin obtained by spray-drying a glue solution, and pelletizing the mixture.

Abstract: A method for sorption of solids by the tissues of whole seeds to enhance the available nutritional value of the whole seeds, to provide nutritional requirements for a ruminant feed, to provide new superimposed processes, to make more effective present superimposed processes, to provide innoculation with viable organisms, to provide means to reduce explosion hazzards from grain dust, and other advantages accruing from encapsulation of solids, the method comprising contacting the whole seeds with a synergetic mixture of solid materials and an oleaginous vehicle and maintaining contact until the synergetic mixture has been sorbed by the grain.

Abstract: An improved composition has been developed to effectively and efficiently limit protein or feed supplement intake to a prescribed amount in ruminants when added to the supplement and which in turn allows self-feeding of the supplement. The composition contains diammonium phosphate and/or ammonium sulfate, meat meal and oleoresin capsicum.

Abstract: A feed for ruminants is produced by mixing 90-99.5% by weight of a vegetable fiber material which is indigestible by ruminants and 0.5-10% by weight of a non-protein nitrogen compound and inoculating the mixture with an effective amount of an alcoholic fermentation micro-organism, an organic acid fermentation microorganisms or an ester formation microorganisms and fermenting the inoculated mixture.

Abstract: The utilization of protein by cattle is maximized by feeding rumen-protected protein having a negative Urea Fermentation Potential (UFP) together with other unprotected protein-providing feed materials having a net positive UFP and urea.

Abstract: An animal feed supplement in a solid, weather resistant block form and method of making is disclosed. The molasses based feed supplement block, intended for consumption primarily by ruminant animals, although not limited thereto, contains ferrous sulfate as a blocking agent. The feed supplement also comprises a water absorbent clay, a phosphorous source and magnesium oxide as well as an edible fat or oil in sufficient quantities to set into a solid block form in less than one hour at room temperature when admixed with the blocking agent. A preferred block composition is prepared by a method which comprises admixing the molasses, water, phosphorous source and water absorbing clay under high speed shearing action for an effective amount of time to disperse the clay, admixing edible fat and dispersing it in the mixture and then admixing ferrous sulfate and magnesium oxide to obtain a viscous nutrient mixture that thickens quickly.

Abstract: An animal feed supplement in a solid, weather resistant block form and method of making is disclosed. The molasses based feed supplement block, intended for consumption primarily by ruminant animals, although not limited thereto, contains magnesium oxide as a blocking agent. The feed supplement also comprises a water absorbent clay, a phosphorous source and an edible fat or oil in sufficient quantities to set into a solid block in a relatively short period of time at ambient temperatures. A preferred block composition is prepared by a method which comprises admixing the molasses, water, phosphorous source and water absorbing clay under high speed shearing action for an effective amount of time to disperse the clay, admixing edible fat and dispersing it in the mixture and then admixing magnesium oxide to obtain a viscous nutrient mixture that thickens quickly. The mixture is then poured into molds or packages and solidifies to form a hard depackagable block.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for the manufacture of a solid animal feed supplement employing an in-situ reaction between a hydratable metal oxide such as calcium oxide and a water soluble phosphate, such as phosphoric acid to solidify the product. The method comprises the addition of the metal oxide to a concentrated dispersion of a water soluble sugar such as molasses, whey and the like, to hydrate the metal oxide. After sufficient hydration has occurred to provide the desired quantity of reactant metal ions in soluble form, a condition which can be detected by monitoring the pH, temperature, or time following addition of the metal oxide, the soluble phosphate is added to cause solidification of the resultant mixture.

Abstract: A process for preparing protein which employs an integrated system comprising a fermentation facility, air-separation means, ammonia production means and methanol production means. Microbial cellular material from the fermentor can be employed in feed formulations such that liquid and solid waste disposal in the process is minimal.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of a urea-fatty acid adduct composed of discrete solid particles and having high protein and starch equivalent values wherein an aqueous solution or melt of urea at increased temperature is reacted with a fatty acid or a mixture of fatty acid and neutral fat at an increased temperature in a weight ratio of urea to fatty acid between 40 : 60 and 60 : 40 in a confined reacting space for about 2.5 to 10 seconds and wherein the mixture has been sprayed into a spraying space to allow the particles to crystallize in the air stream from the spraying.

Abstract: Agents for preserving and ensiling animal feedstuffs and which contain one or several furan or thiophene derivatives, and the use thereof. These furan or thiophene derivatives have the general formula ##STR1## WHERE X denotes oxygen or sulfur, R denotes the radicals --CHO, --CN or --COOR.sup.3, or the vinylogous radicals --CH.dbd.CH--CHO, --CH.dbd.CH--C.tbd.N or --CH.dbd.CH--COOR.sup.3, R.sup.3 denoting hydrogen, a cation equivalent or alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and n denotes one of the integers 0, 1, 2 and 3.

Abstract: An improved ruminant feed containing rumen stabilized particulate proteinaceous feed material which is unstable in solutions having a pH value smaller than 4 and relatively stable in solutions having a pH value larger than 5, said feed composition including at least one non-proteinaceous nitrogen compound. The non-proteinaceous nitrogen compound is present in a weight ratio of 0.1 to 10.0 based upon the weight equivalents of nitrogen in the rumen stabilized albuminous component.

Abstract: An improved two step method for producing feeds for ruminant animals whereby carbamides, particularly urea and biuret, are reacted with fermented proteinaceous agricultural products and wastes with the aid of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid catalyst to produce a highly palatable nutritive feed which releases protein and protein equivalent nitrogen in a slow and controlled manner in the rumen.First stage of the method mechanically destroys the cellular structure of the fermented agricultural products and wastes, removes unpalatable acids, aldehydes and amines by stripping with hot gas, and partially completes the adduct-forming reaction between proteinaceous sugars, fats, and cellulose in the fermented material and the carbamides in a homogeneous liquid phase at temperatures of between 80.degree. and 100.degree. C. In the second stage, adduct reaction and drying is completed in a hot gas fluidized reactor at temperatures between 100.degree. and 150.degree. C.

Abstract: Foodstuff and fodder additives are made by linking essential aminoacids to carbohydrates or other assimilable polyhydroxy compounds in such a way that the aminoacid is liberated in the digestive tract.

Abstract: An NPN ruminant feed supplement having a high percentage of chemically bound urea is prepared from cellulose commodities by an efficient process involving reaction with urea and a dilute mineral acid at low pH.

Abstract: Liquid compositions, such as animal feeds, feed additives, mineral supplements and preservatives for hay, silage, grain, include a thixotropic agent, such as a hydrophilic colloid, which causes the compositions to form pseudoplastic, thixotropic gels and as an active ingredient urea, urea phosphate, phosphoric acid or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A process for the chemical treatment of organic waste materials contaminated with a pathogenic microorganism, such as raw sewage, sewage sludge and other organic waste products, and to the treated organic waste material so obtained, which process comprises: prereacting the organic waste material with a water-soluble methylol compound subject to condensation, such as a methylolurea compound, under alkaline pH conditions; and, thereafter, condensing the methylol compound by establishing an acid pH condition to form a solid waste product comprising a condensation polymer containing methylene bridges and a sterile solid waste material.

Abstract: Cold ammonia, preferably cold liquid anhydrous ammonia at substantially ambient or atmospheric pressure is applied (1) to the soil as a fertilizer and (2) to feed grains, forages and anaerobically fermentable plant material to supply thereto and provide therein non-protein nitrogen (NPN). The cold ammonia is obtained by (1) introducing a stream of ambient temperature, pressurized liquid ammonia at a velocity of at least about 5000 feet per minute into an expansion chamber, (2) imparting a high velocity spinning motion to the liquid ammonia entering the chamber such that rapid flow is produced around the interior of the chamber to thereby provide rapid separation of the liquid and gaseous ammonia formed in the chamber. Cold ammonia, which is predominantly in the liquid form, is recovered from the expansion chamber operated under substantially adiabatic conditions, at a temperature of about -28.degree. F.

Abstract: An animal feed supplement in a solid, weather resistant block form and method of making is disclosed. The molasses based feed supplement block, intended for consumption primarily by ruminant animals, although not limited thereto, contains magnesium oxide as a blocking agent. The feed supplement also comprises a water absorbent clay, a phosphorous source and an edible fat or oil in sufficient quantities to set into a solid block in a relatively short period of time at ambient temperatures. A preferred block composition is prepared by a method which comprises admixing the molasses, water, phosphorous source and water absorbing clay under high speed shearing action for an effective amount of time to disperse the clay, admixing edible fat and dispersing it in the mixture and then admixing magnesium oxide to obtain a viscous nutrient mixture that thickens quickly. The mixture is then poured into molds or packages and solidifies to form a hard depackagable block.

Abstract: An animal feed supplement in a solid, weather resistant block form and method of making is disclosed. The molasses, based feed supplement block, intended for consumption primarily by ruminant animals, although not limited thereto, contains ferrous sulfate as a blocking agent. The feed supplement also comprises a water absorbent clay, a phosphorous source and magnesium oxide as well as an edible fat or oil in sufficient quantities to set into a solid block form in less than one hour at room temperature when admixed with the blocking agent. A preferred block composition is prepared by a method which comprises admixing the molasses, water, phosphorus source and water absorbing clay under high speed shearing action of an effective amount of time to disperse the clay, admixing edible fat and dispersing it in the mixture and then admixing ferrous sulfate and magnesium oxide to obtain a viscous nutrient mixture that thickens quickly.