Abstract: The invention relates to a new feed, feed additive and method for production of feed for marine species. Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) or deriviatives of same are formed to be powerful iron inhibitors when added to a conventional feed composition.When used alone or in diluted dry or liquid form the amount needed to obtain an optional synergetic effect between iron and omega-3 fatty acids in the feed can be calculated according to a defined equation.

Abstract: A high protein, shelf-stable, meat-containing snack product is provided which is in the form of a cellular, expanded extrudate which can be dried and flavored to yield nutritional snacks having excellent organoleptic properties. The final snack contains at least about 5% by weight meat (most preferably mechanically deboned poultry meat), and at least about 50% by weight wheat. The invention also comprehends a fabrication method wherein an initial mixture containing at least about 15% by weight meat and at least about 50% by weight wheat flour are mixed and passed through an extruder under time and temperature conditions to yield an expanded, cellular extrudate having the general appearance of a bread stick.

Abstract: Chicken eggs are provided which contain controlled amounts of vitamin E and iodine. No more than about 34% of the fatty acid content of the eggs comprises saturated fatty acid. The eggs may be eaten in the context of a standard low fat diet, without increasing the dieter's serum cholesterol concentration. The eggs are produced by maintaining egg laying chickens on a diet free of animal fat, wherein conventional feed is supplemented with controlled amounts of unsaturated fatty acid, iodine and vitamin E.

Abstract: A completely digestible highly nutritious dog chew, the texture or hardness of which is easily modified to suit a particular dog by the dog owner. By irradiating the chew in a microwave oven, the chew is caused to expand and is thereby rendered more easily chewable.

Abstract: A coated vitamin C preparation for animal feed comprises a particulate core containing vitamin C and a coating material composed of one or more fine powdery lipids having a melting point of at least 40.degree. C. and containing vitamin E. The coating material is present as an agglomerated coating layer surrounding the entire circumference of each particle of the particulate core.The coated vitamin C preparation is produced by a process, which comprises a step of bringing particles of a particulate core containing vitamin C into colliding contact with particles of a coating material composed of one or more fine powdery lipids having a melting point of at least 40.degree. C. and containing vitamin E, so as to form a coating layer of agglomerated particles of the coating material surrounding the entire circumference of each particle of the core.The coated vitamin C preparation is useful as a supplement to feeds for animals, such as, livestock, poultry and marine animals, by admixing same with the feed.

Abstract: A fish feed additive is used which contains .beta.-carotene containing Dunaliella algae powder stabilized against oxidation and migration into the water. The fish feed is prepared by mixing 100 parts by weight of a Dunaliella algae powder with 15-50 parts by weight of a cyclodextrin while stirring. The final fish feed is obtained by blending 10 parts by weight of this additive with 200-500 parts by weight of a common fish feed. The fish feed additive is in the form of dry fine granules. The fish feed additive effectively promotes growth and delivers .beta.-carotene to the fish.

Abstract: A process for preparing a complete ration for confined animals is disclosed. The ration is in solid form and supplies the animals water requirements and nutritional requirements. The ration is prepared by adding an edible gum to water, heating the combined water and edible gum to a temperature effective to solubilize the edible gum, combining the water and gum with a basal feed composition containing the animals nutritional requirement and with a carbohydrate, maintaining the combined materials at a temperature below the gelatinizing temperature of the carbohydrate, dispensing the heated combination into portions and cooling the dispensed portions to form a water containing gelled solid food article.

Abstract: A PET bird feed additives in the form of fine granules obtained by mixing 100 parts by weight of a Dunaliella alga powder with 15 to 50 parts by weight of cyclodextrin under stirring and to 100 parts by weight of the mixed adsorbate thus obtained adding an antioxidant and a binder; a PET bird feed obtained by blending 5 to 15 parts by weight of the granules thus obtained with a common PET bird feed; and processes for producing them. In the PET bird feed additive of the present invention, the Dunaliella alga powder is in the form of a mixed adsorbate together with cyclodextrin and thus .beta.-carotene contained in the Dunaliella alga can be stably sustained and effectively utilized. Further, the offensive odor characteristic to the algae can be removed. Furthermore, the PET bird feed additive of the present invention, which is in the form of fine granules, can be easily blended with a common PET bird feed.

Abstract: An additive for aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish, which contains L-ascorbic acid-2-glucoside as an active ingredient, an aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish containing said additive, and an aquaculture feed for fish and shellfish, which has been added with said additive and granulated. The additive for feed of the present invention, namely, L-ascorbic acid-2-glucoside 1) does not have reducing ability by itself, and extremely stable, 2) can be decomposed into L-ascorbic acid and D-glucose when taken in fish and shellfish, and can exhibit physiological effects inherent to L-ascorbic acid, and 3) is greatly improved in heat resistance and light resistance in comparison with L-ascorbic acid, and shows markedly small loss of L-ascorbic acid activity during the production and storage of feed.

Abstract: The dog food formula is a composition comprising the following ingredients: brewer's yeast, bran, biscuit mix, water, desiccated liver, safflower or corn oil, ascorbic acid and chelated zinc. Additional ingredients may also be included such as bone meal, lecithin oil, wheat germ oil, soy oil, wheat flour, honey and flavorings such as meat or fish.

Abstract: A completely digestible highly nutritious dog chew, the texture or hardness of which is easily modified to suit a particular dog by the dog owner. By irradiating the chew in a microwave oven, the chew is caused to expand and is thereby rendered more easily chewable.

Abstract: A palatability enhancer composition for pet food comprises a pyrophosphate salt or an acid phosphate salt. The palatability enhancer may also include at least one of the following: an organic acid, a flavor, and phosphoric acid.

Abstract: Methods and compositions for maintaining animals on a diet containing keratin as a source of protein are disclosed. The method comprises feeding an animal a carbohydrate source and a first protein source, the first protein source comprising keratin and a keratinase capable of hydrolyzing the keratin. A composition of the present invention is an animal feed comprising a carbohydrate source and a first protein source, the first protein source comprising keratin and a keratinase capable of hydrolyzing the keratin. A preferred keratin for practicing the present invention is ground feather, and a preferred keratinase for practicing the invention is obtained from Bacillus licheniformis strain PWD-1.

Abstract: A bait for catching Ictalurid catfish, and fish with similar feeding behavior, containing the free amino acids: L-proline, L-alanine, and L-arginine, and mixtures thereof, at concentrations above those normally found around fish's natural foods is provided to increase the likelihood of snapping or biting of the bait or lure by the fish.

Abstract: A dry food for domestic dogs or cats is prepared by moistening and crushing cereals and/or legumes and thereupon drying the crushed substance at a temperature of not more than between 50.degree. and 70.degree. C. to form flakes, by drying chunks or lumps of meat, fish and/or comminuted vegetables, and by mixing the chunks or lumps and flakes with each other and with effective quantities of micronutrients and/or a gelling agent. The resulting dry food can be stored in bags and can be served dry or subsequent to contacting with water, milk or another liquid.

Abstract: The instant invention is provides a biodegradable and edible clay pigeon. The pigeon is constructed in such a way to be stackable as well as to withstand the throwing force of the trap. A composition of sugar, birdseed and water is poured into a skeet mold and then dried. The resulting pigeon has been found to have a fragile structure which is both easily breakable by a shotgun blast as well as strong enough to withstand the throwing force of the trap. The pigeon is molded in such a manner to have an aerodynamic structure which permits the target to be projected with considerable speed into the air by the trap.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for preparing fish baits by subjecting raw fish or other marine or aquatic product to low temperature and low humidity for an extended period of time so that the body fluids pass out of the fish or marine product to leave a bait which has high longevity and which is resistant to detachment from a hook.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for modulating the sedimentation rate of piscicultural dry pellets and to piscicultural dry pellets with a controlled sedimentation rate. The invention is characterized in that a defined surfactant is added to a piscicultural dry pellet material. In accordance with the invention, it is easy to modulate the floatation property or sedimentation rate of piscicultural dry pellets which has heretofore been difficult to control.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to methods and compositions for use in crustacean aquaculture. In one embodiment, a compound having juvenile hormone activity is administered to female crustacea, as a supplement to conventional aquaculture diet, in an amount effective to stimulate an increase in viable larvae production. In a second embodiment, juvenile hormone, in an edible carrier, is supplied as a substitute for annelid worms in a conventional aquaculture diet.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods for making pet chews. According to the invention, ligaments from cattle and other hoofstocks are rendered substantially free of fat and then dried until the de-fatted ligaments are hardened and suitable for use as pet chews. According to the invention, the ligaments are rendered substantially free of fat in one of two ways: (1) either by washing the ligaments in an aqueous degreasing solution comprised of water, strong alkali (e.g., sodium or potassium hydroxide) and cleaning agents or (2) by roasting the ligaments until they are rendered substantially free of adherent fat. With the aqueous degreasing method, the washed ligaments are roasted until they assume a pleasing color. Following roasting, the ligaments may be further dried until they are hard and "bone like", and suitable for pets to chew on.

Abstract: A chew toy comprised of a pair of cattle hooves and length of flexible cotton rope secured to and extending between the hooves whereby the hooves are carried by the rope and the rope obstructs access to the natural cavities within the hooves, thereby inhibiting the ability of a pet to grip one of the side walls of the hooves between its teeth and obtain sufficient leverage thereon to fracture the side wall. The soft cotton rope also renders the chew toy flexible and easily manipulated by the pet and additionally provides an alternative chewing surface which provides a gentle massaging of the pet's gums and a flossing of the pets teeth when chewed.

Abstract: A reduced animal product pet food or non-animal pet food composition having a mixture of proteinaceous and farinaceous components in an amount sufficient to provide a nutritionally balanced, dry pellet. The pet food composition includes a non-meat based animal fat substance and a vegetable based fat substance. The non-meat based animal fat substance is preferably an egg or dairy based fat substance. Lactase, pectin, hyperfortified vitamin, and flavoring components are also provided.

Abstract: A fish food pellet for aquariums which initially floats while an outer layer of food is released, slowly sinks to the bottom of an aquarium where a second layer of food is released and with the remainder of the pellet returning to the surface. The fish food released by the pellet feeds surface-feeding fish, mid-water fish and bottom-feeding fish. A method for feeding fish in an aquarium utilizing such pellet is disclosed.

Abstract: Food compositions comprising a composition containing a water-soluble dietary fiber and protein with an isoelectric point in acidic region, contents of said water-soluble dietary fiber and said protein being in such a ratio as forming gel when an aqueous solution of said composition gets in touch with gastric juice.The food compositions are orally received in aqueous solution after dissolved in hot water. Being an aqueous solution facilitates intake and gel formation in the stomach allows retention in the stomach for a long period of time thereby preventing overeating. Moreover, the gel absorbs saccharide contained in other food and drink staying in the stomach thereby delaying absorption of saccharide into the body.As examples of the water-soluble dietary fiber are mentioned carrageenan and guar gum, and as examples of the protein are mentioned casein and salts thereof. Weight ratio of the water-soluble dietary fiber to the protein is about 1:0.5-1:8.

Abstract: Process for preparing raw hide having a coating containing, at least one inorganic pyrophosphate compound, comprising:(a) subjecting raw hide to a liquefied coating material containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate compound, thereby, forming a coating of such liquefied coating material on the raw hide; and(b) drying the raw hide having a coating containing said at least one inorganic pyrophosphate compound. The raw hide having a coating containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate is chewed and/or eaten by dogs, with the result that tartar accumulation on their teeth is reduced or prevented.

Abstract: A process for treating Artemia brine shrimp cysts, which are deemed unhatchable, by the following steps: rehydrating the cysts in clear water until they are approximately double their weight; mechanically rupturing the rehydrated cysts without destroying the internal embryo content of the cysts; centrifuging the resulting slurry to extract the content of the cysts from fragmented casings; and processing the slurry to stabilize the contained nutritional values thereof.

Abstract: Health product, in particular for the caring of the teeth of a dog, constituted by a support incorporating or having absorbed various watersoluble active elements or constituents, this support being made from a natural or synthetic digestible material suitable for being gnawed, chewed or licked by the dog.

Abstract: Process for preparing dog biscuits which contain at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt. The dog biscuits containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt are chewed and/or eaten by dogs, with the result that tartar accumulations on their teeth are reduced or prevented.

Abstract: An animal and fowl feed supplement and method of manufacture wherein whole slaughterhouse blood is coagulated and centrifuged to provide a blood meal and a resulting liquid serum wherein the blood is blended and treated with the resulting liquid serum and acid to control its pH rating and this blended blood concentrate is then mixed with diatomaceous earth in a given ratio to provide the food supplement.

Abstract: A bait or lure for fish and method of making same. The bait is comprised of a water soluble moldable body having a controlled rate of dispersion in water and a dough or putty-like consistency capable of being formed about a hook. The body is comprised of a cellulose ether and a polyalkylene glycol, such as polyethylene glycol, blended with water in a sufficient amount to form a moldable body of dough-like consistency with a slimy life-like feel when wet.

Abstract: A food product for dogs and cats consists of a paste of meat, vegtables, eggs, mineral salts, maize flour, soya lecithin, milk or its derivatives, which is subsequently moulded to a desired shape. The product thus shaped is then freeze dried.

Abstract: An animal hoof is soaked in a solution containing from about 50% to about 100% propylene glycol and from about 0% to about 50% water, then pressure cooked in a solution containing from about 50% to about 100% propylene glycol and from about 0% to about 50% water, the cooked in vegetable oil. The cooked hoof may then be filled with an edible filer such as dry dog food.

Abstract: Methods of (a) improving the quality of the bones and/or increasing the bone strength and/or the blood quality of and/or (b) treating ascites and/or fatty liver syndrome in animals, including humans, cattle, sheep, goats, swine, cats, dogs and poultry without deleterious effects on the animals or products of the animals by adding small effective amounts of zeolite to the feed of the animals or directly to the animals in the form of a capsule, tablet or the like.

Abstract: Process for preparing raw hide containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate compound, comprising: (a) subjecting raw hide to a solution containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate compound; and (b) drying the raw hide containing the inorganic pyrophosphate salt. The raw hide containing the inorganic pyrophosphate is chewed and/or eaten by dogs, with the result that tartar accumulation on their teeth is reduced or prevented.

Abstract: Disclosed are high meat content jerky-type pet treats and their methods of preparation. The present pet jerky treats provide product quality attributes of conventionally prepared jerky treats but with substantial cost savings. The present method involves a multi-step extrusion cooking process of major amounts involving aqueous dispersions of animal meats, soy meal, farinacious material, and minor amounts of salts, humectants, and flavorants.

Abstract: Fish feed compositions supplemented with up to 0.5% L-carnitine, preferably between 0.01% to 0.3% L-carnitine, produce greater growth gains, decreased fat levels in tissues, and increased resistance to stress (ammonia toxicity) in fish, as compared to fish fed the same diet without supplemental carnitine.

Abstract: A method is described for preventing diet-induced Carnitine deficiency in domesticated dogs and cats. A daily prophylactic amount of gamma-butyrobetaine is administered to the pet either as a dietary supplement in an amount of 1.0 to 5.0 grams of gamma-butyrobetaine per day, or gamma-butyrobetaine is provided as an additional ingredient to a commercial pet food in an amount of 1.0 to 5.0 grams of gamma-butyrobetaine per kilogram pet food.

Abstract: A method of making a jerky-type product is provided which uses multiple extrusion steps. First, a blend of a wet beef product and a high protein flour are mixed and then cooked by extruding the first blend at a temperature sufficient to at least partially cook the beef in the first blend. Next, a second blend is formed which includes the extruded product of the first extrusion step and additional wet beef. The second blend is then cooked by extruding the second blend at a temperature sufficient to cook the wet beef in the second blend. Finally, the material from the second blend is processed into jerky form.

Abstract: A stepwise method of preparing homogeneous mineral granules for agriculture by coreaction of commodity acids and bases which have properties to chemically form a transient fluid adhesive which will harden to form a strong granule binding cement. Water may be added to improve the effectiveness of the adhesive. The transient fluid adhesive is comminuted by mechanically shearing, then particulate mineral solids are admixed mechanically to form a mass of plastic globules which is rolled to form spheroid granules and the fluid adhesive hardens to form the hardened binding cement. The method provides substantially dust-free and attrition resistant animal feed supplement, and plant food fertilizer and micronutrient granules. The commodity acids and bases include aqueous and anhydrous mineral and alkyl carboxylic acids and alkali and alkaline earth bases.

Abstract: A nutritional drink composition formulated for dogs and other animals includes various compounds including water, dextrose, glycine, electrolytes (including sodium potassium and chlorine), sodium carbonate and other vitamin and mineral supplements.

Abstract: Method and machine for pelleting dry pellets from the mass (11) containing thermo-hardening substances, particularly for use as fish feed, where the mass is first compressed and then heated to a thermo-hardening temperature and finally cooled. The bi-products from heating, such as fat, other liquids or gas, are drained off in or near the heating zone (6) and are brought in contact with and thereby returned to the thermo-hardened mass after this has been cooled.

Abstract: A shelf-stable, semi-moist pet food, wherein partly farinaceous solid pieces are covered by or immersed in an aqueous free gravy. The solid pieces are prepared to be resistant to significant swelling or disintegration when in contact with an aqueous liquid, preferably by incorporating binding means such as vital wheat gluten. A preferred aqueous gravy has a pH of less than about 4.7 and a sufficiently low water activity so that the gravy itself is also shelf stable. The mixture of gravy and solid pieces has a water activity of less than about 0.9 and a pH of less than about 4.7 to resist microbiological growth.

Abstract: Process for preparing dog biscuits which are nutritionally balanced and which contain at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt. The ingredients and the at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt are selected and adjusted in amounts to provide a nutritional balance in the dog biscuit dough, from which the dog biscuits are produced. The nutritionally-balanced dog biscuits containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt are chewed and/or eaten by dogs, with the result that tartar accumulations on their teeth are reduced or prevented.

Abstract: Process for preparing dog biscuits which contain at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt. The dog biscuits containing at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt are chewed and/or eaten by dogs, with the result that tartar accumulations on their teeth are reduced or prevented.

Abstract: Devices, compositions and the like which have or contain at least one inorganic pyrophosphate salt. The devices or compositions are used to reduce or prevent tartar accumulations on dog teeth.

Abstract: A chewy, semi-plastic, non-porous, microbiologically-stable dog food which includes: 12 to about 30 weight percent, based upon the total weight of the dog food, of gelatin; at least one acidulant; at least one cereal starch-containing textural agent; at least one release agent; at least one taste agent; at least one sugar; salt; and added water. The dog food is in a compacted form. The dog food has a pH of about 3 to 5, and has a moisture content of about 10 to about 25 weight percent, based upon the weight of the dog food. The process for preparing the dog food includes: (a) mixing the dry components and liquid components with low speed agitation and continuing the mixing until a dough is obtained; (b) forming the dough by compacting into compacted dog snacks or biscuits; (c) conditioning the compacted dough at 185.degree. to 200.degree. F. for about 7 to 8 minutes; and (d) packaging the compacted dog snacks or biscuits in a protective package.

Abstract: An intermediate moisture food composition including(a) a source of protein in an amount effective to provide a minimum protein content approximately 15% by weight including hash and/or bone-in fractions(b) at least one humectant in an amount effective to provide maximum water activity of approximately 0.9.

Abstract: A method for processing cattle hooves (38), for use as a dog chew includes the steps of cleaning (42) the hoof, removing (44) a thin portion of the bottom (24) of the hoof to minimize removal of the hoof pad (26). This is accomplished by positioning a bandsaw blade (48) adjacent a backing plate (54). The bottom of the hoof is placed against the backing plate and the hoof is moved into the bandsaw blade. This results in a relatively thin layer of the bottom of the hoof being removed, generally equal to the thickness of the bandsaw blade itself. The top (6) of the hoof is removed (62) as well and then the hoof is passed through a number of steps for finished processing, including the following steps: pre-wash (64), first boiling (66), first rinsing (68), second boiling (70), second rinsing (72) and drying (74). A finished tumbling step (74) is used to smooth over sharp edges and to remove any thin, brittle edges (30 ) of the hooves for safety.

Abstract: A texturized sinking shrimp and fish food is produced in the form of an extrusion cooked, cellular produce which is self-sustaining in ambient temperature water for a period of at least four hours and is made up of a mixture of at least 8 percent marine meal with up to 60% vegetable protein flour. The product is prepared by mixing and then partially cooking the starting materials in a preconditioner and then introducing the precooked mixture into an extruder (preferably of the twin screw variety) for texturization. During extrusion, the protein within the mixture is developed into laminar striations, which ultimately yields a layered, open-celled, high protein product having a specific gravity greater than 1.00 which will not readily decompose in water during consumption by the shrimp and fish.

Abstract: Animal feed pallets such as fish feeds, dog and cat foods in pellet form and textured soya protein pellets, are prepared by a process in which edible liquid is added to the pellets and absorbed under conditions of reduced pressure. In this way, larger amounts of edible liquids such as lipids can be incorporated into the pellets without significant deterioration in other desirable properties of the pellets such as hardness and durability.