Abstract: A waveguide arrangement for guiding electromagnetic waves in a cavity surrounded by conductive material is proposed, wherein the waveguide arrangement comprises a printed circuit board material having an electrically conductive, plate-shaped back, a substrate and a conductive layer arranged on a side of the substrate facing away from the back. According to the invention, it is provided that the back has a surface structure, preferably formed by at least one recess, by which the waveguiding cavity is at least partially directly bounded; and/or that the cavity is formed in split-block technology by joining the printed circuit board material as split-block bottom part with a corresponding cover as split-block top part.

Abstract: A system includes a housing that has a front panel; a substrate that is positioned at a distance from the front panel, in which a data processor is mounted on the substrate; and a pluggable module. The pluggable module includes a co-packaged optical module, at least one first optical connector, a first fiber optic cable that is optically coupled between the co-packaged optical module and the first optical connector, and a fiber guide that is positioned between the co-packaged optical module and the first optical connector and provides mechanical support for the co-packaged optical module and the first optical connector. The co-packaged optical module is configured to receive optical signals from the first optical connector, generate electrical signals based on the received optical signals, and transmit the electrical signals to the data processor.

Abstract: An optical fiber ribbon manufacturing device comprising: a tape die 20 for coating a plurality of single-core coated optical fibers 2 with a photocurable resin; a split die 30 for forming a split portion in the photocurable resin present between the single-core coated optical fibers; and a light irradiation device 40 for irradiating the photocurable resin with light to cure the photocurable resin, wherein both the tape die 20 and the split die 30 are temperature-controlled or only the split die 30 is temperature-controlled, a temperature of the tape die 20 is higher than a temperature of the split die 20, and the temperature of the split die 20 is lower than the temperature of the tape die 30.

Abstract: An optical fiber curing component includes a first tube comprising a first body defining a first interior surface and a first exterior surface, the first tube defining a first aperture and a second aperture on opposite ends of a first cavity, wherein the first tube defines a central axis extending through the first cavity; light sources coupled to the first body of the first tube and configured to emit light toward the central axis of the first tube, wherein each of the light sources intersect a common plane defined perpendicular to the central axis of the first tube; a silica glass article, having an anti-reflective coating, disposed between each of the plurality of light sources and the central axis of the first tube; and a reflective coating positioned on the interior surface of the first body and configured to reflect the light toward the central axis of the first tube.

Abstract: An issue is directed to suppressing light interference occurring between a plurality of waveguides and providing waveguides at high densities. Means for solving the issue includes a plurality of cores (104) each configured to allow light to be transmitted therethrough, a clad (106) surrounding the plurality of cores (104) and smaller in refractive index for light than each of the cores (104), and a transmission suppression member (108) located between mutually adjacent two cores out of the plurality of cores (104) and configured to suppress transmission of light leaking from each of the cores.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a glass portion, a primary coating layer, and a secondary coating layer. In the optical fiber, a value of microbend loss characteristic factor F?BL_G?? is 6.1 ([GPa?1·?m?2.5/rad8]·10?12) or less when represented by F?BL_G??=F?BL_G×F?BL_??, where F?BL_G is geometry microbend loss characteristic and F?BL_?? is optical microbend loss characteristic.

Abstract: Disclosed are apparatuses for optical coupling and a system for communication. In one embodiment, an apparatus for optical coupling having an optical coupling region is disclosed. The apparatus for optical coupling includes a substrate and a core layer disposed on the substrate. The core layer includes a plurality of holes located in the optical coupling region. An effective refractive index of the core layer gradually decrease from a first end of the optical coupling region to a second end of the optical coupling region.

Abstract: Display modules typically incorporate a transparent hard material such as glass on the outside of the module in order to better protect the display stack from scratches, dents, and other mechanical deformations. However, as displays move to novel form factors such as bendable, foldable, and reliable display modules, these transparent hard materials (e.g., glass) may not be used due to their limited flexibility. Therefore, it is desirable that replacement materials be sufficiently flexible while maintaining the desirable optical (e.g., >90% transmission and low yellow index) and mechanical properties (e.g., pencil hardness>H) that comparable glass hard materials offer.

Abstract: A self-assembled nanostructure comprises first domains and second domains. The first domains comprise a first block of a block copolymer material and an activatable catalyst. The second domains comprise a second block and substantially without the activatable catalyst. The activatable catalyst is capable of generating catalyst upon application of activation energy, and the generated catalyst is capable of reacting with a metal oxide precursor to provide a metal oxide. A semiconductor structure comprises such self-assembled nanostructure on a substrate.

Abstract: A method for the detection of adulterated gasoline in a sample is disclosed. The method includes contacting a sample with an immobilized molecular probe, the immobilized molecular probe having a photoluminescence which is environmentally sensitive; collecting the photoluminescence from the immobilized molecular probe; and determining whether the photoluminescence is indicative of adulterated gasoline. A test strip for the detection of adulterated gasoline in a sample is also disclosed, including an immobilized molecular probe embedded in a substrate and/or immobilized to the substrate, the immobilized molecular probe having photoluminescence which is environmentally sensitive to adulterated gasoline. The method and test strips are designed to be robust, portable, and within the capabilities of untrained personnel.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an optical fiber ribbon includes: forming a colored layer on to each of a plurality of optical fibers and forming an optical fiber ribbon by curing a connecting material applied to a surface of the colored layer of each of the optical fibers to form connection parts that connect adjacent ones of the optical fibers. Forming the colored layer further includes: applying a coloring agent to the optical fibers and curing the coloring agent such that uncured resin remains on the surface of the colored layer. Forming the optical fiber ribbon further includes: applying the connecting material to the surface with the uncured resin and curing the connecting material and the uncured resin on the surface of the colored layer.

Abstract: A method for improving the properties of resistance to laser flux of an optical component, comprising a step consisting in bringing the component into contact with an aqueous solution comprising at least one hydroxide of an alkaline metal or an alkaline earth metal in a quantity of between 5 and 30 mass % and having a temperature T of between 50 and 100° C.

Abstract: The present invention presents a method for manufacturing tight and porous coatings from metallic, ceramic and organic materials by utilizing composite targets manufactured of two or several materials, which are disintegrated, and producing in this way material flow towards the object to be coated by utilizing short laser pulses directed to the target material. With the method it is possible to produce material structures in a controlled manner, minimizing the needed energy of the laser pulses and heat generation, and with the method it is also possible to improve productivity by correctly choosing the components for the target material.

Abstract: Post-draw tower coating curing provides additional curing to an optical fiber coating after the fiber exits the bottom or output end of an optical fiber draw tower. A system may include a draw tower and a coating curing unit. The draw tower has at least one coating applicator. The coating curing unit may be located along a fiber path between the output end of the draw tower and a fiber takeup system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing an optical waveguide (1), the surface of which is at least partly coated with a coating material. The coating material contained in a target (4) is removed using laser radiation (6) of a processing laser or converted into another aggregate state. The coating material is then deposited on the surface of the waveguide (1) and forms a coating thereon, said coating modifying the light guidance. It is the object of the present invention to provide an improved method for producing optical waveguides, in which guidance of undesired electromagnetic radiation and/or guidance of radiation in undesired areas of the waveguide is avoided. To this effect, the present invention proposes that the laser radiation (7) reflected from the target (4) or transmitted through the target heats-up the waveguide (1), said laser radiation (6) being polarized and impinging the target (4) at a specified angle (?) between 10° and 80° relative to the surface normal.

Abstract: An optical modulator includes a substrate having an electro-optic effect; a waveguide pattern provided on the substrate and configured to modulate light; and a dummy pattern having a predetermined potential along the waveguide pattern from an input side to an output side.

Abstract: Systems and methods for distributed acoustic sensing based on coherent Rayleigh scattering are disclosed herein. A system comprises a pulse generator, optical fibers coupled to the pulse generator, an interferometer coupled to the optical fibers, a photodetector assembly coupled to the interferometer, and an information handling system configured to detect a difference in backscattered light from the optical fibers. A method comprises sending an optical pulses down optical fibers, receiving backscattered light from the optical pulses, combining the backscattered light from the optical pulses to form an interferometric signal, receiving the interferometric signal at a photodetector assembly, and determining a difference in the interferometric signal at an information handling system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical fiber containing a glass fiber and a resinous coating layer that covers a periphery of the glass fiber, in which the resinous coating layer contains an ethanol of 10 mg or less or a methanol of 2 mg or less per gram of the resinous coating layer.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a light-guide device includes: obtaining a substrate having a flow passage; providing inkjet printing equipment having a liquid jetting head apparatus; and injecting an optical wave guide micro-droplet into the flow passage by using the liquid jetting head apparatus of the inkjet printing equipment, to form a light-guide device in the flow passage.

Abstract: An organic-inorganic composite material contains a cured material of an organic-inorganic composition containing a resin component, fine particles of a transparent conductive substance, and a polymerization initiator. Refractive properties of the Abbe number ?d and anomalous dispersion ?g, F of the organic-inorganic composite material are within a range surrounded by (?d, ?g, F)=(16, 0.50), (16, 0.40), (23, 0.50), (23, 0.47). The content of the fine particles of the transparent conductive substance in the organic-inorganic composite material is from 7.7% to 20.0% by volume. The resin component contains a compound represented by the following formula: where R1 and R2 represent a hydrogen atom or a moiety containing a polymerizable functional group such as an acrylic group, a methacrylic group, an allyl group, a vinyl group, or an epoxy group or one or both of R1 and R2 represent the moiety containing the polymerizable functional group.

Abstract: An optical fiber preform has a core portion having a first core portion including a central axis, a second core portion disposed around the first core portion, and a third core portion disposed around the second core portion. The first core portion contains 10 atomic ppm or more of an alkali metal and 10 to 600 atomic ppm of chlorine, the second core portion contains 10 atomic ppm or less of the alkali metal and 10 to 600 atomic ppm of chlorine, and the third core portion contains 10 atomic ppm or less of the alkali metal and 2,000 atomic ppm or more of chlorine. An optical fiber has a core region doped with an alkali metal and chlorine, wherein the minimum concentration of chlorine in the core region is 1,000 atomic ppm or more, and the average concentration of the alkali metal therein is 0.2 atomic ppm or more.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for filling a therapeutic substance or drug within a hollow wire that forms a stent. The stent is placed within a chamber housing a fluid drug formulation. During filling, the chamber is maintained at or near the vapor-liquid equilibrium of the solvent of the fluid drug formulation. To fill the stent, a portion of the stent is placed into contact with the fluid drug formulation until a lumenal space defined by the hollow wire is filled with the fluid drug formulation via capillary action. After filling is complete, the stent is retracted such that the stent is no longer in contact with the fluid drug formulation. The solvent vapor pressure within the chamber is reduced to evaporate a solvent of the fluid drug formulation. A wicking means may control transfer of the fluid drug formulation into the stent.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a light source configured to provide radiation at a wavelength and a conduit configured to direct radiation at a wavelength from the light source to a target location of a patient. The conduit includes a first optical waveguide extending along a waveguide axis, the first optical waveguide being a flexible waveguide having a hollow core, the first optical waveguide being configured to guide the radiation at through the core along the waveguide axis; and a second optical waveguide extending along the waveguide axis, the second optical waveguide having a hollow core and being coupled to the first optical waveguide to receive the radiation from the first optical waveguide and to deliver the radiation to the target location. The first optical waveguide is a photonic crystal fiber and the second optical waveguide is not a photonic crystal fiber waveguide.

Abstract: One embodiment of the disclosure relates to a fiber coating apparatus having a fiber entrance opening, a conical section with walls tapered at half angles between 2 and 25° and height (also referred to as length herein) L1 between 0.25 mm and 2 mm, and a cylindrical land portion of diameter d2 between 0.1 and 0.5 mm and height (length) L2 between 0.05 and 1.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing an optical fiber base material including depositing soot generated by flame hydrolysis, the fluctuation band of the surface temperature of a burner fixing section including a burner holder and its fixture for burners for compounding the optical fiber base material is kept equal to or less than 80 degree C. The temperature can be controlled by a heat shield plate arranged between a burner flame and a burner fixing section and a temperature control mechanism that heats or cools the burner fixing section. Thereby the relative position between the burner and the soot deposition is stabilized, so that the manufacturing method being capable of manufacturing an optical fiber base material having a stable refractive index and the apparatus therefor can be provided.

Abstract: A method of forming a single-mode polymer waveguide array connector that provides precise alignment of a plurality of cores of polymer waveguide arrays with respect to an absolute reference position, such as a guide pin hole in a ferrule, when the polymer waveguide array connector is connected to another polymer waveguide array connector or provides precise alignment of a plurality of cores of a polymer waveguide array and a fiber array with respect to the absolute reference position when the polymer waveguide array connector is connected to a single-mode fiber array connector. A plurality of cores of single-mode polymer waveguide arrays or single-mode fiber arrays is precisely aligned with each other. In addition, there is provided a combination of a plurality of molds, e.g., a first mold (A) and a second mold (B), used in a plurality of processes in a specific method.

Abstract: A method for forming a waveguide having a thin-core region, a thick-core region, and a transition region of tapered thickness between them is disclosed. The method comprises forming a lower core layer of a first material on a lower cladding, forming a thin central core layer of a second material on the first core layer, forming an upper core layer of the first material on the central core layer, and etching the upper core layer in an etchant such that it is removed from the thin-core region and its thickness monotonically changes from its as-deposited thickness to extinction across the transition region, where the central core layer protects the lower core layer from exposure to the etchant.

Abstract: Light diffusing optical fibers for use in ultraviolet illumination applications and which have a uniform color gradient that is angularly independent are disclosed herein along with methods for making such fibers. The light diffusing fibers are composed of a silica-based glass core that is coated with a number of layers including a scattering layer.

Abstract: An optical waveguide (2) arranged to transmit light under total internal reflection has a first diffractive grating region (8) arranged to receive light and diffract the received light along the optical waveguide (2), an intermediate diffraction grating (10) optically coupled to the first diffractive grating region (8) arranged to expand received light in a first dimension and a second diffractive grating region (9) optically coupled to the intermediate diffraction grating (10) arranged to expand light in a second dimension, orthogonal to the first dimension and to output the light expanded in the first and second dimensions from the optical waveguide (2) by diffraction. The first and second diffractive grating regions (8,9) are fabricated as a common grating whereas the second grating is fabricated above the common grating in an area where the common grating is erased by a coating.

Abstract: In summary, an optical transportation fiber (10) for transmitting laser beams (S0) comprises at least one fiber core (1), at least one fiber jacket (2, 3) and one sheath (5) encompassing the fiber jacket (2, 3), wherein an interlayer (4), the refraction index of which is lower than a refraction index of the corresponding fiber jacket (2, 3) being in contact with the interlayer (4), is provided between the fiber jacket (2, 3) and the sheath (5). Thereby, the fiber (10) is formed with at least one outputting means (11).

Abstract: Adverse hydrogen aging limitations in multiply-doped optical fibers are overcome by passivating these optical fibers using a deuterium passivation process. This treatment essentially pre-reacts the glass with deuterium so that the most active glass sites are no longer available to react with hydrogen in service. Optical fibers of main interest are doped with mixtures of germanium and phosphorus. Optimum passivating process conditions are described.

Abstract: An optical-based sensing apparatus and method are provided. A sensing apparatus (10) may include a tube (30). An optical fiber (12) may be encased in the tube. A buffering layer (14) may be interposed between the optical fiber and the tube. The buffering layer and/or the tube may be selectively configured to form along a length of the apparatus a plurality of optical sensing zones (16, 18, 20) spatially arranged to sense parameters involving different parameter modalities.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of reversible dimerization of methylene blue (MB) for sensing humidity. The invention preferably uses titanate nanowires coated with MB. The self-organizational properties of MB on the surface of this nanostructured material studied by spectroscopic means revealed that the light absorption properties of the MB molecules are humidity dependent. Based on the observed humidity dependent metachromasy, we fabricated a humidity sensor using optical fiber technology which is adapted for medical, industrial or environmental applications. The sensor operates with excellent linearity over the relative humidity (RH) levels ranging from 8 to 98%. The response and recovery time can be reduced to 0.5 s while the device exhibits excellent reproducibility with low hysteresis. These performances allow the implementation of the sensor in a breathing monitoring system. Furthermore, the metachromasy was observed for other dyes.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention disclose a method for preparing an aqueous nano-pigment dispersion. The method comprises mixing 2.5 wt %˜40 wt % styrene with polymerization inhibitors removed by evaporation, 2.5 wt %˜20 wt % acrylate monomer, 0.25 wt %˜5 wt % crosslinking monomer, 0.05 wt %˜0.5 wt % emulsification adjuvant, and 0.05 wt %˜0.5 wt % oil soluble initiator, adding 0.25 wt %˜2.5 wt % organic pigments to be dispersed to form an oil phase solution after dissolution; dissolving 0.05 wt %˜2 wt % emulsifier and 0.

Abstract: A novel blazed grating spectral filter disclosed herein includes a multilayer stack of materials that is formed on a wedge-shaped substrate wherein the upper surface of the substrate is oriented at an angle relative the bottom surface of the substrate and wherein the angle corresponds to the blaze angle of the blazed grating filter. Various methods of forming such a filter are also disclosed such as, for example, performing a planarization process in a CMP tool to define the wedge-shaped substrate, thereafter forming the multilayer stack of materials above the upper planarized surface of the substrate and etching recesses into the multilayer stack.

Abstract: The invention provides an extrusion material supply device suitable for use in melt extrusion molding, and a method for manufacturing an optical transmission body, in which a deterioration of an optical signal transmission loss is extremely small, and productivity intrinsic to an extrusion molding method is provided in combination. An extrusion material supply device 1 includes: a vertical hopper 2, which has a cooling unit 3 and a heat melting unit 4 continuous with a lower portion thereof, and houses a material rod R; cooling means 5 for cooling the cooling unit 3; an electric heater 6 that heats the heat melting unit 4; and gas pressurizing means 7 for sequentially supplying molten plastics M to a metal die by a gas pressure. The heat melting unit 4 is formed into a cylinder shape in which an inner diameter is larger than an inner diameter of the cooling unit 3 arranged above, and enables the molten plastics M to spread in the heat melting unit 4.

Abstract: The present technology provides an illustrative method for preparing fibers with desirable optical characteristics. The method includes providing a fiber that comprises a core layer and a cladding layer located around the core layer. The method further includes applying a nanostructure template to the cladding layer to form one or more photonic nanostructures having nanostructure scales and compressing the core layer to cause the core layer to bulge and form air gaps between the core layer and the one or more photonic nanostructures.

Abstract: A multi-core optical fiber ribbon easily optically connected to another optical component is provided. A multi-core optical fiber ribbon 1 includes a plurality of multi-core optical fibers 10 arranged parallel to one another and a common resin 20, with which the plurality of multi-core optical fibers 10 are collectively coated. A core arrangement direction in which plurality of cores in each of the plurality of multi-core optical fibers 10 are arranged is parallel to or perpendicular to the fiber arrangement direction in which the plurality of multi-core optical fibers 10 are arranged at least at both ends of the multi-core optical fiber ribbon 1.

Abstract: An optical structure can include a nanocrystal on a surface of an optical waveguide in a manner to couple the nanocrystal to the optical field of light propagating through the optical waveguide to generate an emission from the nanocrystal. The structure can be configured to restrict propagation of the emission from the nanocrystal along the waveguide.

Abstract: A sheetless backlight module and a light guide plate thereof are provided. The light guide plate includes a body and a plurality of light scattering units. The body has a bottom and a plurality of microstructures formed on the bottom and recessed in the body from the bottom. The pluralities of light scattering units are disposed in a plurality of spaces formed due to the plurality of microstructures recessed in the body. A manufacturing method of the light guide plate mentioned above includes forming the plurality of microstructures on the bottom of the body; preparing a fluid solution containing at least a diffusive reflective material; distributing the fluid solution on the bottom; driving the fluid solution to flow into the microstructures; removing the part of the fluid solution outside the microstructures; and solidifying the fluid solution to form the plurality of light scattering units.

Abstract: An optical fiber core having a primary layer and a secondary layer, which are laminated on a bare optical fiber. The primary layer is formed by curing an ultraviolet-curable resin composition containing a first silane coupling agent, which can be incorporated into a resin skeleton, and a second silane coupling agent, which cannot be incorporated into a resin skeleton. The first silane coupling agent contains a compound having a methoxy group, and the second silane coupling agent contains a compound having an ethoxy group.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a system and method to detect hydrogen leakage. The system uses a fluid sensing apparatus (104), a light source (120) and a photo detector (122). The nano-crystallized palladium gratings (118) are used as sensors which expand sensitively upon exposure to the hydrogen (H2). In an embodiment, the hydrogen sensing is based on monitoring the changes in the diffraction efficiency (DE) which is defined as the ratio of the first and the zeroth order diffracted beam intensities. The diffraction efficiency undergoes large and sudden changes as the nano-crystalline Pd grating becomes highly disordered due to PdHx formation. An embodiment of the present disclosure also relates to producing nanocrystalline Pd diffraction gratings along with the design and fabrication aspects of an indigenously built optical diffraction cell for H2 sensing.

Abstract: A heat-curable composition comprises—from 25 to 65% by weight of a mixture of epoxy-functional monomers, said mixture consisting of at least one polyfunctional epoxy monomer selected from monomers comprising from 4 to 8 glycidyl groups and/or cycloaliphatic epoxy groups, and at least one bi- or tri-functional epoxy monomer selected from monomers comprising two or three glycidyl groups and/or cycloaliphatic epoxy groups, —from 25 to 70% by weight of at least one organic solvent selected from glycol monoethers, —from 2.5 to 5% by weight, relative to the total weight of epoxyfunctional monomers (a) and (b), of at least one blocked strong acid catalyst, said heat-curable composition not containing any non-epoxyfunctional monomers, in particular not containing any acrylic, methacrylic or silane monomers.

Abstract: A fiber optic cable includes a jacket, an element of the cable interior to the jacket, and first and second powders. The element includes a first surface and a second surface. The cable further includes a third surface interior to the jacket and facing the first surface at a first interface and a fourth surface interior to the jacket and facing the second surface at a second interface. At least one of the third and fourth surfaces is spaced apart from the jacket. The first powder is integrated with at least one of the first and third surfaces at the first interface and the second powder integrated with at least one of the second and fourth surfaces at the second interface. The first interface has greater coupling than the second interface at least in part due to differences in the first and second powders.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus comprising a plurality of planar waveguides and method of making the same. The apparatus includes first, second, and third layers formed above a substrate and adjacent each other. The second layer is formed between the first and third layers of a material and comprises a plurality of organofunctional siloxane-based resin or polymer waveguides. Each waveguide has an input on one edge of the second layer and an output on one edge of the second layer so that the input and output are on different line-of-sight paths. The plurality of waveguides is formed such that intersections of the waveguides occur at approximately right angles and the outputs and inputs located on edges that are opposite one another are offset from each other in a direction that is perpendicular to the direction of the corresponding input or output signal.

Abstract: A transfer printing apparatus includes a mold, a stamper, a pressing roller and a curing unit. The mold has a first surface with first and second concavities, the second concavity has first and second planes, the first plane is perpendicular to the first surface, and the second plane is inclined to the first surface. The stamper having a second surface is disposed in the first concavity. The first and second surfaces are coplanar, and the second surface has transfer printing microstructures. The first and second surfaces are suitable for coated an adhesive layer. The pressing roller presses a base film onto the adhesive layer, such that the adhesive layer is integrated with the base film. The curing unit cures the adhesive layer on the base film, such that a taper corresponding to the second concavity and optical microstructures corresponding to the transfer printing microstructures are formed on the adhesive layer.

Abstract: A coating composition including a reinforcing agent. The coating composition may include one or more radiation-curable monofunctional monomers, one or more radiation-curable multifunctional monomers or oligomers, a photoinitiator, and a reinforcing agent. The monofunctional monomers, multifunctional monomers, and multifunctional oligomers may include acrylate groups. The reinforcing agent may be an acrylic co-polymer that includes two or more repeat units. At least one of the repeat units includes chemical groups that enable self-association of the acrylic co-polymer. Self-association of the acrylic co-polymer may improve the tensile strength of coatings formed from the coating compositions.

Abstract: A low cost composition that cures rapidly and which is suitable for coating an optical fiber comprises at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer; at least one photoinitiator; and at least one non-radiation-curable polar polymer having pendent groups that facilitate low energy chemical bonding, hydrogen bonding, dipolar interactions or other interactions with radical compounds formed during polymerization of the monomer. The non-radiation-curable polar polymer(s) are inexpensive and reduce and/or eliminate the need for expensive urethane acrylate oligomers, without sacrificing properties, and while achieving rapid cure speeds.

Abstract: An optical wiring substrate includes an insulation layer including a resin, an conductor layer formed on the insulation layer and including a metal, and an optical fiber accommodating part configured to accommodate an end part of an optical fiber. The conductor layer further includes a reflecting surface configured to be inclined relative to the insulation layer so as to reflect a light that propagates through the optical fiber. The optical fiber accommodating part includes at one end part thereof an abutting surface configured such that a tip of optical fiber inserted is abutted thereon.

Abstract: An optical fiber includes a core region having a longitudinal axis. A cladding region surrounds the core region. The core region and cladding region are configured to support and guide the propagation of signal light in a fundamental transverse mode in the core region in the directions of the axis. The fiber has a bend-induced gradient of its equivalent index of refraction indicative of a loss in guidance of the mode. At least a portion of cladding region has a graded index of refraction opposite the bend-induced gradient. The cladding region is configured to have a substantially flat equivalent index in response to a bend of the optical fiber.