Abstract: A heat sink, which includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface, where the second surface includes a plurality of sub-surfaces, and each sub-surface is configured to be in contact with a surface of a heat emitting element; the plurality of sub-surfaces include a first sub-surface, a thickness between the first sub-surface and the first surface is less than a thickness between the first surface and each of the plurality of sub-surfaces except the first sub-surface; and the heat sink includes a plurality of layers of graphene sheets, each layer of graphene sheet includes a plurality of flake graphite particles, and two adjacent flake graphite particles located in a same layer of graphene sheet are covalently bonded.

Abstract: A perpendicular magnetic recording writer has a main pole (MP) with a first flux guiding (FG) device in a write gap between the MP trailing side and a trailing shield, and a second FG device in the leading gap (LG) and each side gap (SG). The SG angle is reduced to 15° to 45° to enable conformal and more uniform FG device layers to be formed in the SG and LG. As a result, the MP shape and write field are more reproducible. To compensate for a thinner MP thickness at the air bearing surface that results from maintaining the track width at a shallower SG angle, an upper MP tip may be formed on the lower MP tip thereby generating a hexagonal shape for the combined MP tip. In this case, the second FG device conforms to the shape of the two upper MP tip sides and trailing side.

Abstract: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is employed to obtain chemical data with respect to body tissue and cells. The chemical environments of stimulation implants and drug-delivery catheters are spectroscopically monitored in real time using an implantable probe. The probe includes a surface enhancer that facilitates surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in opposing relation to an array of optical fibers. Light emitted by the optical fibers can be employed for chemical detection and/or tissue stimulation. Wavelength and optical power are selected based on whether the probe is employed for such detection or stimulation.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for dispersing graphene. The method includes the following steps: providing a graphene material and a graphene dispersant, wherein the graphene dispersant comprises aniline oligomer or aniline oligomer derivative, the aniline oligomer or aniline oligomer derivative is an electroactive polymer, and the aniline oligomer or aniline oligomer derivative is able to combine with the graphene material via ?-? bond; and adding the graphene material and the graphene dispersant to a dispersing medium, making the aniline oligomer or aniline oligomer derivative combine with the graphene material via ?-? bond, and dispersing the graphene material in the dispersing medium by the graphene dispersant.

Abstract: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is employed to obtain chemical data with respect to body tissue and cells. The chemical environments of stimulation implants and drug-delivery catheters are spectroscopically monitored in real time using an implantable probe. The probe includes a surface enhancer that facilitates surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy in opposing relation to an array of optical fibers. Light emitted by the optical fibers can be employed for chemical detection and/or tissue stimulation. Wavelength and optical power are selected based on whether the probe is employed for such detection or stimulation. Fabrication of a probe assembly that enables surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is further disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a refractive-index-matching thin film, which is an inorganic crystal thin film, wherein a matching layer including inorganic films having different refractive indices is formed on the surface of a substrate and, more particularly, to a refractive-index-matching thin film, which is configured such that a matching layer including one or more inorganic films having different refractive indices is formed on the surface of a substrate made of a polymer, ceramic, metal or combinations thereof, thus protecting the surface of flexible displays such as curved and bendable displays.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for preparing spandex having improved unwinding properties and enhanced adhesive properties with a hot melt adhesive and, more specifically, to a method for preparing spandex by means of adding a polystyrene polymer to a polyurethane-urea solution which is a spinning solution. Therefore, when spandex is unwound, irregular ballooning, tension spikes and the like can be effectively improved and other physical properties are unaffected. And the adhesive properties with a hot melt adhesive are enhanced.

Abstract: A method for protecting a conductive metal from corrosion, including coating the conductive metal with a water impermeable carbonaceous conductive material to protect the conductive metal from corrosion.

Abstract: Provided is a magnetic recording medium, which is a magnetic recording medium for microwave-assisted recording and includes a non-magnetic support; and a magnetic layer including a ferromagnetic powder and a binding agent on the non-magnetic support, in which the magnetic layer shows a natural ferromagnetic resonance frequency equal to or greater than 30.0 GHz and an anisotropic magnetic field distribution equal to or smaller than 35%.

Abstract: According to some aspects, a method is provided of casting an object from a mold, the method comprising obtaining a mold comprising a hollow shell of rigid material, the material comprising a thermoset polymer having a plurality of pores formed therein, providing a metal and/or ceramic slurry into an interior of the mold, exposing at least part of the mold to a low pressure environment so that a net flow of gas is produced from the interior of the mold into the low pressure environment. According to some aspects, a method of forming a porous mold is provided. According to some aspects, a photocurable liquid composition is provided, comprising a liquid photopolymer resin, particles of a solid material, in an amount between 30% and 60% by volume of the composition, and a water-soluble liquid.

Abstract: An orthopedic implant in the form of a femoral component of a knee endoprosthesis has sliding tribological surfaces formed by inserts of a ceramic material based on zirconium dioxide or aluminum oxide, which are inserted and transition flushly into a metallic base body. The inserts are connected to the base body by a silicate ceramic solder, which is solidified or hardened in a ceramic firing, and by a silicate glass solder. Discharge channels in the metallic base body help to produce a homogeneous glass solder layer and to avoid an excessively intense heat treatment of the solder connection, which could lead to fractures in the titanium oxide layer of the base body. Because a coating of a softer glass solder may be additionally provided on the sliding tribological surfaces of the inserts, the abrasive wear is further reduced and the service life is further increased.

Abstract: Provided herein is a multifunctional particle and methods of forming the same. The multifunctional particle includes a surface of the particle; a first moiety coupled to the surface and having at least one substantially hydrophobic appendage; and a second moiety coupled to the surface and having at least one appendage comprising a reactive functional group and a substantially hydrophilic repeating unit, whereby the particle is substantially superhydrophobic as a result of the substantially hydrophobic appendage, chemically reactive as a result of the reactive functional group, and migratory to a surface of a substantially hydrophobic matrix in which the particle may be included as a result of the substantially hydrophilic repeating unit. Additionally, antimicrobial functional groups may be coupled to the surface.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for creating an optical component having a spatially controlled refractive index. The method may involve applying a thin metal material layer to a substrate. The thin metal material layer may then be heated to create a mask having a spatially varying nano-particle distribution. The substrate may then be etched, using the mask, to imprint a spatially patterned nanostructure pattern on a surface the substrate.

Abstract: In various exemplary embodiments, a smart card module is provided. The smart card module includes a carrier and a layer stack at least partly covering the carrier. The layer stack includes a reflection layer, a light-transmissive layer arranged above the reflection layer, and a partly light-transmissive silver layer arranged above the light-transmissive layer. The partly light-transmissive silver layer is configured for reflecting part of light impinging on the partly light-transmissive silver layer.

Abstract: [Problem] Provided is a see-through layered body which allows obtaining a projection type image display transparent screen with a wide viewing angle, and excellent image clarity and transparency. [Solving means] A see-through layered body according to the present invention comprises an intermediate resin film, two transparent substrates holding the intermediate resin film, wherein the intermediate resin film comprises a resin and from 0.0001 to 15% by mass of microparticles, having an average diameter of from 1 nm to 100 ?m, and the center plane average roughness SRa of outermost surfaces on both sides of the layered body is from 0.05 to 5.5 nm.

Abstract: A dosage form comprising a tablet core and one or more discontinuous coated regions in various configurations on the surface of the dosage form is disclosed. A method for making the dosage form is also disclosed.

Abstract: Provided herein are composite materials and methods of making composite materials including carbon nanoscale fiber networks. The composite materials may include a stretched and doped carbon nanoscale fiber network and a capping layer. The methods of making the composite materials may include stretching a carbon nanoscale fiber network, contacting the nanoscale fiber network with a dopant, and disposing a capping layer on a surface of the carbon nanoscale fiber network.

Abstract: An object is to provide a transfer film that can impart sufficient durability such as abrasion resistance and solvent resistance to a transfer object surface and has high transfer property without causing any transfer failures such as tailing and burr. The transfer film according to the present invention comprises a substrate and a protective layer peelably provided on the substrate, wherein the protective layer comprises an active ray-cured resin and a filler; wherein the active ray-cured resin contains polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate as a polymerization component; and wherein the filler has a volume average particle size of 40 nm or less.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to the field of display technologies, and in particular to an adhesive assembly, a flexible module, a display device and a manufacturing method of a flexible module. The adhesive assembly includes an adhesive base layer, which is arranged between two modules. The adhesive base layer includes a bonding region and a bending load buffer region, the bonding region being used for bonding the two modules, and a bending stress in the bending load buffer region being smaller than that in the bonding region. When two modules are bonded by such an adhesive assembly, the bending stress in the bending load buffer region and corresponding module portion is smaller than that in the bonding region and corresponding module portion for the whole flexible module, which reduces bending stress in the modules as a whole and facilitates spread and application of the flexible module.

Abstract: To provide an additive for crude oil recovery, used in secondary/tertiary recovery of crude oil, which has high heat resistance and high mechanical shear resistance, of which the viscous property does not degrade even under high-temperature and high-shear conditions; has high pseudoplastic flowability and therefore has a light transfer workload; and is a naturally-derived one and is therefore highly biodegradable and has least adverse impact on environment. An additive for crude oil recovery, which contains cellulose fibers having a number-average fiber diameter of from 2 to 500 nm and a fiber aspect ratio of 50 or more and having a cellulose I-type crystal structure, and, in the cellulose fibers, a hydroxyl group on a surface of the cellulose fibers is preferably chemically modified.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a method for the full-surface connection of contact surfaces, which form a cavity between them and extend in an antiparallel manner, of a first, transparent joining partner and a second joining partner, comprising the steps of: providing and arranging the first joining partner, the second joining partner and a blank made of an elastic material, such that the blank is disposed in the cavity formed between the contact surfaces extending in an antiparallel manner, and wherein the blank has an outer adhesive layer; heating the blank by irradiation with microwave radiation and/or infrared radiation (IR); curing or cross-linking the adhesive layer of the blank in order to form a layer structure of the first joining partner, the blank and the second joining partner.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coating method using particle alignment, including preparing a cohesive polymer substrate having a smooth surface; and coating the smooth surface of the cohesive polymer substrate with a plurality of particles while forming recesses respectively corresponding to the particles on the smooth surface of the cohesive polymer substrate by pressing the particles to the cohesive polymer substrate, so that binding properties between the particles and the cohesive polymer substrate are enhanced.

Abstract: Retroreflective articles include a layer of optical elements, and a bead bond layer (140). The optical elements include transparent microspheres (110), a transparent polymeric polyurethane layer (120), and at least one reflective layer (130), where the transparent polymeric polyurethane layer (120) comprises a dried layer prepared from an aqueous polyurethane dispersion. The retroreflective articles have improved wash durability.

Abstract: Provided is an electronic device including: an electronic component; and an electromagnetic interference shielding layer formed on at least a portion of the electronic component. The electromagnetic interference shielding layer includes: magnetic particles for electromagnetic wave absorption, each of the magnetic particles having a conductive film on a surface of the magnetic particle; and a conductive portion where conductive metal particles for electromagnetic shielding are sintered and formed on the conductive film of the magnetic particles.

Abstract: A manufacturing method includes: 1) forming a melt including one or more metals; 2) introducing nanostructures into the melt at an initial volume fraction of the nanostructures; and 3) at least partially evaporating one or more metals from the melt so as to form a metal matrix nanocomposite including the nanostructures dispersed therein at a higher volume fraction than the initial volume fraction.

Abstract: A resin composition is provided. The resin composition comprises the following components: (a) a thermal-curable resin system, which has a dielectric loss (Df) of not higher than 0.008 at 10 GHz and comprises a bismaleimide resin of the following formula (I), wherein M1 and the Z1 groups are as defined in the specification; and (b) an organic compound of the following formula (II) or formula (III), wherein R?, R11 to R19 and R21 to R28 are as defined in the specification, and wherein the amount of the organic compound (b) ranges from 1 wt % to 30 wt % based on the total weight of the resin system (a) and the organic compound (b).

Abstract: Provided is a composition for forming a hard coating layer including about 0.1 wt % to about 15 wt % of a polysilazane, about 55 wt % to about 94.6 wt % of a reactive solvent containing hydroxyl group, about 5 wt % to about 20 wt % of a titanium dioxide (TiO2), and about 0.3 wt % to about 10 wt % of a zirconia (ZrO2). The composition provides a hard coating film which has excellent anti-fouling and superhydrophilicity, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance, antimicrobial property, weatherability, and a method for manufacturing the same which allow non-vacuum wet coating, thereby shortening fabrication time and providing excellent processability.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pigmented aqueous basecoat material comprising a polyether-based reaction product which is preparable by reaction of (a) at least one compound of the formula (I) X1—Y—X2??(I) in which X1 and X2, independently of one another, are each a functional group which is reactive toward hydroxyl groups, and Y is a divalent aliphatic or araliphatic, carboxy-functional organic radical having a number-average molecular weight of 100 to 1000 g/mol, with (b) at least one polyether of the general structural formula (II) in which R is a C3 to C6 alkylene radical and n is selected accordingly such that the polyether (b) possesses a number-average molecular weight of 200 to 4000 g/mol, where components (a) and (b) are used in the reaction in a molar ratio of 0.7/2.3 to 1.6/1.7 and the resulting reaction product possesses a number-average molecular weight of 500 to 15 000 g/mol and an acid number of 10 to 120 mg KOH/g.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a flexible printed circuit board includes preliminarily thermally deforming s substrate through heating, forming a circuit pattern with a conductive paste on the preliminarily thermally deformed substrate, and firing the circuit pattern. A flexible printed circuit board includes a substrate, and a circuit pattern formed by firing a conductive paste on a first surface of the substrate. The substrate is preliminarily thermally deformed and, thus, a shrinkage variation thereof before and after firing the conductive paste is zero. Dimensional stability when firing the circuit pattern printed with the conductive paste can be ensured, deterioration of adhesion between the circuit pattern and the substrate attributable to film deformation upon firing can be prevented, and stable adhesion of the circuit pattern can be maintained even after firing.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to form venting pathways in pressure sensitive adhesives for laminate stacks are disclosed. An example method includes forming a laminate stack including a gas permeable nonwoven layer and a pressure sensitive adhesive layer, a surface of the pressure sensitive adhesive layer facing a surface of the gas permeable nonwoven layer, and processing the laminate stack such that a plurality of venting pathways are formed in the pressure sensitive adhesive layer to enable trapped gas to pass through the pressure sensitive adhesive layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a coating composition including an amount of about 5 to 15 wt % of polyamide-imide (PAI), an amount of about 5 to 15 wt % of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), an amount of about 0.5 to 1.5 wt % of fluorosilane, an amount of about 1 to 5 wt % of a ceramic particle, and a solvent component, wherein all the wt % are based on the total weight of the coating composition.

Abstract: A backlight unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and an electronic device including the same are provided. The backlight unit includes a light guide member having a light receiving edge provided on an outer wall, and a hole spaced apart from light receiving edge; a light source configured to provide light to the light receiving edge; and a reflective member on an inner wall of the hole of the light guide member.

Abstract: Disclosed is a touch window including a substrate, and an electrode layer on the substrate. A retardation difference is 0.2% or less depending on an incident angle of light in the substrate.

Abstract: A process of removing a volatile organic compound (VOC) from a gaseous environment, involving contacting a gaseous feedstream containing one or more VOC's, such as an odoriferous compound, an irritant, a contaminant or pollutant, for example, formaldehyde, with a sorbent under conditions sufficient to reduce the concentration of the VOC's in the gaseous feedstream. The sorbent is comprised of a functionalized graphene prepared by amination of graphene oxide. The sorbent is regenerated by adsorbate desorption under mild conditions of air flow. The process can be run through multiple adsorption-desorption cycles in a single fixed bed or swing bed configuration, and is applicable to purifying indoor air and ventilation air as well as reducing pollutants in industrial waste gas streams.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid comprising bundle-type carbon nanotubes; a dispersion medium; and a polyvinyl butyral resin having a weight average molecular weight of greater than 50,000, a method for preparing the same, methods for preparing electrode slurry and an electrode using the same, and an electrode and a secondary battery prepared using the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a heat-ray shielding dispersion body in which heat-ray shielding particles having an excellent hygrothermal resistance are dispersed in a medium, a heat-ray shielding body, and a method for producing them. The heat-ray shielding dispersion body and the heat shielding body are produced by mixing and dispersing zinc hydroxide particles and composite tungsten oxide particles expressed by a general formula MYWOZ and having a hexagonal crystal structure, and molding and solidifying such a dispersion.

Abstract: There is provided an analysis model creation method which is capable of simply and quickly creating an accurate analysis model with respect to a structure including a crystalline material. In order to solve a problem described above, there is provided a model creation method of an analysis region used in numeral analysis, the method including a step of designating a crystal growth direction if a region is a region including crystallinity including acoustic anisotropy in the analysis region, a step of selecting partial image data to which the crystallinity of the region is reflected, a step of rotating and operating the partial image data along the crystal growth direction, and a step of creating image data which is covered in the region designated using the rotated partial image data.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of providing agglomeraterd boron nitride particles which are suitable to be used as a thermally conductive filler for a heat dissipation sheet of a power semiconductor device, and which exhibit excellent isotropy of thermal conductivity, excellent degradation resistance, and excellent kneadability with respect to resin. The agglomerated boron nitride particles are obtained by agglomerating boron nitride primary particles. The agglomerated BN articles are characterized in that: a peak area intensity ratio ((100)/(004)) of a (100) plane to a (004) plane of the BN primary particles is 0.25 or more, and the average crystallite size of the BN primary particles obtained from a (002) plane peak of the BN primary particles is 375 ? or more.

Abstract: A thermal insulation structure for an electronic device of the present invention is a thermal insulation structure which thermally insulates between an electronic circuit unit and a heat generator formed with another component. In the thermal insulation structure, a partition wall for separating each space and formed of resin having electric insulation properties is provided between the electronic circuit unit and the heat generator. Also, the partition wall is formed by integrating the resin and a thermal insulation material having thermal conductivity lower than thermal conductivity of air so that the resin includes the thermal insulation material. Further, the partition wall is formed by insert-molding the thermal insulation material with the resin. Further, the resin having the electric insulation properties is thermoplastic resin, and a thermal insulation raw material of the thermal insulation material is silica xerogel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a coating composition suitable for use in forming a coating that can reduce a concentration of pollutant gases in the environment. The coating composition includes from 0.01 to 10 vol.-% of mesoporous titania particles, relative to a total volume of the coating composition, and from 5 to 99.99 vol.-% of a polymeric material, relative to the total volume of the coating composition. The mesoporous titania particles have a continuous exterior convex surface, a particle diameter of ?1 ?m but ? to 50 ?m, a BET specific surface area of from 30 to 350 m2/g, a modal pore diameter of ?5 nm but ?50 nm, and a pore size distribution so that 85% or more of a total pore volume is associated with pores having a diameter of 10 ?m or less.

Abstract: A resin-coated metal sheet for can lids includes a metal sheet coated with thermoplastic resin films on both surfaces and formed into a can lid. A thermoplastic resin film A based on polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is heat-fused on a surface of the metal sheet serving as an exterior surface of the can lid, and a thermoplastic resin film B based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is heat-fused on a surface of the metal sheet serving as an interior surface of the can lid. A composition ratio (wt %) of PBT/PET in the thermoplastic resin film A on the exterior surface is (PBT/PET)=(40/60) to (80/20), and the thermoplastic resin film B on the interior surface includes 95 mol % or more of PET.

Abstract: An inorganic filler included in an epoxy resin composition includes a coating layer formed on a surface thereof, and the surface of the coating layer includes at least two elements selected from the group consisting of C, N and O.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel multilayer structure including a layered product capable of maintaining high performance even after being subjected to extrusion coating lamination. The present invention relates to a multilayer structure including a layered product and a layer (H) stacked on the layered product. The layered product includes a base (X), a layer (Z) containing an aluminum atom, and a layer (Y) containing a compound (A) containing a phosphorus atom. The layer (H) contains a thermoplastic resin (U), and the thermoplastic resin (U) is a polymer containing an ?-olefin unit.

Abstract: A method for producing an impregnated article comprising a cellulose layer which is impregnated with a melamine resin in order for a core impregnation to be formed is characterized in that a layer of a liquid medium having a moiety of isocyanate groups is applied to the top face and/or the bottom face of the core-impregnated cellulose layer.

Abstract: A mechanical chameleon through dynamic real-time plasmonic tuning, the external surface of which is covered by plasmonic cells is provided. Plasmonic cells, based on the combination of bimetallic nanodot arrays and electrochemical bias, use the electrochemical method elctrodepositing and stripping Ag shells on plasmonic Au nanodomes and then we achieve the reversible full color plasmonic cells/display. Plasmonic cells, under the control of circuits and sensors, make mechanical chameleon automatically change the color of its own when it's walking to the corresponding background color and always keeping the same color with the color background. This mechanical chameleon through dynamic real-time plasmonic tuning can capture and simulate the entire color-patterns of the environment and then drive the color-changing process in individual cells, fully merging the mechanical chameleon into the surroundings, which makes this technology is readily approachable.

Abstract: Provided is a near infrared absorbing fine particle dispersion liquid, which can be applied to a base material such as an acrylic resin base material having a low solvent resistance, including: a solvent of one or more kinds selected from petroleum-based solvents; near infrared absorbing fine particles of one or more kinds selected from 10 mass % more and 25 mass % or less of a composite tungsten oxide expressed by MxWyOz, and/or a magneli phase expressed by the general formula WyOz; and a dispersant having a fatty acid in its structure and soluble in the solvent, wherein a viscosity is 180 mPa/S or less.

Abstract: The present invention addresses the problem of providing agglomeraterd boron nitride particles which are suitable to be used as a thermally conductive filler for a heat dissipation sheet of a power semiconductor device, and which exhibit excellent isotropy of thermal conductivity, excellent degradation resistance, and excellent kneadability with respect to resin. The agglomerated boron nitride particles are obtained by agglomerating boron nitride primary particles. The agglomerated BN articles are characterized in that: a peak area intensity ratio ((100)/(004)) of a (100) plane to a (004) plane of the BN primary particles is 0.25 or more, and the average crystallite size of the BN primary particles obtained from a (002) plane peak of the BN primary particles is 375 ? or more.

Abstract: A hardcoat film including a support and a hardcoat layer, in which the support contains a resin as a main component, a film thickness of the hardcoat layer exceeds 20 ?m, the hardcoat layer contains a structure derived from a compound which has one alicyclic epoxy group and one ethylenically unsaturated double bond group and has a molecular weight equal to or less than 300, and a structure derived from a compound which has 3 or more ethylenically unsaturated double bond groups, a radical polymerization initiator and a cationic polymerization initiator.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a component part having a wall thickness of at most 3 mm on at least one part of the component part, comprising the method step of injection molding by means of an injection mold in an injection molding machine using a polymer/boron nitride compound, wherein the polymer/boron nitride compound comprises a thermoplastically processable polymer material and a heat-conducting filler, wherein the filler comprises platelet-shaped hexagonal boron nitride particles and wherein the injection rate during injection-molding is at most 200 mm/s. The invention further relates to a component part produced using such a method and a polymer/boron nitride compound for producing such a component part. The invention further relates to the use of such a component part for heat dissipation of component parts and assemblies to be cooled.

Abstract: A gas barrier laminate of the present invention includes a biaxially-oriented polypropylene base and an aluminum oxide thin film formed on one surface of the biaxially-oriented polypropylene base. The biaxially-oriented polypropylene base has a plane orientation factor ?P ranging from 0.005 to 0.020 according to phase-contrast measurement. Further, the gas barrier laminate of the present invention includes a biaxially-oriented polypropylene base and an aluminum oxide thin film formed on one surface of the biaxially-oriented polypropylene base. The biaxially-oriented polypropylene base has a molecular chain whose orientation angle measured by phase-contrast measurement ranges from 50° to 90° or from ?50° to ?90° relative to an MD direction.