Abstract: The composite material for a metal gasket includes a metal plate; a rubber layer fixed on the surface of the metal plate; and a solid lubricant layer fixed on the rubber layer. The solid lubricant layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene and a resin as main components, and has a friction coefficient equal to 0.15 or lower. Thus, the seal durability of the metal gasket is improved by effectively preventing fretting wear.

Abstract: Bush 4 is fabricated by providing porous sintered metal layer 7 of copper on the surface side of back metal layer 5 of steel plate through copper plating layer 6 and coating the inside and the surface of porous sintered metal layer 7 with sliding material 8 by impregnation. Sliding material 8 comprises 1-25 vol.% of tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinyl ether copolymer resin, 1-25 vol.% of at least one member selected from the group consisting of oxybenzoylpolyester resin and polyimide resin and 0.1-10 vol.% of hard particles having a Mohs hardness of 4 or more and average particle sizes of 5 &mgr;m or less such as Al2O3 and SiC, the balance being polytetrafluoroethylene resin (55 vol.% or more of the total siding material) as the main component. 0.5-25 vol.% of a solid lubricant such as graphite and MoS2 can be further contained in total together with the hard particles.

Abstract: A melamine resin foam endowed with excellent oil repellency and which is improved in fragility without deteriorating the superior properties inherently possessed by melamine resin foams. The melamine resin foam with excellent oil repellency is obtained by coating an oleophobic component on a base material produced by foaming a resin composition comprising, as the main components, a melamine-formaldehyde condensate and a foaming agent.

Abstract: An exterior automotive trim product, and method of making the same. In certain embodiments, a color pigmented thermoplastic layer is provided. A transparent clear coat is calendared to the color pigmented layer to form a composite or laminate. The laminate is subsequently vacuum-formed into a three dimensional shape approximating the desired shape of a final trim product. The vacuum-formed laminate is then inserted into an injection molding device, and semi-molten resin injected into the mold cavity behind the laminate. The resin fuses with the vacuum-formed laminate with the result being the final automotive trim product. Thus, no spray painting or spraying of solvents is required, and burdensome dry paint transfer techniques may be avoided.

Abstract: A primer composition of an organic titanate and an alkoxysilane achieves a strong bond between a silicone rubber and a fluoro-containing compound, thereby enabling a composite of these materials to have excellent adhesion. The composite is most useful as a fuser member in a copying device, the silicone rubber being upon an aluminum core. The primer composition preferably includes a solvent such as methyl isobutyl ketone that swells the silicone rubber, thereby permitting the primer composition to penetrate into the silicone rubber layer and further enhance the bond strength.

Abstract: This invention relates to a photocatalytic dielectric element placed upon polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) refractors and lamp covers to provide a self-cleaning surface for use on roadway lighting fixtures. The photocatalytic dielectric element is comprised of a series of hard durable thin dielectric film layers that can be tailored to selectively reflect UV with a plurality of dielectric layers having indices of refraction greater than 2.0. The photocatalytic dielectric element is otherwise transmissive to light at all other wavelengths. In addition, the photocatalytic dielectric element can concentrate photons generating from the light fixture, or from direct sunlight within a narrow range of wavelengths on the outer surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene refractor or lamp cover.

Abstract: A heat radiation blocking fluororesin film comprising a fluororesin containing a hexaboride.

Abstract: A flat semi-finished product includes a filled fluoroplastics substrate in the form of a sheet, which is coated at least partially on at least one surface with a soft, thin coating of fluoroplastics. The substrate material of the sheet has a Shore-D hardness of at least 65 and the average layer thickness of the thin sheet coating is at most 20 &mgr;m. A component, in particular a flat gasket, is made from the semi-finished product. A process for the production thereof is also provided.

Abstract: A non-stick coating with improved scratch resistance comprises an undercoat applied to a substrate, coated with a primary coat comprising a fluorocarbon resin and one or more fluorocarbon resin-based outer coats. The undercoat comprises at least 50% by weight of the polymer oxy-1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene, known as PEEK, and is free of fluorocarbon resin.

Abstract: A pellicle for a photolithographic patterning process by means of a light having a wavelength of at most 200 nm, comprising a frame and a pellicle membrane bonded to the frame by means of an adhesive, wherein the pellicle membrane or the adhesive comprises the following fluorine-containing polymer (A):

Abstract: A three part laminated material for use in making blister packages and a method of making such a material. The material is comprised of a central core layer of fluoro-polymer based sheet material to each side of which a separate polymer film is adhesively attached. These separate films may be symmetrical or asymmetrical as regards each other. In the preferred embodiment, each of the polymer films is polyvinyl chloride, although a variety of chemically different films may be used. The disclosed material provides a high moisture barrier, reduced package curl, a stable inter-laminar structure and outer surfaces which lend themselves well to bonding with other materials as well as to printing and coating.

Abstract: The invention provides for a substrate coated with a non-stick coating which resists abrasion force, the coating comprising a fluoropolymer resin containing ceramic particles to deflect the abrasion force away from the coating wherein the ratio of the thickness of the coating to the longest diameter of said ceramic particles is in the range of 0.8-2.0. Further, the invention provides for a substrate coated with a non-stick coating which resists abrasion force, the coating comprising an undercoat and an overcoat, each containing fluoropolymer resin, the undercoat also containing ceramic particles extending from the undercoat, the overcoat telegraphing the particles extending from the undercoat through the thickness of the overcoat to deflect the abrasion force away from the coating. Preferably, the ratio of the combined thickness of the undercoat and the overcoat to the longest diameter of the ceramic particles is in the range of 0.8-2.0.

Abstract: A surgical instrument comprises two oppositely-positioned working numbers each having proximal and distal ends and each having a working surface. The instrument also comprises at least one ring member affixed to a least one of the working members to encompass one or more of a user's fingers. In one embodiment at least one working surface has a heating element to cut or seal and cut tissue.

Abstract: A material, preferably a magnetic data storage disc, includes a carbon layer covering at least a portion of a magnetic substrate and a crosslinked fluoropolymer layers covering at least-a portion of the carbon layer. The crosslinked polymer layer has a thickness less than about 40 angstroms, and the carbon layer has a thickness less than about 100 angstroms. Preferred fluoropolymers include, for example, perfluoropolyethers. In some embodiments, the crosslinked fluoropolymer layer has a thickness at one point on the carbon layer greater than the thickness crosslinked fluoropolymer layer at another point on the carbon layer. The crosslinking generally is performed by irradiating the lubricant material on the carbon layer.

Abstract: A fuel permeation resistant fuel tank for a vehicle includes a tank shell having a wall formed from a plurality of layers. The layers include at least an inner layer, an outer layer and a fuel permeation barrier layer disposed between the inner layer and the outer layer and being made of a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) material.

Abstract: A three part laminated material for use in making blister packages and a method of making such a material. The material is comprised of a central core layer of fluoro-polymer based sheet material to each side of which a separate polymer film is adhesively attached. In the preferred embodiment, each of the polymer films is polyvinyl chloride, although a variety of chemically different films may be used. The disclosed material provides a high moisture barrier, a stable inter-laminar structure and outer surfaces which lend themselves well to bonding with other materials.

Abstract: A fuel permeation barrier fuel tank for a vehicle includes a tank shell having a wall formed from a plurality of layers. The layers include at least an inner layer, an outer layer and a fuel permeation barrier layer disposed between the inner layer and the outer layer.

Abstract: A fuser member whose outermost layer comprises a fluorocarbon-silicone interpenetrating network, comprising: (a) a first polymer comprising a fluorocarbon elastomer; (b) a second polymer selected from a curable polyfunctional poly(C(1-6) alkyl)siloxane polymer; a curable polyfunctional poly(C(1-6) alkyl)arylsiloxane polymer; and combinations thereof; and (c) a functionalized polydimethylsiloxane containing amine groups.

Abstract: A flooring material (1) comprises a base portion (2) having a coating portion (3) which imparts improved stain resistance to the flooring material (1) and is positioned in contact with an upper surface of the base portion (2). The coating portion (3) creates an upper surface of the flooring material (1). A particulate material (6) is embedded in the coating material (3) and at least partially penetrates the base portion (2). The particulate material (6) provides a roughened effect to the upper surface of the flooring material (1) and protects the coating from wear. The coating (3) merges into the base portion (2) where they meet at joint (4) to form a stratified portion (5).

Abstract: A water-repellent coating has tetrafluoroethylene resin powder, silicone resin binder, and organic solvent. The tetrafluoroethylene resin powder has a ratio of the peak absorbance at 1,800 cm−1 to the peak absorbance at 500 cm−1 of 0.0001 to 0.05 exclusive. A coating film is formed by applying such a coating on a substrate. The coating has the properties of high water repellency, excellent anti-ice-coating, excellent anti-snow-coating, and so on, in spite of not having a large amount of fluororesin powder. In addition, the coating of film keeps the water repellency regardless of whether the coating film is immersed into water for a long time.

Abstract: A magnetic recording disk for thermally-assisted magnetic recording has a low thermal conductivity multilayered thermal barrier between the substrate and the magnetic recording layer to avoid rapid heat conduction away from the locally heated spot and to reduce the amount of power needed to raise the temperature of the recording media above a required value. The barrier comprises a plurality of alternating layers or bilayers of a metal having an electrical resistivity greater than approximately 100 microOhm-cm and a dielectric selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides and oxynitrides of one or more of Al and Si. The large number of metal/dielectric interfaces, each with high thermal resistance, reduces the out-of-plane thermal conductivity of the barrier, and the use of high electrical resistivity metal layers minimizes in-plane heat spreading.

Abstract: A rubber laminate in which a rubber layer (1) containing the following rubber composition (A) is adhered by vulcanization to a rubber layer (2) containing another rubber composition (B). Rubber composition (A): Composition comprising 100 parts by weight of a mixture and 0.1 to 15 parts by weight of a peroxide crosslinking agent admixed therewith, the mixture comprising 5 to 95 wt. % of a peroxide-crosslinkable fluororubber containing vinylidene fluoride copolymerized therein in a proportion of 45 to 88 mole % and having a number average molecular weight of 20,000 to 200,000, and 95 to 5 wt. % of an acrylic rubber containing 0.1 to 1.5 wt. % of a polyfunctional monomer copolymerized therein and having a functional group rendering the acrylic rubber peroxide-cocrosslinkable with the fluororubber and a functional group effecting the copolymerization of the monomer with an acrylic ester.

Abstract: A high-performance ink jet recording medium containing a pigment is provided, which has a crack-free, porous ink-receiving layer, and also excellent gloss, transparency and water resistance, and which provides high image quality and ink-drying property. The ink jet recording medium has at least one coating layer on the base material. At least one of the layers comprises a porous ink-receiving layer formed by applying an aqueous coating material comprising (a) 100 parts by weight of a fine pigment having an average particle diameter of not larger than 1 &mgr;m and a pore volume of 0.4 to 2.5 ml/g and (b) 1 to 100 parts by weight of a hydrophilic resin free of radical-polymerizable unsaturated bond and capable of forming a hydrogel by the irradiation of an aqueous solution thereof with electron beam, then irradiating the coating material with electron beam to convert it into a hydro-gel and drying the layer.

Abstract: A multi-layer article includes a first polymer layer bonded to a barrier layer, which is bonded to a second polymer layer. The first polymer layer can include a fluoroelastomer. The second polymer layer can be a non-fluorinated polymer layer. The barrier layer can include a polymer derived from vinyl acetate.

Abstract: A recording medium comprising a phosphorus-containing fluorocarbon compound is provided. The phosphorus-containing fluorocarbon compound can be used as lubricant or as an additive to a lubricant. The phosphorus-containing fluorocarbon compound can be an esterified aryl phosphorus compound, a salt thereof, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides a water-soluble and shelf-stable aqueous fluorochemical polymeric treatment useful to treat porous substrates to render them repellent to water- and oil-based stains. The treatment comprises a water-soluble or dispersible fluorochemical polymer containing only carbon atoms in the backbone, with a plurality of each of the following groups pendent from the backbone: (a) fluoroaliphatic groups, (b) carboxyl-containing groups, (c) silyl groups and optionally (d) other non-hydrophilic groups.

Abstract: The present invention provides coextruded or laminated multilayer films having at least one layer of a halopolymer such as poly(chlorotrifluoro ethylene) (PCTFE), at least one layer of a naphthalene containing polymer such as poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN), and an intermediate adhesive layer. The invention further provides methods of producing oriented, multilayer films which comprise either coextruding or laminating at least one layer of a halopolymer to a surface of at least one layer of a naphthalene containing polymer by an intermediate adhesive layer. The multilayer film may be uniaxially or biaxially stretched, and an optional thermoplastic polymer layer may be attached to another surface of either the halopolymer layer, the naphthalene containing polymer layer, or both, by another intermediate adhesive layer.

Abstract: A multi-layer structure includes a layer of a fluoropolymer bonded to a substrate. The structure is prepared by exposing a bonding composition to actinic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation, to form the bond. The bonding composition includes a light-absorbing electron donor.

Abstract: Processes for the preparation of adherent polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene coatings on objects and for the direct production of open celled foams from a polymer latex without a need for any blowing agent.

Abstract: A heating appliance, such as a cooking container, has an inside surface coating including a decoration which changes color as a function of temperature. A decoration based on a thermostable resin and a chemical substance which changes color as a function of temperature is applied over a fluorocarbon resin coating on the inside of the container.

Abstract: A light abrasive texture is applied over the data zone of a thin film magnetic disc, while a surface texture of a second roughness is applied over the landing zone. A lubricant is applied over both the landing zone and the data zone. The lubricant is a high molecular weight PFPE lubricant which has been fractionated by supercritical fluid fractionation in carbon dioxide to exclude the fractions of low molecular weight and to exclude the fractions of very high molecular weight.

Abstract: A pellicle for a photolithographic patterning process by means of a light having a wavelength of at most 200 nm, comprising a frame and a pellicle membrane bonded to the frame by means of an adhesive, wherein the pellicle membrane or the adhesive comprises the following fluorine-containing polymer (A): fluorine-containing polymer (A): a substantially linear fluorine-containing polymer having a chain of carbon atoms as the main chain, and containing as carbon atoms in its main chain, a carbon atom having one or two hydrogen atoms bonded thereto and a carbon atom having no hydrogen atom bonded thereto and having a fluorine atom or a fluorine-containing organic group bonded thereto.

Abstract: A packing structure has a core element of a material having a high fluid impermeability, and a thin coated rubber layer formed thereon to cover at least its sealing surface and having a glass transition temperature which is lower than the lowest temperature allowable for the packing structure. It shows a high sealing property even at a low temperature and a high fluid impermeability when used for sealing e.g. a pipeline for conveying fuel in a motor vehicle.

Abstract: Polytetrafluoroethylene thin film comprising a thin film of polytetrafluoroethylene having thickness of ≦20 &mgr;m; surface roughness (Ra) of ≦0.1 &mgr;m; tensile strength of ≧80 N/mm2; and light beam transmittance of ≧80% for light of 500 nm wavelength. A process for manufacture of polytetrafluoroethylene film comprising compressing porous polytetrafluoroethylene film at a temperature above the melting point of the film, followed by cooling to a temperature below the melting point of the film while continuing to apply pressure.

Abstract: A method of preparing a stain resistant and water repellant textile fabric comprising: a) treating a textile fabric with an aqueous primary treatment composition comprising at least about 5 weight percent of a fluorochemical textile treating agent, based on the weight of the primary treatment composition; b) drying the treated fabric at an elevated temperature to obtain a primarily treated fabric; c) providing a polymeric film on one side of the primarily treated fabric, the film comprising an aqueous secondary treatment composition comprising at least about 4 weight percent of a fluorochemical textile treating agent, based on the weight of the secondary treatment composition; and d) drying the treated fabric with the film at an elevated temperature to obtain a secondarily treated fabric.

Abstract: A pressure member for use in fixing toner to a receiver comprises a support an intermediate layer disposed on the support, and an outermost layer formed from a cured composition comprising a fluorocarbon thermoplastic random copolymer, a curing agent, a particulate filler containing zinc oxide, and a curable aminosiloxane, wherein the fluorocarbon thermoplastic random copolymer has subunits of:

Abstract: A tetrafluoroethylene copolymer comprising 30 to 81 mole % of tetrafluoroethylene and a 70 to 19 mole % of at least one other monomer, and having terminal carbonate groups at polymer chain ends, which has a melt flow rate of 0.1 to 100 g/10 min. at 200° C. under a load of 5 kg, and a melting point of 90 to 200° C., a laminate comprising a layer of the above tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, and a layer of other material, and a surface film or a transparent filler material for a solar cell, which comprises the above tetrafluoroethylene copolymer is disclosed. The fluororesin can be firmly adhered directly to other materials such as resins, metals, glass, crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, while maintaining characteristics such as chemical resistance, solvent resistance, non-tackiness, electrical insulation properties, stain-proofing properties and flame retardance.

Abstract: A substrate that is substantially non-wettable to adhesive resin is disclosed. The substrate is coated with a fluorinated silane composition. Preferable fluorosilane compositions include perfluoroalkyl alkylsilanes of Formula III: R5nR6mSiX4−(n+m)  III wherein R5 is a perfluoroalkyl alkyl radical; R6 is alkyl or alkenyl; X is acetoxy, halogen or alkoxy; n is 1 or 2; and m is 0 or 1. The composition is preferably applied in solution and upon evaporation of the solvent, forms a durable, non-wetting, yet well-adhering surface. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is a chip carrier with enhanced wire bondability for use in the manufacture of a semiconductor device.

Abstract: Composite materials for cooking apparatuses which are produced by applying, to a substrate, a material comprising a fluorine-containing polymer having an excellent adhesive property to the substrate without necessitating complicated steps and are excellent in heat resistance, non-sticking property, stain-proofing property, water- and oil-repelling property, stain-removing property, chemical resistance, rust-preventing property, antibacterial property, resistance to energy ray and abrasion resistance. The composite materials for cooking apparatuses are produced by applying, to the substrate, the material comprising a fluorine-containing ethylenic polymer having functional group which is prepared by copolymerizing (a) 0.05 to 30 % by mole of at least one of fluorine-containing ethylenic monomers having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxyl, a carboxylic salt group, a carboxylic ester group and epoxy, and (b) 70 to 99.

Abstract: Single coat coating systems (22), as well as articles coated with such non-stick coating systems, are provided. The single coat system includes a fluoropolymer copolymer (14a), such as a fluoropolymer terpolymer including tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, and vinylidene fluoride monomers, which fluoropolymer copolymers are referred to collectively as THV. The single coat system exhibits excellent substrate adhesion and release properties, is resistant to separation failure at the interface between the binder (12) and fluoropolymer components (14a), and exhibits excellent adhesion to smooth substrates (16). The single coat system may also include a high level of fillers to provide increased damage resistance without compromising the above benefits.

Abstract: A multilayer material for sliding elements with a metallic backing layer and a plastics overlay applied thereto achieves good adhesion to the substrate without the disadvantages of known PVDF-based bearing materials. The plastics overlay comprises a PVDF content of 60-95 vol. %, the remainder consisting of PTFE or PTFE and at least one further component with a density of <7 g/cm3. The content of this further component may amount to a maximum of 5 vol. %. The other components comprise fully or partially aromatic polymers such as PI, PAE, polyamides, PPS, PES, PEEK, PSU or polyester, carbon variants such as graphite, carbon black, C fibers or coke, as well as MoS2, BN or CaF2 or CaCo3. The production method consists in scattering a powder mixture of these components onto the metallic backing material and then heating it to above the softening point of the PVDF component to form the plastics overlay, the plastics overlay thereafter being rolled smooth.

Abstract: The invention relates to an article containing at least three layers, which is intended to adhere to a polymer incompatible with polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). The article comprises at least one layer of PVDF, at least one layer of PVDF rendered opaque to UV and visible radiation, and a composition for adhesion of the PVDF to an incompatible thermoplastic. The three-layer complex may be obtained by coextrusion. The three-layer complex is generally intended to form, with a PVDF-incompatible thermoplastic material, a novel 4-layer integral complex, either by coextrusion or by hot-pressing.

Abstract: Coextruded layers of polyamide and fluoropolymer adhere to one another without an intervening tie layer by adhesive activation of polyamide of the polyamide layer, e.g. by incorporating into the polyamide layer a dispersed phase of maleic anhydride-grafted ethylene/propylene/diene copolymer. The fluoropolymer is a copolymer of ethylene with perhalogenated comonomer or a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene with perfluorinated comonomer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light and thin backside covering material for a solar cell module which is excellent in moisture resistance and durability and has a good insulator without causing a short circuit with underlying wire nor leak current. Also the invention provides a durable and high performance solar cell module using this backside covering material as a rear surface protection member. The backside covering material for a solar cell module is a three-layer laminated film, wherein a moisture resistant film is sandwiched with two films having heat resistance and weather resistance. A deposited layer 5 of inorganic oxide is formed on a surface of a base film 4 to make the moisture resistant film 3.

Abstract: A fluoropolymer composition is provided. The polymer comprises interpolymerized units derived from (i) tetrafluoroethylene, (ii) vinylidene fluoride, (iii) at least one ethylenically unsaturated monomer of the formula CF2═CFRf where Rf is a perfluoroalkyl or a perfluoroalkoxy of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and (iv) a perfluorovinyl ether of the formula CF2═CF—(OCF2CF(Rf))aORf where Rf is as described in (iii), Rf is a perfluoroaliphatic, preferably a perfluoroalkyl or a perfluoroalkoxy, of 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 3, carbon atoms, and a has a value of 0 to 3.

Abstract: A fluorine-containing adhesive comprising a fluorine-containing ethylenic polymer (A) having functional group which has a crystalline melting point or glass transition temperature of not more than 270° C. and is prepared by copolymerizing (a) 0.05 to 30% by mole of at least one of fluorine-containing ethylenic monomers having at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of carboxyl and a carboxylic salt group and (b) 70 to 99.95% by mole of at least one of fluorine-containing ethylenic monomers which do not have the above-mentioned functional group and is copolymerizable with the component (a). To provide the fluorine-containing adhesive maintaining chemical resistance, solvent resistance, weather resistance and stain-proofing property and giving direct strong adhesion particularly to a substrate of metal, glass, resin, etc. and an adhesive film and laminated article which are produced from the fluorine-containing adhesive.

Abstract: An electrostatographic component having a substrate and an outer coating of a thin, conformable perfluoroelastomer, wherein the outer coating has a thickness of from about 1 to about 75 micrometers, and wherein the unit manufacturing cost of developing the component is decreased and adhesion of the layer is increased.

Abstract: The present invention relates to non-stick coatings exhibiting both excellent abrasion resistance and food release, the coatings comprising a primer layer adhered to a substrate, a midcoat layer adhered to the primer layer, and a topcoat layer adhered to the midcoat layer, the primer layer containing and encapsulating large ceramic particles spaced apart from one another and extending into the midcoat layer, the midcoat layer being reinforced and being thicker than the primer layer, whereby the ceramic particles anchor the topcoat layer from being abraded away, the topcoat layer instead becoming integrated with the midcoat layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides an anti-reflective material with good the stainproofing properties, wherein dust and fingerprints do not readily adhere to the surface and can be easily wiped off when adhered, the anti-reflective material being provided with a stainproofing layer having excellent durability of its stainproofing effect. In an anti-reflective material comprising a transparent substrate and a low-refractive index layer and a stainproofing layer laminated in order on the transparent substrate, the low-refractive index layer is a silica film formed by the sol-gel method, and the stainproofing layer contains at least a perfluoroalkyl ether compound.

Abstract: Crosslinked polymer compositions obtained by subjecting to ionizing radiations compositions comprising: I) thermoprocessable copolymers of ethylene with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and/or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) modified with acrylic monomers of formula: CH2═CH—CO—O—R2  (a) R2 is a hydrogenated radical from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, C1-C20, alkyl, linear and/or branched radical, or cycloalkyl, or R2 is H. The radical R2 can optionally contain: heteroatoms preferably Cl, O, N; one or more functional groups preferably selected from OH, COOH, epoxide, ester and ether; and double bonds; II) one or more cross-linking agents; III) one or more optional ingredients.