Abstract: A battery module includes: a module body including a cell assembly stack formed by stacking a plurality of cell assemblies and a module case configured to accommodate the cell assembly stack; and a pair of heatsinks disposed at an upper portion and a lower portion of the module body, respectively, to dissipate heat transferred from the module case. Each of the cell assemblies includes: at least one battery cell; a cartridge configured to accommodate the battery cell; and a pair of thermally conductive resin layers filled in respective empty spaces formed between a top end of the battery cell and the cartridge and between a bottom end of the battery cell and the cartridge.

Abstract: A busbar for a battery pack, intended to electrically connect at least one electrochemical accumulator battery of the pack, preferably to electrically connect several electrochemical accumulator batteries of the pack to one another, including an electrically conductive and sealtight envelope itself intended to channel the current of the accumulator batteries and designed to contain a heat transfer liquid whose vaporization temperature is chosen so as to be between a value close to 90% of the self-heating temperature and a value close to 110% of the thermal runaway temperature of the accumulator batteries of the pack, the sealtight envelope being designed to guarantee an injection of heat transfer liquid as close as possible to each accumulator battery to which it is intended to be connected, preferably close to at least one of its output terminals.

Abstract: Battery monitoring systems having conductive strips and related methods are disclosed herein. According to an aspect, a battery monitoring system includes a conductive strip having a first end and a second end. The system also includes conductivity measurement circuitry operatively connected to the first end and the second end of the conductive strip. The conductivity measurement circuity is configured to indicate whether conductivity between the first end and the second end meets a predetermined threshold. Further, the system includes a strap attached to at least one of the first end and the second end, configured to attach to a battery, and configured to apply tension to the conductive strip when attached to the battery.

Abstract: A battery pack having a battery module having a module case to fix an entire outer periphery of a plurality of battery cells, an upper stage pack cover positioned on an uppermost stage of the battery module and having a pair of terminal penetration holes formed therein, and a lower stage pack cover positioned under the battery module to surround a lower stage portion of the battery module. The battery module is provided with a pair of electrode terminals at a position corresponding to the terminal penetration holes of the upper stage pack cover. Each electrode terminal of the pair of electrode terminals pass through a corresponding terminal penetration hole of the pair of terminal penetration holes and are exposed to the outside. A method for manufacturing the same is also provided.

Abstract: In a battery module including a plurality of battery blocks, the battery block is configured such that a plurality of assembled batteries each of which is formed of the plurality of batteries are arranged in parallel. The battery has a positive-electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal on one end portion of the battery. The assembled battery includes a positive electrode bus bar for connecting the plurality of batteries in parallel and a negative electrode bus bar for connecting the plurality of batteries in parallel, which are disposed on one end portions of the batteries. On a boundary portion between the battery blocks, the positive electrode bus bars of the respective assembled batteries of one battery block and the negative electrode bus bars of the respective assembled batteries of the other battery block are respectively connected to each other in series by an inter-block connecting bus bar.

Abstract: A battery storage case includes: a temperature adjustment plate having an upper wall portion on which a battery is mounted, a lower wall portion disposed below and spaced apart from the upper wall portion so as to face the upper wall portion, and a connection wall portion connecting the upper wall portion and the lower wall portion to each other, the temperature adjustment plate being integrally formed of an aluminum alloy; and an upper lid connected to the temperature adjustment plate so as to cover the battery mounted on the upper wall portion. The upper wall portion is formed with a flow path forming hole for forming a flow path through which a heat exchange medium for adjusting a temperature of the battery flows.

Abstract: A battery module may include a plurality of sub-modules arranged in a single direction, a cooling unit contacting one sides of the plurality of sub-modules to cool the plurality of sub-modules, and a heating unit contacting other sides opposing the one sides of the plurality of sub-modules to heat the plurality of sub-modules.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery module, which includes: a plurality of battery cells stacked side by side; a module case configured to accommodate the plurality of battery cells; a heatsink mounted to an outer side of the module case to cool the plurality of battery cells; and at least one heat transfer pad disposed in contact with the heatsink and the plurality of battery cells to penetrate the module case at least partially.

Abstract: Provided is a battery pack including a rectangular parallelepiped first battery module having a first air intake surface, and a rectangular parallelepiped second battery module having a second air intake surface. A cooling air flow passage chamber is formed between the first air intake surface and the second air intake surface. The battery pack includes a one-side wall and an other-side wall that are interposed between the first air intake surface and the second air intake surface and seal the cooling air flow passage chamber from a third direction. The one-side wall and the other-side wall are formed so as to be able to expand and contract in a first direction while maintaining the cooling air flow passage chamber in a sealed state.

Abstract: A battery pack has bus bars, a battery stack which is an assembly of plural battery cells, a bus bar casing which supports a bus bar casing, and a cover member. Electrode terminals of battery cells adjacently arranged in the battery stack are connected together through the bus bars. An upstream side passage and a downstream side passage are formed between the bus bars and the cover member. Upstream side wall surfaces forming an inlet part of the upstream side passage or downstream side wall surfaces forming an outlet part of the downstream side passage is arranged at a location closer to the battery cell side than a location of a surface of the bus bar side.

Abstract: A separating device for a battery module. The separating device includes a first separating element and a second separating element, which are arranged congruently with respect to one another and adjacent one another. The first separating element and the second separating element are formed from a heat-conducting material. Furthermore, the two separating elements enclose a chamber and the first separating element and the second separating element have embossments corresponding to one another for forming the chamber, wherein the embossments of the first separating element extend away from the second separating element and the embossments of the second separating element extend away from the first separating element.

Abstract: A battery module, in particular for a motor vehicle, encompassing at least one battery cell that is received, in a manner impinged upon by compressive force along a spacing axis, between two pressure surfaces arranged with a spacing from one another along the spacing axis and clamped toward one another; at least one interlayer additionally being provided along the spacing axis between the pressure surfaces; the interlayer, constituting an LWRT interlayer, encompasses a porous LWRT material having a thermoplastically bonded fiber tangle.

Abstract: A battery module including a cell assembly having a plurality of secondary batteries stacked in at least one direction and configured so that electrode leads of the secondary batteries protrude in at least one direction of forward direction and a rearward direction thereof; an upper housing disposed at an upper portion of the cell assembly; and a sensing block located at at least one of a front side and a rear side of the cell assembly and having a bus bar made of an electrically conductive material and contacting the electrode leads of the secondary batteries at the corresponding front side or rear side of the cell assembly is provided. The sensing block being slidably coupled to the upper housing.

Abstract: A battery module includes a partition wall to separate an upper space from a lower space, a first plate that defines the upper space together with the partition wall, and a second plate that is disposed above the first plate such that a gap is left between the first and second plates. A case has an opening that is formed to let the gap communicate with an outside of the case. The first plate has a through hole through which the upper space and the gap communicate. The battery module further includes a through path passing through the partition wall and each of the plates to let the lower space communicate with a space above the second plate. The upper space and the gap constitute an exhaust duct, while the lower space and a top space constitute a cooling duct.

Abstract: A battery assembly method for providing a battery arrangement having at least one battery module, a cooling means, and a frame. For attaching the at least one battery module on a first side of the cooling means, the battery module is affixed in a module support region of the first side without the frame being attached to the cooling means, wherein the cooling means comprises a separating element which provides the first side, which element has an edge region and a transition region which connects the edge region to the module support region, wherein the separating element is elastically flexible, at least in the transition region, and wherein, after affixing the battery module, the frame is mounted such that at least a portion of the frame rests on the edge region of the separating element.

Abstract: An energy storage apparatus includes: prismatic energy storage devices that are arranged in a row in a first direction and a holder; the holder holds the energy storage devices; the holder includes a pair of terminal members that are arranged outside the energy devices, connecting portions and a reinforcing portion that reinforces the connecting portions; the connecting portions connect the pair of terminal members and extend along corner portions of the energy storage devices; each one of the plurality of connecting portions includes a bent surface that fits the corner portions of the energy storage devices, the bent surfaces constraining the corner portions and extending in the first direction, and the reinforcing portion, at a middle position of the connecting portion in the first direction, extends in a forth direction that intersects with the first direction, and connects the connecting portions.

Abstract: The present application can provide a battery module, a method for manufacturing method the same and a thermally conductive material applied to the manufacturing method. The present application can provide a battery module having excellent output relative to volume and heat dissipation characteristics, with being manufactured in a simple process and at a low cost, a method for manufacturing the same, and a thermally conductive material applied to the manufacturing method.

Abstract: A cooling plate (10) for temperature control of a battery cell, having a frame (12) with a coolant flow space (16) and at least one perturbing contour (30) inside the flow space (16), which is provided to increase turbulence in the coolant and is designed to support the at least one battery cell or for mechanical contacting with a cover (14) of the flow space (16). The perturbing contour (30) is arranged such that the coolant can flow around the perturbing contour (30) and the perturbing contour (30) is formed in the manner of at least one opening (50) in such a way that the coolant can flow through the at least one perturbing contour (30) and/or the frame (12) forms an opening (52) beneath the perturbing contour (30) in such a way that the coolant can flow beneath the at least one perturbing contour (30).

Abstract: A method of assembling and electrically interconnecting an energy storage system, the system includes a cabinet and a plurality of energy storage modules which may be connected together in the cabinet, each energy storage module has a plurality of energy storage devices. The method includes carrying out an electrical interconnection step by providing a removable current monitoring device at one pole of a circuit of the cabinet during the electrical interconnection step; connecting a first module to the pole; monitoring current flow after connecting the first module and, if no current flow is detected, connecting a further module in series with the first module. The monitoring and connecting steps are repeated for each subsequent module until all modules of the cabinet have been electrically interconnected. The final module is connected to the other pole of the circuit and the current monitoring device is disconnected and removed from the circuit.

Abstract: A cooling device for battery cells assembled to form a module, having a base body and an insert which has receptacles for an end portion of the battery cells with recesses in the cell head. The insert together with the base body delimits a flow channel for a temperature control fluid A cooling device of this type permits operationally reliable accommodation of the battery cells with low manufacturing costs and high temperature control performance, without having to take manufacturing tolerances into account in advance. The receptacles form a fluid-tight membrane which encloses the end portion of the battery cells, which membrane is deformable for tolerance compensation of the individual battery cells and rests against the cell bottom when the flow channel is filled.

Abstract: A vehicle battery pack capable of improving distributivity of a refrigerant to a plurality of battery modules. A vehicle battery pack includes battery modules that are arranged in alignment in a vehicle width direction; two cooling pipes that cool the battery modules when being supplied with the refrigerant; and a flow divider that divides and supplies the refrigerant to the two cooling pipes. The flow divider is arranged between two battery modules in the vehicle width direction.

Abstract: A heat exchanger such as a cold plate or ICE plate has an integrated electric heating element provided on an external heater support surface of the heat exchanger. The external heater support surface is directly opposite to an internal surface of the heat exchanger which at least partly defines one or both of the inlet manifold and the outlet manifold. A thermal management system for a vehicle having a plurality of rechargeable battery units includes a circulation loop for circulating a first volume of the heat transfer fluid, and a plurality of battery heat exchangers, including a first heat exchanger with an integrated electric heating element. A sub-loop of the circulation loop includes the internal fluid flow passage of the first heat exchanger, and is adapted for a second, smaller volume of the heat transfer fluid.

Abstract: A heat management device may include: a first heat circuit; a second heat circuit; a heat exchanger configured to cool the first heat circuit and heat the second heat circuit; air-heating apparatus configured to heat air using the second heat circuit; a battery and electrical apparatus configured to be cooled by the first heat circuit; and a radiator configured to exchange heat between the first heat circuit and outside air. A controller may be configured, in the second process, to cause the heat exchanger to cool the heat exchanger passage while a heat medium circulates in the heat exchanger passage and the battery passage and bypasses the radiator passage. The controller may be configured, in the third process, to cause the radiator to cool the heat medium while the heat medium circulates in the radiator passage and the electrical apparatus passage and bypasses the heat exchanger passage.

Abstract: A battery pack is capable of maximizing or increasing a cooling effect of a module by concurrently performing conduction-type heat dissipation by a heat dissipation member extended from the inside to the outside of the module, and convection-type heat dissipation by a duct and a cooling fan. A battery pack includes: at least one module including a plurality of unit cells, a plurality of spacers between the unit cells, and a module case accommodating the unit cells and the spacers; a plurality of heat dissipation members inserted into the module and extended from the inside to the outside of the module; a duct including an opening and provided at one side of the module; and a cooling fan connected to the opening of the duct.

Abstract: A battery pack is provided. The battery pack includes: a plurality of battery modules mutually connected by a bus bar; a mold assembly including a module receiver configured to receive the battery module; and a pack case configured to receive the mold assembly.

Abstract: An assembled battery disclosed here includes a plurality of single cell array units each including single cells that are arranged in a lamination direction of a positive electrode and a negative electrode of an electrode body as an arrangement direction. The single cell array units are disposed parallel to each other such that arrangement directions of the single cells constituting the units are parallel to each other. Then, in the assembled battery, none of the single cells included in each of the single cell array units is directly electrically connected to adjacent single cells in the same unit, but is directly electrically connected to any one of the single cells constituting another single cell array unit through a bus bar.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a terminal board electrically connecting terminals of a plurality of battery cells to each other. The terminal board is thinner than a bus bar and welded to the terminals of the battery cells. The terminal board includes an elongated portion extending in a direction in which the battery cells are arranged and a plurality of fixation portions arranged at intervals on a long side of the elongated portion. The bus bar includes a plurality of fixation portions respectively placed in face-to-face contact with the fixation portions of the terminal board. Fasteners fasten the fixation portions of the terminal board and the fixation portions of the bus bar to fastener-receiving portions.

Abstract: A battery module having a battery module housing (2) which has a multiplicity of housing walls (3) which form an interior space (4), wherein a multiplicity of battery cells (22) is arranged in the interior space (4), and the battery module housing (2) furthermore has a cooling element receptacle (5), wherein a cooling element (12) of the battery module (1) is arranged in the cooling element receptacle (5) of the battery module housing (2).

Abstract: A cooling system for temperature control may include a first cooling passage in which a plurality of first variable valves and a heat generating component are deployed; a second cooling passage in which a plurality of first variable separating pipes cross-connected to the plurality of first variable valves, respectively, a battery, a heater configured to raise a temperature of the battery, and a battery chiller configured to cool the battery are deployed; a temperature sensor configured to detect operating temperatures of the heater and the battery chiller; and a controller configured to operate the plurality of first variable valves by determining whether the operating temperatures are within a specific range.

Abstract: A battery system includes a battery stack, a pair of end plates, a pair of binding bars, and a pair of ducts. The battery stack includes a plurality of battery cells and separators being stacked alternatively one by one and has openings on both longer sides. The opening communicates with a cooling path. The end plates are disposed on both shorter sides of the battery stack. Each of the pair of binding bars includes openings that faces the openings of the battery stack. A duct covers the openings of the binding bar, and guides the cooling air. The duct includes openings that is formed along the openings. In the separator, blocking parts are formed, and the blocking part protrudes in a direction of both sides along the opening. The blocking parts cover the opening ends of the opening and the opening ends of the openings.

Abstract: A lithium ion battery module includes a housing having a thermally conductive base and a cell assembly disposed within the housing and comprising pouch battery cells, a plurality of layers interleaved with the pouch battery cells, and a pair of end plates disposed on opposite ends of the cell assembly to compress the pouch battery cells. The battery cells are held within the cell assembly by cell frames. Each cell frame is formed from two frame pieces. The plurality of layers comprises a plurality of foam sheets and a plurality of thermally conductive sheets. The foam sheets are configured to allow swelling of the pouch battery cells while enabling a substantially constant level of compression of the pouch battery cells by the pair of end plates. The thermally conductive sheets conduct heat from the battery cells toward the thermally conductive base of the housing.

Abstract: A heat dissipating structure for a battery includes a plurality of heat dissipating members connected for enhancing heat dissipation from a heat source and a fixation member. The heat dissipating member includes a spirally winding shaped heat conduction sheet for conducting heat from the heat source, a cushion member that is provided on an annular back surface of the heat conduction sheet, and deformable following a surface shape of the heat source more easily than the heat conduction sheet, and a through passage penetrating in a winding direction of the heat conduction sheet. The fixation member fixes the heat dissipating members orthogonally arranged to a longitudinal direction thereof. The fixation member fixes at least each one end of the heat dissipating members in the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A battery module includes a first heat transfer component and a first thermal expansion material member that are disposed between the battery cells adjacent to each other. The first thermal expansion material member has a thermal conductivity lower than a thermal conductivity of the first heat transfer component and expands at a first predetermined temperature or higher, in which when temperature of the first thermal expansion material member is less than the first predetermined temperature, the adjacent battery cells are connected to each other via a high thermal conductive route including the first heat transfer component and having a first thermal conductivity, and in which when the temperature of the first thermal expansion material member reaches the first predetermined temperature or higher, the adjacent battery cells are connected to each other via a low thermal conductive route having a second thermal conductivity lower than the first thermal conductivity.

Abstract: A battery module including a battery cell and a thermal management system for removing heat from the battery cell. The thermal management system includes two or more unit cells in an array. Each unit cell includes a primary shell comprising a primary phase change material (PCM), and a secondary shell comprising a secondary PCM that is thermally coupled to the primary shell. The battery cell is thermally coupled to the primary shell at a heat transfer interface and the secondary shells of adjacent unit cells in the array are separate.

Abstract: A battery box, supporting structure and insuring thermal management of one or more battery cells allowing a temperature control of said battery cells environment to insure its optimal operational condition, the battery box comprises at least one aluminum hollow profile, wherein said aluminium hollow profile comprises at least two chambers, wherein at least one chamber is filled with a first phase change material having a melting point T1F and at least one chamber is filled with a second phase change material having a melting point T2F, where T1F>T2F.

Abstract: A battery pack includes: a plurality of battery cells; a case providing an accommodation space for accommodating the battery cells and a cooling fluid for cooling the battery cells; and a barrier wall extending across the accommodation space and dividing the accommodation space into an upstream area in communication with an inlet for the cooling fluid and a downstream area in communication with an outlet for the cooling fluid. The barrier wall provides a communication area where the upstream area and the downstream area communicate with each other. The inlet and the outlet are at a first end of the barrier wall in an extension direction of the barrier wall, and the communication area is at a second end of the barrier wall in the extension direction of the barrier wall.

Abstract: A battery pack includes first and second battery modules arranged in a first direction. In the first battery module, a first heat transfer part and a first heat insulator are disposed between battery cells adjacent in a second direction orthogonal to the first direction. In the second battery module, a second heat transfer part and a second heat insulator are disposed between battery cells adjacent in the second direction. The first heat transfer part constitutes a part of a heat transfer component that is put across and connected to both the first and the second battery modules. The first heat transfer part is connected to one of the battery cells in the first battery module so as to enable heat transfer. The second heat transfer part constitutes another part of the heat transfer component and is connected to one of the battery cells in the second battery module.

Abstract: A battery cooler assembly having a frame with a pair of opposed parallel walls, with each wall having a ledge extending outwardly from the wall. A heat exchanger positioned between the walls, and having a plate pair together defining a fluid flow channel permitting fluid flow from an inlet to an outlet on the heat exchanger. One or more battery modules positioned on the heat exchanger. A plurality of support structures engage the heat exchanger and positioned between the walls; and extend from a first edge to a second end of the heat exchanger, where the first edge is proximate to one of the walls and the second edge is proximate to the other wall. The plurality of support structures engaging the one or more battery modules reducing stress on the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A battery module includes a plurality of can-type secondary batteries; a cooling tray formed in a container shape and having an accommodation space capable of accommodating the plurality of can-type secondary batteries; a heatsink having a hollow structure in which a coolant flows, the heatsink being disposed in contact with an outer surface of the cooling tray; and a thermally conductive adhesive solution filled in the accommodation space of the cooling tray, wherein the plurality of can-type secondary batteries are arranged such that a lower portion thereof is immersed in the thermally conductive adhesive solution.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to contact plates configured to establish electrical bonds between battery cells in a battery module. In a first embodiment, the contact plate includes at least one primary conductive layer including a hole that is aligned with two or more terminals of two or more battery cells in a group of battery cells that are configured to be connected in parallel with each other, and a bonding connector configured to provide direct electrical bonds between the contact plate and the two or more terminals of the two or more battery cells. In a second embodiment, a contact plate includes at least one primary conductive layer and a set of bonding connectors made from at least one material that is selected to match at least one material used for the terminals of the at least one group of battery cells.

Abstract: A heat exchanger for thermal management of battery units made-up of plurality of battery cells or battery cell containers housing one or more battery cells is disclosed. The heat exchanger has a main body portion defining at least one primary heat transfer surface for surface-to-surface contact with a corresponding surface of at least one of the battery cells or containers. A plurality of alternating first and second fluid flow passages are formed within the main body portion each defining a flow direction, the flow direction through the first fluid flow passages being generally opposite to the flow direction through the second fluid flow passages providing a counter-flow heat exchanger.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery pack, which includes a plurality of battery modules, each having at least one battery cell, and a battery tray to which the plurality of battery modules are mounted. The plurality of battery modules are coupled to each other by sliding and make surface contact with each other on at least one side surface thereof.

Abstract: A method of making an interconnect for a solid oxide fuel cell stack includes providing an iron rich material containing at least 25 wt. % iron into channels of a mold, providing a powder containing 4-6 wt. % Fe, 0-1 wt. % Y and balance Cr into the mold over the iron rich material containing at least 25 wt. % iron, compacting the iron rich material containing at least 25 wt. % iron and the powder comprising 4-6 wt. % Fe, 0-1 wt. % Y and balance Cr in the mold to form the interconnect, and sintering the interconnect to form a sintered interconnect having iron rich regions having an iron concentration greater than 10% in ribs of the interconnect.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a thermal battery, which includes a housing and one or more battery cells within the housing. Each battery cell includes an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte. The electrolyte in each battery cell is configured to be in a solid state when the battery cell is inactive. The apparatus also includes a phase change material around at least part of the housing. The phase change material is configured to conduct external heat into the housing in order to melt the electrolyte in each battery cell and activate the battery cell. The phase change material is also configured to change phase in order to reduce conduction of the external heat into the housing.

Abstract: Batteries according to embodiments of the present technology may include a first battery cell including a first current collector. The batteries may include a second battery cell including a second current collector. The second battery cell may be vertically aligned with the first battery cell, and the second current collector may be positioned adjacent the first current collector. The first battery cell and the second battery cell may be electrically coupled together so the first battery cell and the second battery cell transfer current through the cells between the first current collector and the second current collector. The batteries may also include a patterned coupling material disposed between the first battery cell and the second battery cell and joining the first current collector with the second current collector.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a battery holder for the receiving of a plurality of battery modules in an electrically driven vehicle. The battery holder may include a plurality of juxtaposed module receptacles, wherein each module receptacle is configured to receive the battery module, and a profile wall that defines the plurality of module receptacles, wherein a heat exchanger is configured to temper the battery modules is formed in the side wall, wherein the heat exchanger comprises a plurality of hollow channels that extend along the module receptacles.

Abstract: The heat transfer device includes a sealed bag, a working fluid, and a contact component. The working fluid is enclosed in the bag. The contact component includes a first contact portion and a second contact portion that are separated from each other via a spacer. A left edge portion of the bag is disposed between the first contact portion and the second contact portion. The left edge portion contacts the first contact portion and the second contact portion when the bag expands due to vaporization of the working fluid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a battery case and a battery cooling system. The battery case includes an outer case; an inner case spaced apart from the outer case; and an intermediate member in a separation space between the outer case and the inner case, wherein the intermediate member includes: a plurality of peak portions which protrudes upward in a shape corresponding to a shape of a plurality of lower pins; a plurality of valley portions which protrudes downward in a shape corresponding to a shape of a plurality of upper pins; and a connection portion disposed between the peak portion and the valley portion.

Abstract: A separating device for a battery module. The separating device includes a first separating element and a second separating element, which are arranged congruently with respect to one another and adjacent one another. Furthermore, the first separating element and the second separating element enclose a chamber between them, and the chamber is filled with a flame-retarding and/or insulating fluid.

Abstract: A square secondary battery of an embodiment includes an outer can formed in a shape of a bottomed cylinder having a cross-sectional shape of a substantially quadrangular shape, the outer can having an opening, a power generation element contained in the outer can, and a lid having a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal, the lid covering the opening of the outer can. Two or more convex portions exist on each of one or more surfaces of a side surface of an outer surface of the outer can, a bottom surface of the outer surface of the outer can, and a surface having the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of an outer surface of the lid.