Abstract: A sheet of substrate material is corrugated. First and second troughs are defined on opposed faces of the substrate material. Ion-conducting regions are located in a common wall of the first and second troughs. In the ion-conducting regions ions can pass through the substrate material between the first and second troughs.

Abstract: In a lithium secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes each comprising at least an active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a binder and a current collector, and an electrolytic solution, the active material in the positive and/or negative electrode has been made conductive by coating its surface with a conductive agent and a binder, and affixed to the surface of the collector by a dry process. The lithium secondary battery is given a higher energy density and a higher output density and will find a wider range of application.

Abstract: A method for forming a corrosion resistant electrode for a battery includes supplying an electrode for use in the battery and exposing the electrode to an environment including vaporized carbon. At least some of the carbon from the environment may be transferred to the electrode.

Abstract: A battery, a battery electrode structure, and methods to make the same. The product and method comprise applying a layer of lead-tin containing alloy to substrates for anodes or cathodes for lead-acid batteries, in which the substrates are porous or reticulated.

Abstract: A battery unit for a secondary battery that includes a positive electrode plate, a positive electrode tab, a negative electrode plate, a negative electrode tab, a separator, and short circuit preventing units, wherein the short circuit preventing units are formed on corresponding uncoated areas of the positive and negative electrode current collectors where the positive and negative electrode sheets are not formed, each short circuit preventing unit having a corresponding width greater than a width of the corresponding positive and negative electrode current collectors.

Abstract: A current collector for polymer electrolyte thin film electrochemical cells and an electrochemical generator is disclosed. The current collector comprises a polymer substrate support film having a thickness of between 1 and 15 microns; a conductive metallic layer having a thickness of less than 3 microns, coated by metal vapor deposition onto at least one surface of the polymer substrate film; and a protective metal or metal oxide layer deposited onto the conductive metallic layer, having a thickness of between 5 and 500 nanometer and being electronically conductive.

Abstract: A current collector positive electrode enabling a NaS battery to be excellent in the charge recovery characteristic and low in internal resistance is provided, which collector has a high resistance layer formed by needle-punching glass fibers with 5 to 15 ?m fiber diameter into a felt substrate made of carbon fibers or graphite fibers by needle-punching from one surface of the substrate toward another surface of the substrate. The density of the glass fibers needle-punched into the substrate is gradually decreased in the direction from the above mentioned surface to the other surface of the substrate, and the deepest portions of the needle-punched glass fibers reach the depths of 85 to 100% of the substrate thickness.

Abstract: To provide a method of manufacturing a battery capable of enhancing productivity and preventing deterioration of the battery performance. After attaching a positive electrode terminal to a belt-shaped electrode, electrolyte layers are formed. This can decrease the number of manufacturing processes after forming electrolyte layers, which effectively prevents that solvents in the electrolyte evaporates or the electrolyte layers are absorbed the water. Thereby, manufacturing yields of the battery can be enhanced, Additionally, a battery excellent in discharge capabilities and stable in voltage can be attained.

Abstract: A pack-bonded, multiphase composite material is provided. The multiphase composite material has at least two layers of a matrix material pack-bonded with at least one layer of a reinforcement material. The reinforcement material is oriented in a pack-bonded direction such that the reinforcement material is uniformly dispersed between the matrix materials. Additionally, the matrix materials and the reinforcement material are chemically dissimilar. The matrix material is selected from the group consisting of lead and lead alloys, and the reinforcement material is a plurality of non-conductive, large length-to-diameter ratio, low-density fibers.

Abstract: The electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes: a current collector; an interlayer containing Mo or W provided on the current collector; and a thin film composed of active material capable of lithium storage and release deposited on the interlayer.

Abstract: A battery used by rolling a pole plate, formed by filling an active material, around a substrate using a band-shaped metal porous body having three-dimensionally linked spaces is inferior in flexibility and likely to short-circuit. According to this invention, grooves are formed in active material-filled substrate filled with the above active material, and then the grooved substrate is pressed flat to form groove active material layers, whereby cracks are made in the bottoms of the grooves preferentially, and cracks are pressed by the groove active material layers and blocked to prevent the flow-out of swelled projections of the cracks and the active material. Accordingly, a higher-capacity and higher-reliability battery is provided.

Abstract: An electrode plate for a secondary battery is provided for reducing adverse influences caused by paste of an insulating sheet in an electrode body and a battery specification. Active material layers 22a to 22d and 22a′ to 22d′ are formed on at least one surface of an electrode sheet 20 over a wider range than a predetermined width of an electrode and over a predetermined length. An insulating sheet 13a is made to adhere to a possible short-circuit portion of the electrode sheet 20 which portion is opposed to another electrode. The electrode sheet 20 and an insulating member are simultaneously cut to form an electrode plate having a predetermined shape, wherein the insulating member has a low-temperature thermoplastic paste material applied on one side thereof, and is made to adhere to the electrode sheet 20 through heat adhesion.

Abstract: A battery, in which measures are taken to suppress a reduction in charge/discharge capacity and degradation of load characteristics due to peeling of an active material off the current collector during repeated charging and discharging, is disclosed. Boehmite treatment or chromate treatment of the current collector surface of the electrode plate for the battery suppresses the degradation of charge/discharge capacity and load characteristics.

Abstract: A hydrophilic collector for alkaline secondary batteries is formed of a nonwoven fabric plated with nickel in which the nonwoven fabric is hydrophilized by sulfonation, a gaseous fluorine treatment, or vinyl monomer grafting. A method for making the collector includes a hydrophilizing step of a nonwoven fabric comprising at least one of a polyolefin fiber and a polyamide fiber, and a plating step of applying nickel plating to the hydrophilic nonwoven fabric. Preferably, the nickel plating is electroless plating, and the nonwoven fabric has a plurality of micropores extending from one surface to the other surface thereof. An electroplating film may be deposited on the electroless plated film, if necessary. This collector facilitates assembling a battery which exhibits improved high-rate discharge characteristics due to improved adhesiveness of the plated nickel film to the nonwoven fabric.

Abstract: A first lithium secondary battery of the present invention is formed by placing at least a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte in a battery case in which a positive electrode connecting member to which the positive electrode is connected and a negative electrode connecting member to which the negative electrode is connected are electrically separated, wherein said positive electrode connecting member is composed of clad material comprising one of aluminum or aluminum alloy and one of austenitic stainless steel or ferrite stainless steel, and the aluminum or aluminum alloy in the clad material is in the positive electrode side.

Abstract: A precursor chemical compound is applied to a surface sought to be coated, and subjected to a rapid thermally activated chemical reaction process (RTACRP) in which the temperature is quickly raised and lowered. The desired coating is formed from the precursor chemical compound by a chemical reaction at the elevated temperature. The structural/chemical integrity of the surface is preserved due to the use of RTACRP. The approach may be used to manufacture a high-energy density lead-acid battery.

Abstract: A current collector for polymer electrolyte thin film electrochemical cells and an electrochemical generator is disclosed. The current collector comprises a polymer substrate support film having a thickness of between 1 and 15 microns; a conductive metallic layer having a thickness of less than 3 microns, coated by metal vapor deposition onto at least one surface of the polymer substrate film; and a protective metal or metal oxide layer deposited onto the conductive metallic layer, having a thickness of between 5 and 500 nanometer and being electronically conductive.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell laminate is disclosed which comprises an electrolyte separator, a cathode film and a cathode current collector, a metallic anode film, and an insulating support film onto which the cathode film and the cathode current collector are coated onto a first surface thereof and the metallic anode film is positioned onto a second surface thereof. The cathode film and the anode film being electrically and ionically isolated from each other by the insulating support film. The electrochemical cell laminate according to the invention may be stacked wound or rolled to form an electrochemical battery.

Abstract: In one aspect a substrate such as a sheet metal product, in particular for use as a bipolar plate in a fuel cell or in an electrolyzer, is characterized in that it has, on at least one side, a conductive and corrosion-resistant protective coating of a metal oxide having a treatment which ensures the conductivity. The coating can be produced by introducing a piece of sheet metal into a coating plant and providing it with the conductive and corrosion-resistant protective coating of the metal oxide. In another aspect, an electrochemical cell such as a fuel cell comprises an electrically conductive contact element having a first surface facing an electrode for conducting electrical current, and the contact element comprises an electrically conductive substrate and an electrically conductive coating comprising a doped metal oxide, desirably a doped tin oxide, and preferably a fluorine doped tin oxide.

Abstract: A cell including a cathode having a second cathode active material of a relatively high energy density but of a relatively low rate capability sandwiched between two current collectors and with a first cathode active material having a relatively low energy density but of a relatively high rate capability in contact with the opposite sides of the current collectors, is described. In this type of cell construction, it is important that the weight ratio of the first and second cathode active materials is within a strict tolerance. Further, it is important to be able to track and record this information, as well as other data, for each cell built in a production facility. Marking the current collectors and the cell casing with identifying I.D. matrixes that are read and recorded during cell manufacture does this.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery with a light weight and a high energy density. The battery includes a anode 5, having a layer of an anode active material 9 formed on an anode substrate 8, a cathode 6, including a layer of a cathode active material 14 formed on a cathode substrate 13, and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte 4. The anode substrate 8 includes an anode resin film 11 containing a polymer and an anode metal layer 12 containing an electrically conductive metal. Since the anode resin film 11 reduces the weight of the anode substrate 8 and the anode metal layer 12 imparts electron conductivity to the anode substrate 8, the battery may be reduced in weight without detracting from battery characteristics to increase the energy density.

Abstract: The subject of the invention is an electrochemical device, especially an electrically controllable system with variable energy and/or optical properties or a photovoltaic device, comprising at least one substrate (1) carrying an electroactive stack of layers (3) arranged between an electrode called a “lower” electrode and an electrode called an “upper” electrode. Each electrode comprises at least one electroconductive layer (2) in electrical contact with at least one current lead. These current leads are arranged outside the region of the carrier substrate (1) which is covered by the stack of electroactive layers (3).

Abstract: An alkaline storage battery comprising an improved separator and having a high energy density and an excellent cycle life characteristic is disclosed. The alkaline storage battery in accordance with the present invention comprises a positive electrode including a nickel hydroxide material as an active material, a negative electrode, a separator and an electrolyte, wherein the nickel hydroxide material of the positive electrode contains at least Mn or is disposed with a coating of a cobalt oxide material on its surface and wherein the separator carries particles of a hydrophilic and insulating metal oxide directly attached to its surface. The metal oxide particle is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, potassium titanate, tungsten oxide, and zinc oxide. The most preferable one is anatase type TiO2.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery which is improved in cyclic characteristics at the same time as the battery capacity is increased. On an anode substrate 8, there is formed, by a thin film forming technique, a layer of the active material 10, containing a metal that may be alloyed with lithium as an anode active material. The battery includes an anode 5 containing one or more of a metal not alloyed with lithium, an alloy or a compound containing the metal, and a carbonaceous material capable of doping/undoping lithium ions, as well as the metal that may be alloyed with lithium, a cathode 6 and a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte 4. The metal contained in the anode 5 as an anode active material and which may be alloyed with lithium acts to raise the battery capacity, while the metal not alloyed with lithium, alloys or compounds of this metal or the carbonaceous material suppresses deterioration of the anode 5 attendant on the charging/discharging to improve cyclic characteristics.

Abstract: An electrical battery has a vessel accommodating an electrolyte, a positive electrode and a negative electrode arranged in the vessel at a distance from one another in contact with the electrolyte, and a partition arranged in the vessel between the electrodes so that positive ions formed by an electrolytic process from a material of the positive electrode in the electrolyte move toward one side of the partition, and negative ions formed by an electrolytic process from a material of the electrolyte move to an opposite side of the partition during charging of the battery, so that the positive ions and the negative ions at both sides of the partition are attracted to one another and accumulate at both sides of the partition in great quantities so as to provide a significant charge in the battery, one of the electrodes being movable toward the partition to be located in a zone of accumulation of the ions of corresponding charge so as to obtain the charge with high voltage, so that a discharge of the battery is pe

Abstract: A rechargeable, thin film lithium battery cell (10) is provided having a polyimide supporting substrate (11), a cathode current collector (13), a lithiated transition metal oxide or transition metal cathode (14), an electrolyte (15), an anode (16) and an anode current collector (17). The polyimide supporting substrate (11) is heated or dehydrated to remove water from therein. The cathode (14) is annealed at a relatively low temperature of approximately 300 degrees Celsius.

Abstract: The present invention includes a bi-electrode structure including a substrate, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode. The positive electrode and the negative electrode are respectively formed on different sides of the substrate. The substrate is to suppolt and insulate the positive electrode and the negative electrode. To improve the conductivity, the positive electrode has a first metal layer and a positive material layer Similarly, the negative electrode has a second metal layer and a negative material layer. After covering with a separator on either the positive electrode or the negative electrode, the bi-electrode structure is rolled to form a battery with cylindrical shape or stacked up to form a prismatic battery.

Abstract: Conventional batteries have a problem that, in case the battery temperature should rise to 100° C. or higher due to an internal short-circuit, etc., a large short-circuit current develops to generate heat. It follows that the battery temperature further increases, which can result in a further increase of the short-circuit current. Further, some of electrode structures involve reduction in discharge capacity. These problems are solved by a battery in which an electron conductive material (9), being in contact with an active material (8) in an electrode, comprises a conductive filler and a resin so that the electrode may increase its resistivity with a temperature rise, and the ratio of the particle size of the electron conductive material (9) to that of the active material (8) is in a range of from 0.1 to 20.

Abstract: A positive current collector grid which has been coated with a grid coating of PbO2 particles in a polyacrylic acid solution. Solution may also contain isopropyl alcohol or other polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene oxide, and polystyrenesulfonic acid in place of or in addition to polyacrylic acid. PbO2 particles may be varied in size. Number of coatings may be varied. Coatings may be applied via a direct gravure method or sprayer method. Coated positive current collector grid may undergo drying process to remove some or all of the polyacrylic acid, other polymers and solvents, leaving a layer of close packed PbO2 particles adhered to the surface of grid.

Abstract: All-solid-state electrochemical cells and batteries employing very thin film, highly conductive polymeric electrolyte and very thin electrode structures are disclosed, along with economical and high-speed methods of manufacturing. A preferred embodiment is a rechargeable lithium polymer electrolyte battery. New polymeric electrolytes employed in the devices are strong yet flexible, dry and non-tacky. The new, thinner electrode structures have strength and flexibility characteristics very much like thin film capacitor dielectric material that can be tightly wound in the making of a capacitor. A wide range of polymers, or polymer blends, characterized by high ionic conductivity at room temperature, and below, are used as the polymer base material for making the solid polymer electrolytes. The preferred polymeric electrolyte is a cationic conductor. In addition to the polymer base material, the polymer electrolyte compositions exhibit a conductivity greater than 1×10−4 S/cm at 25° C.

Abstract: Electrodes including bipolar composite electrodes and end electrodes are characterized by a layer of electrochemically active material bonded to a first surface of a non-conductive electrode substrate material. In the case of a bipolar electrode, the opposing second surface of the substrate material also carries a layer of electrically active material, the layer of electrochemically active material contacting through said substrate material to provide a current pathway. In the case of an end electrode, the opposing second surface of the substrate material carries a layer of electrically active material, the layer of electrochemically active material contacting the layer of electrically active material through the substrate material to provide a current pathway. Processes of preparing the electrodes and uses of the electrodes in batteries are also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrode comprising a porous three-dimensional conductive support containing an electrochemically active material, said support having at least a first edge connected to a connection piece and at least a second edge substantially parallel to said first edge, and means for preventing said active material disposed along said second edge from moving. Said means is selected from: a piece having a U-shaped fold placed stride said second edge; a surface covering; and treatment to modify the texture of said support. The electrode is used as a positive electrode in a second electrochemical cell of the nickel metal hydride type.

Abstract: In a lithium secondary battery comprising positive and negative electrodes each comprising at least an active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a binder and a current collector, and an electrolytic solution, the active material in the positive and/or negative electrode has been made conductive by coating its surface with a conductive agent and a binder, and affixed to the surface of the collector by a dry process. The lithium secondary battery is given a higher energy density and a higher output density and will find a wider range of application.

Abstract: A wide range of solid polymer electrolytes characterized by high ionic conductivity at room temperature, and below, are disclosed. These all-solid-state polymer electrolytes are suitable for use in electrochemical cells and batteries. A preferred polymer electrolyte is a cationic conductor which is flexible, dry, non-tacky, and lends itself to economical manufacture in very thin film form. Solid polymer electrolyte compositions which exhibit a conductivity of at least approximately 10−3-10−4 S/cm at 25° C. comprise a base polymer or polymer blend containing an electrically conductive polymer, a metal salt, a finely divided inorganic filler material, and a finely divided ion conductor.

Abstract: A fibrous-structure electrode plate has a metal thickness which increases continuously towards the current discharge lug and the resultant low-loss current carrying. To produce the fibrous-structure electrode framework plates according to the invention, textile substrate can be reinforced by electrodeposition. For the subsequent use of the textile substrate which has been reinforced by electrodeposition as an electrode framework of fibrous structure, a diaphragm system is introduced into the electrodeposition bath between each anode and the premetallized web of a textile substrate which is to be reinforced by electrodeposition. In this way, it is possible to distribute the metal applied to the substrate, specifically without previously cutting the web to size.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for making high energy density lithium rechargeable battery cathodes based on self-assembled monolayer. The cathode materials of the invention are prepared by immersing conducting substrates such as gold, silver, copper, and the like, in a milimolar solution of an organic disulfide. Thereby a self-assembled monolayer of an organic disulfides on a conducting substrate can be obtained capable of delivering high energy and power density after coupling with a material Lithium electrode anode in an electrolyte solution using Lithium salts and specific solvents and co-solvents.

Abstract: A lead acid battery can be obtained which exhibits excellent life properties while keeping the level of self-discharging and electrolyte loss equal to that of those comprising a Pb—Ca alloy collector. In other words, the present invention lies in a positive collector for lead acid battery comprising a substrate and a surface layer made of an alloy composition different from that of the substrate formed on at least a part of the surface of the substrate, characterized in that the substrate is a Sb-free lead alloy or lead and said surface layer is a lead alloy layer comprising one or more metals selected from the group consisting of alkaline metals and alkaline earth metals.

Abstract: This invention provides a small battery and an electric double layer capacitor exhibiting adequate cell voltage and capacitor withstand voltage. Specifically, this invention provides a battery or electric double layer capacitor in which basic cells comprising a pair of electrodes oppositely laminated via the separator, and an electrolyte are packaged in a resin sheet package, wherein the basic cells are laminated in series via a sheet current collector; the sheet current collector extends to an edge of the resin sheet package around the periphery of the basic cells laminated on both sides of the current collector; the sheet current collector is glued or fused to the resin sheet in its edge; and the adjacent basic cells via the sheet current collector are fluid-tightly separated within the resin sheet package.

Abstract: Battery of the type comprising a zinc can, the bottom of which is in contact with the negative terminal, and a collector which consists of carbon for the cathode, the zinc can be successively surrounded by a layer of electrically insulating material and a protective metal casing, the metal casing of which battery, on the inner side, comprises an organic coating layer which serves as the layer of electrically insulating material.

Abstract: A solid electrolyte battery produced by a recessed portion forming step of forming a recessed portion 10 having a predetermined shape and a predetermined depth at a predetermined position on a substrate a1 and by a laminating step of laminating the layers of a power-generating element f on the recessed portion 10. With this configuration, the height of portions projecting from the surface of the substrate can be limited significantly, and the step coverage on the upper layer can be improved, whereby it is possible to produce a solid electrolyte secondary battery being excellent in reliability.

Abstract: A cadmium negative electrode for a nickel cadmium storage battery, the electrode comprising an electrode plate and a resin layer coating at least one surface of the electrode plate, the electrode plate comprising a cadmium compound as an active material, the resin layer comprising polyvinyl pyrrolidone and a product of an addition reaction of a styrylpyridinium salt to polyvinyl alcohol.

Abstract: A hydrophilic collector for alkaline secondary batteries is formed of a nonwoven fabric plated with nickel in which the nonwoven fabric is hydrophilized by sulfonation, a gaseous fluorine treatment, or vinyl monomer grafting. A method for making the collector includes a hydrophilizing step of a nonwoven fabric comprising at least one of a polyolefin fiber and a polyamide fiber, and a plating step of applying nickel plating to the hydrophilic nonwoven fabric. Preferably, the nickel plating is electroless plating, and the nonwoven fabric has a plurality of micropores extending from one surface to the other surface thereof. An electroplating film may be deposited on the electroless plated film, if necessary. This collector facilitates assembling a battery which exhibits improved high-rate discharge characteristics due to improved adhesiveness of the plated nickel film to the nonwoven fabric.

Abstract: The invention provides a treatment for edge surfaces and faces of metallized fiber structure framework plates for use in electric accumulators. The edge surfaces and faces, except for the starting portion of the current tapping tab, are mechanically, thermally or chemically freed of projecting metallized fiber ends and fiber bundles in order to avoid short circuits or soft shorts caused by dendrites penetrating the cell separator or by metallized fiber ends. The mechanical, thermal or chemical treatments can take place individually or in combination with one another.

Abstract: The manufacture and use of multilayer functional thin-film devices, such as solid-state thin-film batteries, including lithium thin-film batteries on unconventional substrate geometries integrated into multifunctional materials is described. The unconventional geometries may include fibers, ribbons, and strips, which may be woven together or held together in matrices of material to form structural or other multifunctional composites with, for example, integrated power.

Abstract: Provided are cathode current collectors for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the current collector comprises a conductive primer layer applied upon a conductive support, and the primer layer comprises from about 20 to 60% by weight of a crosslinked polymeric material formed from a reaction of a polymeric material having hydroxyl groups and a crosslinking agent, about 2 to 15% by weight of a cationic polymer comprising quaternary ammonium salt groups, and about 35 to 75% by weight of a conductive filler. The present invention also pertains to methods of forming such cathode current collectors for use in electrochemical cells comprising: (i) an anode comprising lithium, and (ii) a cathode comprising an electroactive sulfur-containing material, and electrochemical cells comprising such cathode current collectors.

Abstract: There are provided a constituent material for a rechargeable battery with a nonaqueous electrolyte and a rechargeable battery with a nonaqueous electrolyte, using the constituent material, which has high energy density and a high level of safety.

Abstract: Provided are anodes for use in electrochemical cells, wherein the anode comprises an anode active layer comprising lithium and a polymer anode substrate comprising a polymer film layer and a protective crosslinked polymer layer, in which the protective crosslinked polymer layer is in contact with the anode active layer on the side opposite to the surface in contact with the polymer film layer. The present invention also pertains to methods for forming such anodes and electrochemical cells comprising such anodes.

Abstract: A pack-bonded, multiphase composite material is provided. The multiphase composite material has at least two layers of a matrix material pack-bonded with at least one layer of a reinforcement material. The reinforcement material is oriented in a pack-bonded direction such that the reinforcement material is uniformly dispersed between the matrix materials. Additionally, the matrix materials and the reinforcement material are chemically dissimilar. The matrix material is selected from the group consisting of lead and lead alloys, and the reinforcement material is a plurality of non-conductive, large length-to-diameter ratio, low-density fibers.

Abstract: A multilayer battery cell comprises an ion-conductive separator film. A positive electrode layer is disposed on one surface of the separator film. A negative electrode layer is disposed on the other surface of the separator film. A first conductive layer is disposed on the positive electrode layer and electrically connected to the same. A second conductive layer is disposed on the negative electrode layer and electrically connected to the same. The positive and negative electrode layers and the first and second conductive layers are each produced by employing a spraying process.

Abstract: Lead alloy strip material (4, 6, 8) is roll bonded on one or both opposite face surfaces of a core strip material (2). The core material can be commercially pure titanium, austenitic stainless steel, low carbon steel, copper, aluminum, alloys thereof or other suitable metal that has sufficient ductility and that can provide desired attributes of stiffness and corrosion resistance to the composite. The lead alloy material is strengthened by the addition of less than approximately 1% of calcium or antimony and the core material is softened by fully annealing it prior to bonding. The several strips are reduced in thickness, preferably in approximately the same proportion, by at least 40% in the bonding pass to create a solid phase bond among the strips. The bonded composite is then rolled to final gauge and, for selected applications, is corrugated and cut to form panels (20, 22, 24) and etched to form pockets (8b) for pasting of active materials such as lead oxide for battery plates.