Abstract: A solid oxide supercritical water electrochemical cell which uses carbonaceous materials, such as sewage or waste food, in a mixture with fluid as fuel, simultaneously generating two or more forms of energy by means of combustion of oxidizable carbonaceous material in whole or in part by electrochemical oxidation under hydrothermal conditions.

Abstract: A system for harvesting electric energy from illumination by photons by photo- and bioelectrocatalysis includes an electrode coated with conducting polymer matrix containing the oxidoreductase, laccase, and a redox mediator, 2,2?-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiaxoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The photo-anode is based on nanocrystalline TlO2 (Degussa, P25) adhered to a fluorine tin oxide (FTO) electrode. The device operation is based on a continuous photocatalytic oxidation of water to oxygen at a TiO2-photoanode and bioelectrocatalytic reduction of oxygen to water at a biocathode under illumination with light.

Abstract: A microbial fuel cell for generating electricity. The microbial fuel cell includes an anode and a cathode electrically coupled to the anode. The anode is in contact with a first fluid including microorganisms capable of catalyzing the oxidation of ammonium. The anode is in contact with a second fluid including microorganisms capable of catalyzing the reduction of nitrite. The anode and the cathode may be housed in a single compartment, and the cathode may rotate with respect to the anode. The microbial fuel cell can be used to remove ammonium from wastewater, to generate electricity, or both.

Abstract: An objective of the present invention is to establish a technique for making it possible to immobilize an enzyme on an electrically conductive base material in a uniformly, high density, and constantly aligned orientation, for the purpose of constructing an enzyme electrode having improved electrode performance. An electrode having enzyme crystals immobilized thereon, the electrode being provided with an electrically conductive base material that can be connected to an external circuit and enzyme crystals that serve as an electrode catalyst, wherein the enzyme crystals are immobilized on the electrically conducive base material; a method for producing an electrode having enzyme crystals immobilized thereon; and a biological fuel cell and a biosensor which are provided with an electrode having enzyme crystals immobilized thereon.

Abstract: Microbial fuel cells including multiple electrodes, and systems of such fuel cells, are provided. An exemplary fuel cell includes a population of exoelectrogenic microbes and at least two anodes in an anode chamber, and a cathode in a cathode chamber. A path exists between the chambers for conducting hydrogen ions and each anode is connected to the cathode by a separate external circuit. Electrical output from the fuel cell is maximized by optimizing the microbe population, achieved by dynamically controlling the sub-populations at each of the multiple anodes. Systems comprising multiple such fuel cells connected by a dynamically reconfigurable fluidics system provide further optimization.

Abstract: An electrochemical device having an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolyte. At least one of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode is provided with a substantially uniform superficial relief pattern formed by a plurality of substantially uniform projections and has an electrical conductivity gradient between peaks of the projections and valleys between the projections.

Abstract: A process for the utilization of the methane produced by enteric fermentation, specifically to a process that utilizes methane produced by ruminant animals through enteric fermentation as a source of carbon and/or energy for the directed production of methane-based goods or processes is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composite of enzyme and carbon structure. In the composite of enzyme and carbon structure, a significantly large amount of an enzymeis immobilized on the surface of carbon structures without the formation of chemical bonds (particularly, covalent bonds) between the enzyme molecules and the carbon structures. Since the surface of the carbon structures does not need to be modified to form chemical bonds, the electrical conductivity of the composite of enzyme and carbon structure is not reduced and the stability of the composite is maintained high even after the passage of a long time in various environments. Therefore, the use of the composite of enzyme and carbon structure enables the fabrication of various devices, such as biosensors and biofuel cells, with markedly improved performance as compared to the use of conventional enzyme/carbon structure composites.

Abstract: A biofuel cell is formed by disposing an anode (negative electrode) to be a fuel electrode, an anode current collector, a separator, a cathode current collector, a cathode (positive electrode) to be an air electrode and a gas-liquid separation membrane in this order between a fuel tank and a positive electrode cover. During the formation, an electrode formed of a carbon fiber fabric having a network structure constituted by a monofilament strand of a carbon fiber and has a redox enzyme on the surface is used in at least the anode.

Abstract: A modular device that is optimized for preliminary water treatment and energy generation and methods for operating the same are described.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a fuel cell bioreactor, based on the microbial regeneration of the oxidant, ferric ions and on the cathodic reduction of ferric to ferrous ions, coupled with the microbial regeneration of ferric ions by the oxidation of ferrous ions, with fuel (such as hydrogen) oxidation on the anode. The microbial regeneration of ferric ions is achieved by iron-oxidizing microorganisms such as Leptospirillum. Electrical generation is coupled with the consumption of carbon dioxide from atmosphere and its transformation into microbial cells, which can be used as a single-cell protein.

Abstract: Disclosed is a composite of enzyme and fiber matrix with three-dimensional structure. The composite of enzyme and fiber matrix with three-dimensional structure includes a significantly large amount of an enzyme loaded in and immobilized in/onto a matrix when compared to conventional composites. In addition, the immobilized enzyme is prevented from leaching from the matrix when an external impact is applied to the composite of enzyme and fiber matrix with three-dimensional structure. Therefore, the stability of the composite of enzyme and fiber matrix with three-dimensional structure of the present invention is maintained even after a long period passes since a remarkably great amount of enzymes compared with a known composite can be supported and immobilized to a matrix, and the immobilized enzyme is not easily released by an external impact.

Abstract: The valve control unit of a fuel leakage preventing structure of the present invention includes first and second electrodes. The first electrode is attached to a first member that is movable. When a pressing force is applied to the first member to move, the first and second electrodes are brought into contact with each other, to cause conduction. The first and second electrodes are connected to a control device, and the control device opens a control valve when the first and second electrodes are put into a conducting state. As the control valve is opened and closed by a pressing force in this manner, a fuel solution can be easily supplied.

Abstract: The present invention answers the demands of power generating device and biosensor development and provides a flexible, free-standing type protein containing carbon nanotube film, and a sensor and power generating device each equipped with the carbon nanotube film as an electrode. According to the present invention a carbon nanotube free standing film is provided including a carbon nanotube aggregate formed by aggregating a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and a plurality of enzymes included between the plurality of carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotube film may include a different protein to the enzyme and may include a surfactant agent between the plurality of carbon nanotubes.

Abstract: A fuel cell is provided having excellent performance and being capable of achieving a sufficient buffer ability in a high-output operation when an enzyme is immobilized on at least one of a positive electrode and a negative electrode and of sufficiently exhibiting the ability inherent in the enzyme. A biofuel cell includes a structure in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are opposed to each other with an electrolyte layer containing a buffer material provided therebetween, an enzyme being immobilized on at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The electrolyte layer contains as the buffer material a compound including an imidazole ring. As the compound including an imidazole ring, imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 4-methylimidazole, 2-ethylimidazole, or the like is used.

Abstract: A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme.

Abstract: A process for producing a gas diffusion electrode comprising the steps of: casting a porous electrically conductive web with a suspension of particles of an electrically conductive material in a solution of a first binder to provide a first layer which is an electrochemically active layer (AL); casting a suspension of particles of a hydrophobic material in a solution of a second binder on said first layer to provide a second layer; and subjecting said first and second layer to phase inversion thereby realising porosity in both said first layer and said second layer, wherein said subjection of said second layer to phase inversion thereby realises a water repellent layer; a gas diffusion electrode obtained therewith; the use of a gas diffusion electrode in an membrane electrode assembly; a membrane electrode assembly comprising the gas diffusion electrode; and a method of producing a membrane electrode assembly is realised, said membrane electrode assembly comprising a membrane sandwiched between two electrodes

Abstract: A porous electrochemical electrode is made up of a solid cellular material provided in the form of a semi-graphitised carbon monolith comprising a hierarchised porous network free of mesopores and including macropores with a mean dimension dA of 1 ?m to 100 ?m, and micropores with a mean dimension dI of 0.5 nm to 2 nm, said macropores and micropores being interconnected. In said electrode, the macropores contain at least one electroactive species in direct contact with the semi-graphitised carbon that makes up the surface of the macropores. The invention also relates to a method for preparing such an electrode as well as to the use thereof as a biosensor or for manufacturing a biopile.

Abstract: A high throughput biological screening assay comprising at least two anodes, at least two cathodes acting as the reference electrode, and a polymer membrane placed between each anode and cathode, wherein the at least two anodes comprise a biological culture, and wherein the at least two cathodes comprise an oxidizing agent and a buffering agent. The high throughput biological screening assay wherein the at least two cathodes are connected in parallel to simulate the connection between the same cathode and different anodes. The high throughput biological screening assay further including an external resistor or open circuit and means for measuring the voltage across the external resistor or open circuit. A method of measuring power generation using a single cathode as a reference electrode to monitor the biological production of energy. A method of correlating bacterial biofilm formation within an operational microbial fuel cell directly to current output.

Abstract: An implantable intraocular physiological sensor for measuring intraocular pressure, glucose concentration in the aqueous humor, and other physiological characteristics. The implantable intraocular physiological sensor may be at least partially powered by a fuel cell, such as an electrochemical glucose fuel cell. The implantable intraocular physiological sensor may wirelessly transmit measurements to an external device. In addition, the implantable intraocular physiological sensor may incorporate aqueous drainage and/or drug delivery features.

Abstract: Bioanodes, biocathodes, and biofuel cells comprising an electron conductor, at least one anode enzyme or cathode enzyme, and an enzyme immobilization material. The anode enzyme is capable of reacting with a fuel fluid to produce an oxidized form of the fuel fluid, and capable of releasing electrons to the electron conductor. The cathode enzyme is capable of reacting with an oxidant to produce water, and capable of gaining electrons from the electron conductor. The enzyme immobilization material for both the anode enzyme and the cathode enzyme is capable of immobilizing and stabilizing the enzyme, and is permeable to the fuel fluid and/or the oxidant.

Abstract: A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel Bacillus pumilus bilirubin oxidase, to the method for preparing same and also to the use thereof in particular for assaying bilirubin and for using enzymatic biofuel cells.

Abstract: A fuel cell that can have a higher battery capacity without degradation of cathode characteristics is provided. In a biofuel cell that includes one or more battery cell units (1) in which an oxidoreductase exists on the surface of an anode (2) and/or a cathode (3), and the cathode (3) is in contact with both a liquid phase and a gas phase, a selective transmission film (6) that restrains permeation of at least the fuel component is provided between an anode solution unit (4) provided around the anode (2) and a cathode solution unit (5) provided around the cathode (3). The fuel component concentration in the solution in contact with the anode (2) is higher than that in the solution in contact with the cathode (3).

Abstract: An enzyme electrode having an electroconductive base member, an oxidoreductase and an electron mediator has at least a portion (a) in which the oxidoreductase is immobilized on the electroconductive base member, and a portion (b) in which the electron mediator is immobilized on the electroconductive base member but the oxidoreductase is not immobilized on the electroconductive base member. A bio fuel cell having the enzyme electrode as at least one of an anode and a cathode allows optimization of a reaction condition of each one of a plurality of reaction steps, including an “enzymatic reaction”, an “electron transfer reaction”, etc. Thus, the bio fuel cell provides high output.

Abstract: A bio-fuel cell includes at least one bio-fuel cell element. The bio-fuel cell element includes an anode, a cathode, an anode container filled with the bio-fuel, a proton exchange membrane sandwiched between the anode and the cathode, and a guide plate. The cathode includes a catalyst layer. The catalyst layer includes a number of tube carriers having electron conductibility, a number of catalyst particles uniformly adsorbed on inner wall of each of the tube carriers, and proton conductor filled in each of the tube carriers. The tube carriers cooperatively define a number of reaction gas passages. One end of each of the tube carriers connects with the proton exchange membrane. The guide plate is disposed on a surface of the cathode away from the proton exchange membrane.

Abstract: A novel electrocatalyst made of an oxidase having high electron transfer efficiency and an enzymatic electrode using the same are provided. The electrocatalyst is made of CueO. The enzymatic electrode comprises a carbonaceous porous body and an electrocatalyst made of CueO supported on the surface of the carbonaceous porous body. CueO is preferably CueO from Escherichia coli. The carbonaceous porous body constituting the enzymatic electrode is preferably carbonaceous gel. Also, the enzymatic electrode may further comprise a mediator which facilitates transfer of electron between the carbonaceous porous body and said CueO.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a membrane stack and device for a membrane based process and method therefore. The membrane stack comprises: a number of membranes (78) forming compartments; and fluid supply and discharge means (80) for supplying and discharging a fluid to the compartments such that the fluid is supplied and discharged substantially in the plane of the membrane of the membrane stack. Preferably, the fluid supply and discharge means are provided on opposite sides of the membrane stack. Further, the invention relates to a method of forming the membranes (78).

Abstract: A multilayered structure suitable as an electrode in a power source and a method of producing the same. The structure comprises a conductive laminar layer; and an enzyme layer containing an essentially dry enzyme capable of oxidizing or dehydrogenating carbohydrate material under suitable conditions. Because the enzymatic anode layer and the fuel containing layer are not interacting during the production and since they are kept latent during storage time, the power source will remain stable for extended periods of time, thus increasing the utility of the power source.

Abstract: A bioelectricalchemical system includes an anode, an algal bioreactor, and a cathode. The anode is at least partially positioned within an anode chamber containing a first aqueous reaction mixture including one or more organic compounds and one or more bacteria for oxidizing the organic compounds. The algal bioreactor contains a second aqueous reaction mixture including one or more nutrients and one or more algae for substantially removing the nutrients from the second aqueous reaction mixture. The cathode is at least partially positioned within the algal bioreactor.

Abstract: A separator formed of a material, which does not transmit liquid, is provided between a cell unit including an electrode on a surface of which an oxidoreductase is present and a fuel storage unit provided adjacent to the cell unit. It is configured such that power generation is started by supply of fuel solution stored in the fuel storage unit to the cell unit by removal of at least a part of the separator.

Abstract: A power supply device in which an enzyme is immobilized as a catalyst on negative electrodes and/or positive electrodes, includes electromotive portions in which at least two of the negative electrodes and the positive electrodes are connected in series, and a fuel supply portion which communicates with the negative electrodes and which simultaneously supply a fuel to the negative electrodes, and in the power supply device, the fuel supply portion includes fuel-supply adjusting portions which adjust fuel supply to the negative electrodes.

Abstract: A fuel cell is provided. The fuel cell includes at least one of a plant essential oil and a plant essential oil ingredient in an effective amount so as to function as a biological repellent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process comprising A) providing a microbial fuel cell comprising i) an anode containing one or more electrically conductive materials which is arranged to provide flow paths for electrons through the electrically conductive material, ii) microbes in electrical contact with the anode iii) a cathode containing one or more electrically conductive materials iv) a catholyte, v) a conduit for electrons in contact with both the anode and the cathode which is a part of a circuit; B) introducing a mixture of one or more electrolytes or one or more electrolytes dissolved in a first fluid with a second fluid containing biodegradable material; C) contacting the mixture of B) with the anode in the presence of microbes; D) contacting the cathode with a catholyte; E) removing from the microbial fuel cell the fluid mixture.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an electrode including an electrically conductive ink deposited thereon comprising: a nano-scale conducting material; a binding agent; and an enzyme; wherein said ink is essentially solvent free. In one embodiment, the ink includes at least one of a mediator, a cross-linking agent and a substrate as well. In one further embodiment, the electrode provided herein is used in a battery, fuel cell or sensor.

Abstract: A microbial fuel cell includes a cell housing having first and second chambers. The first chamber is adapted for containing a fluid including a biomas. The second chamber is adapted for containing an oxygenated fluid. A cathode extends into the cell housing second chamber. An electrode assembly includes a bound segment and an anode segment extending into the cell housing first chamber. The electrode assembly has multiple, substantially aligned, fibers. The outer surfaces of the fibers of the anode segment are adapted for receiving a biofilm. An electrically conductive tubular member envelops the fibers of the bound segment.

Abstract: A method for in-situ treatment of sediment simultaneous with microbial electricity generation is provided, comprising steps of constructing a microbial fuel cell, placing the microbial fuel cell in the sediment, forming a cell circuit, and cultivating microorganisms to generate electrical power. The method overcomes shortcomings found in the prior art and uses organics in the sediment as fuels to in-situ treat the sediment with simultaneous electricity generation. A device for implementing the method is also provided, which can be expanded in different directions as needed and is easy to maintain during long-term operation.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods and apparatuses for half-cells to oxidize protons in electrochemical half-cells with no medium and to oxidize acid-hosted protons in half-cell systems with a medium in a non-conducting substrate having openings and an apparatus to transfer the media among openings. Details are described of technology to capture protons into acid media so as to provide hosted protons. Detectors are described that can provide seismic and weather-related data. A method of producing power from in vivo vital fluids is given.

Abstract: A fuel supply body is partially or wholly formed from a material having a biopolymer as a main component and a biocatalyst that metabolically decomposes the biopolymer is contained therein or immobilized thereto. A bio-fuel cell system is constituted of the fuel supply body and a bio-fuel cell including electrodes with an oxidation-reduction enzyme present on a surface thereof to supply fuel and/or the biocatalyst from the fuel supply body to the bio-fuel cell and also to use the fuel supply body itself as the fuel.

Abstract: A microbial fuel cell is provided according to embodiments of the present invention including electricigenic microbes containing at least about 0.075 milligrams of protein per square centimeter of the anode surface area. In particular embodiments, the electricigenic microbes are disposed on the anode such that at least about 90% of the portion of the anode surface area has a layer of electricigenic microbes, the layer greater than about 1 micron in thickness. This thickness is indicative of the layer including at least a first stratum of electricigenic microbes in direct contact with the anode and a second stratum of electricigenic microbes in direct contact with the first stratum such that the second stratum is in indirect contact with the anode.

Abstract: A microbial fuel cell configuration of the invention includes a substrate particularly formulated for a microbial fuel cell configured to produce electricity and/or a modified microbial fuel cell configured to produce hydrogen. A substrate formulation according to one embodiment includes a solid biodegradable organic material in a package porous to bacteria. A microbial fuel cell provided according to embodiments of the present invention includes an anode, a cathode, an electrically conductive connector connecting the anode and the cathode, a housing for an aqueous medium, the aqueous medium in contact with the anode, and a solid form of a biodegradable organic substrate disposed in the aqueous medium, the solid form of a biodegradable organic substrate formulated to support electron generation and transfer to the anode by anodophilic bacteria over a selected minimum period of time.

Abstract: A module of a biofuel cell includes three module elements each having a porous membrane. At least two of the porous membranes are electrically conducting and form the cathode and the anode of the biofuel cell. The third membrane, which is preferably positioned between the two electrically conducting membranes need not be conducting, but defines two emergent cavities within the module. A porous through-channel extends through a silicon support of the module so as to connect one of the emergent cavities to at least one external wall of the silicon support.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present methods may be used to produce energy in the form of an electrical current from water without the use of fossil fuel. Silicon hydride is very easy to make. This procedure in conjunction with an enzyme to produce hydrogen gas for fuel cells and other small devices. In fuel cells the production of protons may be bypassed, and an oxidant such as permanganate or oxygen from air may be used to drive the fuel cells. In such an embodiment, an intermediate reaction may not be needed to produce protons. In one embodiment, membrane-less laminar flow fuel cells with an external grid for oxygen supply from the air may be used.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus is provided for increasing biofilm formation and power output in microbial fuel cells. An anode material in a microbial fuel cell has a three-dimensional and ordered structure. The anode material fills an entire anode compartment, and it is arranged to allow fluid flow within the anode compartment. The power output of microbial fuel cells is enhanced, primarily by increasing the formation and viability of electrogenic biofilms on the anodes of the microbial fuel cells. The anode material in a microbial fuel cell allows for the growth of a microbial biofilm to its natural thickness. In the instance of members of the Geobacteraceae family, the biofilm is able grow to a depth of about 40 microns.

Abstract: A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme.

Abstract: An immobilization carrier containing an electron acceptor compound is used in addition to glutaraldehyde and poly-L-lysine to immobilize an enzyme and an electron acceptor compound simultaneously to an electrode. For example, here are used diaphorase as the enzyme and 2-amino-3-carboxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone (ACNQ) as the electron acceptor compound.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel mutants of PQQ s-GDH containing an amino acid substitution in position 428 of the protein sequence of the wild type PQQ s-GDH of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (SEQ.ID. NO:2). The invention also relates to the use of said PQQ s-GDH mutants for the development of glucose electrodes of interest in the assay of glucose, in particular of blood glucose in diabetic subjects, and for implementing biofuel cells that utilize glucose as fuel.

Abstract: A fuel cell (100) includes a cation exchange membrane (110), a first anion exchange membrane (120) and a second anion exchange membrane (130). The cation exchange membrane (110) has a first side and an opposite second side. The first anion exchange membrane (120) has a first exterior surface and an opposite first interior surface disposed along at least a portion to the first side of the cation exchange membrane (110). A catalyst (140) is embedded along the first exterior surface. The second anion exchange membrane (130) has a second exterior surface and an opposite second interior surface disposed along at least a portion to the second side of the cation exchange membrane (110). A catalyst (142) is embedded along the second exterior surface. A stack of fuel cells (700) include a first fuel cell (701) with an acidic first anode (714) that is electrically coupled to an alkaline second cathode (722) of a second fuel cell (720).

Abstract: An aerobic microbial fuel cell anode electrode, a fuel cell using the anode, and methods of use. An anode electrode having a conductive exterior surface and having sufficient porosity to allow a fuel-bearing liquid flowing in a cavity within the anode to escape and to supply fuel to a biologically active microbe film grown on the exterior of the anode is situated in the fuel cell. When operated in an aerobic environment, such as water, the anode and a cathode can supply electrical power to a load without the need for a semi-permeable membrane between the anode and the cathode. Several embodiments in which the anode electrode is machined from a graphite block or cylinder are described. Conditions for growing the biologically active film and for operating the fuel cell are described.

Abstract: In some aspects, the disclosure provides methods and materials for generating electrical energy from wastewater treatment materials. For example, the methods involve selecting a pair of materials from a wastewater treatment facility and forming a microbial fuel cell using the pair of materials as anode and cathode materials. There are provided various configurations suitable for adaptation to existing wastewater treatment facilities, as well as design parameters for new wastewater treatment facilities, devices, or schemes that take advantage of the methods of the disclosure.