Abstract: A secondary battery includes a partition, a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a first aqueous electrolytic solution, and a second aqueous electrolytic solution. The partition separates a first space and a second space from each other and allows a metal ion to pass therethrough between the first space and the second space. The negative electrode is disposed in the first space. The positive electrode is disposed in the second space. The first aqueous electrolytic solution is contained in the first space. The second aqueous electrolytic solution is contained in the second space. The second aqueous electrolytic solution has a pH lower than the first aqueous electrolytic solution.

Abstract: Embodiments are directed to composite membranes having: increased volume of the microporous polymer structure relative to the total volume of the PEM; decreased permeance and thus increased selectivity; and lower ionomer content. An increased amount of polymers of the microporous polymer structure is mixed with a low equivalent weight ionomer (e.g., <460 cc/mole eq) to obtain a composite material having at least two distinct materials. Various embodiments provide a composite membrane comprising a microporous polymer structure that occupies from 13 vol % to 65 vol % of a total volume of the composite membrane, and an ionomer impregnated in the microporous polymer structure. The acid content of the composite membrane is 1.2 meq/cc to 3.5 meq/cc, and/or the thickness of the composite membrane is less than 17 microns. The selectivity of the composite membrane is greater than 0.05 MPa/mV, based on proton conductance and hydrogen permeance.

Abstract: A system includes a reversible proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack configured to receive oxygen and to controllably receive water and hydrogen, an electrical bus for coupling to a vehicle engine to receive electricity, the electrical bus coupled to the reversible fuel cell stack to controllably receive electricity from the fuel cell stack and provide electricity to the reversible fuel cell stack, and a hydrogen storage unit coupled to controllably receive hydrogen from the fuel cell stack, provide hydrogen to the fuel cell stack, and to provide hydrogen to a hydrogen gas powered electricity generator unit to couple to the electrical bus.

Abstract: An energy management system is provided with a fuel synthesizing apparatus, a power generation apparatus, a CO2 recovering unit, a compressor, a CO2 storage unit, a CO2 pressure reducing unit and a heat recovery unit. The fuel synthesizing apparatus generates hydrocarbon from H2O and CO2 using externally supplied power. The power generation apparatus generates power using the hydrocarbon. The CO2 recovering unit recovers CO2 from an exhaust gas exhausted from the power generation apparatus during a power generation. The compressor compresses the recovered CO2. The CO2 storage unit stores the CO2 compressed by the compressor. The CO2 pressure reducing unit depressurizes the CO2 stored in the CO2 storage unit in order to supply the fuel synthesizing apparatus therewith. The heat recovery unit recovers heat from the CO2, the heat having been stored in the CO2 when compressed or depressurized.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery including the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery, includes a lithium salt, an organic solvent, and an additive, wherein the additive includes a compound represented by Formula 1.

Abstract: A method of operating a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) system at partial load, where the SOEC system includes a plurality of branches electrically connected in parallel, and each branch includes at least one SOEC stack. The method includes determining a thermally neutral target voltage below which operation is endothermic and above which operation is exothermic; and executing pulse width modulation current control by cycling an ON phase and an OFF phase for each branch such that the SOEC system operates at an average operating power equal to a chosen percentage of the operating power at the thermally neutral target voltage. In the ON phase, all of the SOEC stacks in a branch operate at the thermally neutral target voltage, and in the OFF phase, all of the SOEC stacks in the branch operate at 0% power. Each branch is configured to be operated independently of the other branches.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and membranes involving ion exchange membranes are disclosed. In an embodiment of the present invention, an ultrathin laminar layer made of inorganic nanosheets may be coated on one side or both sides of a polymeric anion exchange membrane (AEM), forming a composite AEM. Oxidation stability measurements may indicate that composite AEM provide superior oxidation resistance to exemplary polymeric AEMs and to commercial polymeric AEMs.

Abstract: A method of operating a solid oxide electrolyzer system includes providing a water inlet stream to at least one solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), generating a wet hydrogen product stream from the at least one SOEC, providing the wet hydrogen product stream to at least one hydrogen pump, generating a compressed hydrogen product and an unpumped effluent in the at least one hydrogen pump, and recycling at least a portion of the unpumped effluent upstream of the at least one hydrogen pump.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a fuel supply device for supplying a fuel to an internal combustion engine comprising: a fuel store for storing a primary fuel; and at least two parallel fuel supply paths that are connected to the fuel store, on the one hand, and to the internal combustion engine, on the other hand, wherein the primary fuel can be supplied from the fuel store to the internal combustion engine by means of the first fuel supply path for the purpose of combustion, and the second fuel supply path has at least one reforming device that reforms the primary fuel supplied from the fuel tank into a secondary fuel, and to supply at least a portion of the produced secondary fuel to the internal combustion engine for the purpose of combustion.

Abstract: Designs of redox flow battery arrays and methods for balancing state of charge within the arrays are disclosed. Flow battery unit strings in the arrays which comprise strings of flow battery units (in which units share a common electrolyte pair) are balanced by measuring the states of charge of the common electrolyte pairs and appropriately regulating flow in one or more of the associated anolyte and catholyte circuits so as to balance the state-of charge in the flow battery unit strings. The apparatus required, i.e. state-of-charge measuring device, flow regulator, and controller, represents a substantial simplification to state of the art approaches.

Abstract: A method of maintaining a thermal balance in a solid oxide reversible fuel cell system comprising a solid oxide reversible fuel cell, an air intake for providing air to the solid oxide reversible fuel cell, and a steam reformer fluidly coupled to the solid oxide fuel cell for providing fuel to the solid oxide reversible fuel cell. The method comprising operating the solid oxide reversible fuel cell system in a forward mode in which the steam former receives natural gas and produces hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide to be provided to the solid oxide reversible fuel cell, and operating the solid oxide reversible fuel cell system in a reverse mode in which the steam reformer receives hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide from the solid oxide reversible fuel cell and produces natural gas and water.

Abstract: A water electrolysis and electricity generating system is equipped with a second supply flow path, a second lead-out flow path, a second gas-liquid separator, a hydrogen exhaust gas circulation flow path, and a storage flow path. In the second lead-out flow path, product hydrogen gas and hydrogen exhaust gas are led out from a cell member. The second gas-liquid separator separates into a gas and a liquid the product hydrogen gas and the hydrogen exhaust gas which have been led out from the second lead-out flow path. The second lead-out flow path and the second gas-liquid separator are shared in common by a water electrolysis mode and an electricity generating mode.

Abstract: An electrolyzer system comprises a stack of one or more electrolyzer cells, each electrolyzer cell comprising first and second half cells respectively comprising first and second electrodes and a separator between the first half cell and the second half cell, wherein a current is applied between the first and second electrodes. The system further comprises first and second electrolyte feed streams for respectively feeding a first electrolyte solution at a first inlet temperature to the first half cells and a second electrolyte solution at a second inlet temperature to the second half cells, first and second electrolyte outlet streams for respectively withdrawing the first and second electrolyte solutions from the first half cells and second half cells, and a temperature control apparatus to control the first inlet temperature at a first specified temperature and to control the second inlet temperature at a second specified temperature.

Abstract: One embodiment is a redox flow battery system that includes an anolyte; a catholyte; an anolyte tank configured for holding at least a portion of the anolyte; a catholyte tank configured for holding at least a portion of the catholyte; a primary redox flow battery arrangement, and a second redox flow battery arrangement. The primary and secondary redox flow battery arrangements share the anolyte and catholyte tanks and each includes a first half-cell including a first electrode in contact with the anolyte, a second half-cell including a second electrode in contact with the catholyte, a separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell, an anolyte pump, and a catholyte pump. The peak power delivery capacity of the secondary redox flow battery arrangement is less than the peak power delivery capacity of the primary redox flow battery arrangement.

Abstract: An ionically conductive asymmetric composite membrane for use in redox flow battery, fuel cell, electrolysis applications and the like is described. It comprises a microporous substrate membrane and an asymmetric hydrophilic ionomeric polymer coating layer on the surface of the microporous substrate layer. The coating layer is made of a hydrophilic ionomeric polymer. The asymmetric hydrophilic ionomeric polymer coating layer comprises a porous layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the porous layer on the surface of the microporous substrate layer and a nonporous layer on the second surface of the porous support layer. The microporous substrate membrane is made from a different polymer from the hydrophilic ionomeric polymer.

Abstract: An electrochemical device includes a compound that is an isatin derivative. The electrochemical device may be a lithium ion battery, a sodium ion battery, or a redox flow battery, and the isatin derivative may be a bipolar redox active material.

Abstract: A redox flow battery system includes an anolyte having chromium ions in solution, wherein at least a portion of the chromium ions form a chromium complex with at least one of the following: NH3, NH4+, CO(NH2)2, SCN?, or CS(NH2)2; a catholyte having iron ions in solution; a first half-cell including a first electrode in contact with the anolyte; a second half-cell including a second electrode in contact with the catholyte; and a first separator separating the first half-cell from the second half-cell.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for a redox flow battery system. In one example, the redox flow battery system includes a cell stack compressed between terminal structures defining ends of the redox flow battery. The cell stack may be formed of a plurality of cells where each cell includes a deformable positive electrode in contact with a first face of a membrane separator and a negative electrode configured to be less compressible than the positive electrode and arranged at a second face of the membrane separator.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for a redox flow battery system. In one example, a method of operating a redox flow battery system includes switching the redox flow battery system to an idle mode and completely draining electrolytes from one or more electrode compartments of the redox flow battery system. The one or more electrode compartments may be purged with a gas and refilled with fresh electrolytes.

Abstract: An organic flow battery having a positive electrode electrolyte containing organic compounds with extended conjugation and/or cyclic side chains is provided. The flow battery includes a positive electrode and a positive electrode electrolyte including first solvent and a first redox couple. The positive electrode electrolyte flows over and contacting the positive electrode. The first redox couple includes a first organic compound and a reduction product of the first organic compound. The flow battery also includes a negative electrode and a negative electrode electrolyte including a second solvent and a second redox couple. The negative electrode electrolyte flows g over and contacts the positive electrode. Typically, an ion exchange membrane is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode Characteristically, the first organic compound resists crossover through the ion exchange membrane.

Abstract: An electrode assembly for a flow battery is disclosed comprising a porous electrode material, a frame surrounding the porous electrode material, at least a distributor tube embedded in the porous electrode material having an inlet for supplying electrolyte to the porous electrode material and at least another distributor tube embedded in the porous electrode material having an outlet for discharging electrolyte out of the porous material. The walls of the distributor tubes are preferably provided with holes or pores for allowing a uniform distribution of the electrolyte within the electrode material. The distributor tubes provide the required electrolyte flow path length within the electrode material to minimize shunt current flowing between the flow cells in the battery stack.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for a rebalancing reactor of a flow battery system. In one example, a pH of a battery electrolyte may be maintained by the rebalancing reactor by applying a negative potential to a catalyst bed of the rebalancing reactor. A performance of the rebalancing reactor may further be maintained by treating the catalyst bed with deionized water.

Abstract: A system for high-temperature reversible electrolysis of water, characterised in that it includes: a high-temperature reversible electrolyser, configured to operate in SOEC (solid oxide electrolyser cell) mode to produce hydrogen and store electricity, and/or in SOFC (solid oxide fuel cell) mode to withdraw hydrogen and produce electricity; a hydride tank, thermally coupled with the reversible electrolyser, the system being configured to allow the recovery of heat released by the hydride tank during hydrogen absorption in order to produce pressurised steam intended for entering the reversible electrolyser in SOEC mode, and to allow the recovery of heat released by the one or more outgoing streams from the reversible electrolyser in SOFC mode so as to allow the desorption of hydrogen from the hydride tank.

Abstract: An ion conductive layer can include a hygroscopic ion conductive material, such as a halide-based material. In an embodiment, the ion conductive layer can include an organic material, ammonium halide, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel combinations of redox active compounds for use as redox flow battery electrolytes. The invention further provides kits comprising these combinations, redox flow batteries, and method using the combinations, kits and redox flow batteries of the invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrolyte solution suitable for use in a zinc-bromine battery, comprising zinc bromide and a mixture of at least two complexing agents selected from the group consisting of 1-R2-2-methyl pyridinium bromide and 1-R3-3-methyl pyridinium bromide salts, wherein each of R2 and R3 is independently an alkyl group having not less than five carbon atoms.

Abstract: A flow battery has an electrochemical stack, a positive electrolyte, a negative electrolyte, a positive electrolyte tank, and a negative electrolyte tank. The positive electrolyte and the negative electrolyte are respectively stored in the positive and negative tanks. A positive electrolyte pump, a negative electrolyte pump, a mixing pump is embedded in the bypass pipeline or in a dedicate circuit. The positive and the negative tanks, are mutually connected by means of a connection pipe, said connection pipe is embedded just immediately above the electrolyte levels.

Abstract: An apparatus has a platinum group metal carrying resin column provided in a supply line of ultrapure water, and has a pH adjuster injection device and a redox potential adjuster injection device provided in a later stage thereof. The apparatus has a membrane-type deaeration apparatus and a gas dissolving membrane apparatus sequentially provided in a later stage of the devices, and a discharge line communicates with the gas dissolving membrane apparatus. A pH meter and an ORP meter are each provided at some midpoint in the discharge line, and the pH meter and the ORP meter are connected to a control device. Then, the control device controls the amount of adjusters to be injected from the pH adjuster injection device and the redox potential adjuster injection device, on the basis of the measurement results of the pH meter and the ORP meter.

Abstract: A diluted chemical liquid production apparatus has a structure that has a platinum group metal carrying resin column, a membrane-type deaeration apparatus and a gas dissolving membrane apparatus, which are sequentially provided in a supply line of ultrapure water; and has a pH adjuster injection device and an oxidation-reduction potential adjuster injection device, which are provided between the platinum group metal carrying resin column and the membrane-type deaeration apparatus. An inert gas source is connected to a gaseous phase side of the membrane-type deaeration apparatus, and an inert gas source is also connected to the gaseous phase side of the gas dissolving membrane apparatus; and a discharge line communicates with the gas dissolving membrane apparatus. A pH meter and an ORP meter are provided in the discharge line. Such a diluted chemical liquid production apparatus can control a pH and an oxidation-reduction potential.

Abstract: An electrical power supply system has a fuel cell module and a battery. The fuel cell can be selectively connected to the battery system through a diode. The system preferably also has a current sensor and a controller adapted to close a contactor in a by-pass circuit around the diode after sensing a current flowing from the fuel cell through the diode. The system may also have a resistor and a contactor in another by-pass circuit around the diode. In a start-up method, a first contactor is closed to connect the fuel cell in parallel with the battery through the diode and one or more reactant pumps for the fuel cell are turned on. A current sensor is monitored for a signal indicating current flow through the diode. After a current is indicated, a by-pass circuit is provided around the diode.

Abstract: In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, a redox flow battery (RFB) may include a shell, an electrolyte storage tank assembly disposed in the shell, wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte storage tank assembly is supported by the shell, an electrochemical cell, and an electrolyte circulation system configured for fluid communication between the electrolyte storage tank assembly and the electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrolyte storage tank assembly defines a tank assembly heat transfer system between an outer surface of the electrolyte storage tank assembly and an inner surface of the shell. In other embodiments, a pump assembly in the electrolyte circulation system is moveable between a first position and a second position. In other embodiments, a gas management system includes a first gas exchange device in fluid communication with the catholyte headspace and the anolyte.

Abstract: A communication system includes a variable device, which is one of a management device and a terminal device, having a power determination unit and a transmission instruction unit. State information indicates a state of a housing that houses the communication system. A power determination unit is configured to determine a transmission power value as an applicable power value for a transmission of a wireless communication signal to a target device to achieve a predetermined communication quality when the state of the housing has changed based on the state information. The target device, which is the other of the management device and the terminal device, is a device with which the variable device communicates. A transmission instruction unit instructs a wireless communication device in the variable device to transmit the wireless communication signal to the target device at the applicable power value.

Abstract: A control method for driving of a fuel cell is provided. The method includes determining whether power generation of the fuel cell is stopped and when the power generation of the fuel cell is stopped, monitoring voltages of multiple unit cells included in the fuel cell. A degree of defect of the unit cells is determined based on the monitored voltages of the unit cells.

Abstract: An energy management system having a fuel cell apparatus (150) as a power generator that generates power using fuel, and an EMS (200) that communicates with the fuel cell apparatus (150). The EMS (200) receives messages that indicate the status of the fuel cell apparatus (150) when normal operation, from the fuel cell apparatus (150).

Abstract: The present disclosure is a method and system for the reduction of carbon dioxide. The method may include receiving hydrogen gas at an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode, the anode including a gas diffusion electrode, receiving an anolyte feed at an anolyte region of the electrochemical cell, and receiving a catholyte feed including carbon dioxide and an alkali metal bicarbonate at a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode. The method may include applying an electrical potential between the anode and cathode sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to at least one reduction product.

Abstract: The present invention comprises a method and system for improving the energy efficiency of a vanadium flow battery, VFB. This is achieved by simultaneously reconditioning the VFB through in-situ activation of the electrodes.

Abstract: The invention provides a catalytic electrode for converting molecules, the electrode comprising a predetermined number of single catalytic sites supported on a substrate. Also provided is a method for oxidizing water comprising contacting the water with size selected catalyst clusters. The invention also provides a method for reducing an oxidized moiety, the method comprising contacting the moiety with size selected catalyst clusters at a predetermined voltage potential.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a battery cell to which a positive electrolyte and a negative electrolyte are supplied, and an electrical quantity measurement system configured to measure a quantity of electricity when a predetermined amount of electrolyte is discharged, for at least one of the positive electrolyte and the negative electrolyte.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a battery cell, a tank which stores an electrolyte to be supplied to the battery cell, piping which is connected to the battery cell and the tank and configured to circulate the electrolyte, a container which houses the battery cell, the tank, and the piping all together, and a partition wall which is provided inside the container and prevents the electrolyte from leaking out of the container. The height of the partition wall is equal to or greater than a liquid level height at the time when a predetermined amount of electrolyte leaks into the container as a consequence of damage to the piping, and the predetermined amount includes the total of an amount equivalent to the volume of the battery cell and an amount equivalent to the volume of the piping.

Abstract: Systems and methods providing modular and scalable flow batteries are disclosed. The modular design can utilize the ability of flow batteries to separate power, provided by a battery stack, from energy, provided by a stored electrolyte. Power of the system can be determined by a number of battery cell stacks, while stored energy capacity of the system can be determined by how much electrolyte is available for use by the battery cell stacks. Catholyte and anolyte solutions can be stored in pipes having an adjustable length. Electrolyte storage capacity can be increased by increasing the length of the pipes by an amount sufficient to provide a desired increase in electrolyte storage. Alternatively, electrolyte storage capacity can be decreased by decreasing the length of the pipes.

Abstract: A hydrogen supply system includes: an electrochemical hydrogen pump including an electrolyte membrane, an anode and a cathode provided to a first and second main surfaces of the electrolyte membrane, respectively, an anode flow path and cathode flow path through which hydrogen flows, and a voltage applicator applying a voltage between the anode and cathode, pressurizing and sending hydrogen supplied to the anode via the anode flow path to the cathode by applying a voltage by the voltage applicator, and supplying the pressurized hydrogen in the cathode flow path to a hydrogen reservoir; a pressure adjuster adjusting a cathode flow path pressure; and a controller controlling the pressure adjuster and making the cathode flow path pressure higher than an anode flow path pressure before starting a hydrogen pressurization action for pressurizing and supplying hydrogen supplied to the anode flow path to the cathode flow path.

Abstract: A regenerative fuel cell produces hydrogen that is stored in a reservoir on the storage side of a membrane electrode assembly when operating in a hydrogen pumping mode and this stored hydrogen is reacted and moved back through the membrane electrode assembly to form water when operating in a fuel cell mode. A metal hydride forming alloy may be configured in the hydrogen storage reservoir and may be coupled to the membrane electrode assembly. An integral metal hydride electrode having a metal hydride forming alloy may be configured on the storage side of the membrane electrode assembly and may have a catalyst or an ion conductive media incorporated therewith.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack (100) includes a first power generation element, a first supporting substrate (5a), a second power generation element, a second supporting substrate (5b) and a communicating member (3). The first supporting substrate (5a) includes a first substrate main portion, a first dense layer, and a first gas flow passage. The first dense layer covers the first substrate main portion. The first gas flow passage extends from a proximal end portion (501a) to a distal end portion (502a). The second supporting substrate (5b) includes a second substrate main portion, a second dense layer, and a second gas flow passage. The second dense layer covers the second substrate main portion. The second gas flow passage extends from a proximal end portion (501b) to a distal end portion (501b).

Abstract: The present invention relates to redox electrolyte compounds. The present invention further relates to a redox-flow battery wherein one of the catholyte and the anolyte, or both, has the redox electrolyte compound of the invention. The present invention further relates to the method of controlling the redox-flow battery and its use for energy storage.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The fuel cell includes: a container, wherein the container includes a reacting room, a fuel room connected to the reacting room through a fuel inputting hole, a fuel inputting door located on the fuel inputting hole, a waste collecting room connected to the reacting room through a waste outputting hole, a waste outputting door located on the waste outputting hole; a membrane electrode assembly device located in the reacting room, wherein the reacting room is divided into an anode electrode space and a cathode electrode space connected to the outside through a pipe, the volume of the anode electrode space and the cathode electrode space can be changed by moving the membrane electrode assembly device.

Abstract: An agricultural unit includes a tank system that is adapted to provide a combined aquatic environment for raising aquatic animals in aquaculture and for cultivating plants in hydroponic culture and an electrochemical device. The tank system releases excretions of the aquatic animals directly into the aquatic environment so as to produce nutrients for the plants while the electrochemical device is operable in an electrolysis mode to produce hydrogen and oxygen while consuming electrical energy provided by a source of electrical energy and is further operable in a fuel cell mode to produce electrical energy and heat by oxidizing the produced hydrogen. The electrochemical device is operatively coupled to the tank system so as to transfer at least part of the produced heat and the produced oxygen to the aquatic environment.

Abstract: Provided is a water treatment system using an alkaline water electrolytic device and an alkaline fuel cell in which for continuing an electrolytic treatment, a hydrogen gas and an oxygen gas required in an alkaline water electrolytic device and an alkaline fuel cell, an amount of water corresponding to raw water lost through the electrolytic treatment, and an electrolytic solution are efficiently circulated and used in a water treatment system to considerably reduce electric power consumption.

Abstract: An example system is provided herein. The system includes a fuel cell coupled to the set of electronic components. The fuel cell provides power to the set of electronic components when a set of conditions are met.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack (100) includes a first power generation element, a first supporting substrate (5a), a second power generation element, a second supporting substrate (5b) and a communicating member (3). The first supporting substrate (5a) includes a first substrate main portion, a first dense layer, and a first gas flow passage. The first dense layer covers the first substrate main portion. The first gas flow passage extends from a proximal end portion (501a) to a distal end portion (502a). The second supporting substrate (5b) includes a second substrate main portion, a second dense layer, and a second gas flow passage. The second dense layer covers the second substrate main portion. The second gas flow passage extends from a proximal end portion (501b) to a distal end portion (501b).

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The fuel cell includes: a container, wherein the container includes a reacting room, a fuel room connected to the reacting room through a fuel inputting hole, a fuel inputting door located on the fuel inputting hole, a waste collecting room connected to the reacting room through a waste outputting hole, a waste outputting door located on the waste outputting hole; a membrane electrode assembly device located in the reacting room, wherein the reacting room is divided into an anode electrode space and a cathode electrode space connected to the outside through a pipe, the volume of the anode electrode space and the cathode electrode space can be changed by moving the membrane electrode assembly device.