Abstract: The invention provides for a high occupancy or heavy-duty vehicle with a battery propulsion power source, which may include lithium titanate batteries. The vehicle may be all-battery or may be a hybrid, and may have a composite body. The vehicle battery system may be housed within the floor of the vehicle and may have different groupings and arrangements.

Abstract: A metal plate includes a machining subject surface. The metal plate includes a first holding portion designed to be held by a chuck and a second holding portion located at a position separated from the first holding portion and designed to be held by the chuck. The method for manufacturing the metal plate includes performing reference surface machining that machines a surface of the second holding portion that is to be held by the chuck into a predetermined shape in a state in which the first holding portion is held by the chuck. The method includes releasing the first holding portion from the chuck and holding the second holding portion with the chuck. The method also includes machining the machining subject surface in a state in which the second holding portion is held by the chuck.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack assembly for a vehicle is provided which includes a first end plate, a second end plate; and a first plurality of fuel cells disposed between the first and second end plates. The first plurality of fuel cells may define a repeating pattern of a thick fuel cell adjacent to a thin fuel cell. Each fuel cell in the first plurality of fuel cells having an active area thickness. The fuel cell stack assembly of the present disclosure may further include a second plurality of nominal fuel cells.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes a stack of fuel cells, a first end plate, a second end plate, a fluid manifold member, and a protrusion. In the stack of fuel cells, the fuel cells are stacked in a stacking direction. The first end plate is disposed on a first end of the stack of fuel cells in the stacking direction. The second end plate is disposed on a second end of the stack of fuel cells in the stacking direction. The fluid manifold member is disposed on at least one of the first and second end plates. The fluid manifold member allows a fluid to flow through the fuel cells. The protrusion is disposed around a joint region at which the fluid manifold member is joined to the at least one of the first and second end plates. The protrusion protrudes outward in the stacking direction.

Abstract: In one aspect, a system for controlling the temperature within a gas adsorbent storage vessel of a vehicle may include an air conditioning system forming a continuous flow loop of heat exchange fluid that is cycled between a heated flow and a cooled flow. The system may also include at least one fluid by-pass line extending at least partially within the gas adsorbent storage vessel. The fluid by-pass line(s) may be configured to receive a by-pass flow including at least a portion of the heated flow or the cooled flow of the heat exchange fluid at one or more input locations and expel the by-pass flow back into the continuous flow loop at one or more output locations, wherein the by-pass flow is directed through the gas adsorbent storage vessel via the by-pass line(s) so as to adjust an internal temperature within the gas adsorbent storage vessel.

Abstract: A system has a fuel cell. The fuel cell has a source of hydrogen and a source of oxygen containing gas. The hydrogen is connected for passage across the anode. The source of oxygen containing gas is connected to pass across a cathode. The fuel cell produces electricity. A catalytic oxidizer oxidizes hydrogen within the system. A cooling water circuit passes across cooling water passages in the fuel cell and cools the cathode. Cooling water downstream of the cooling water passages passes across the catalytic oxidizer to heat the catalytic oxidizer. An enclosed vehicle is also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack FS includes: a plurality of cell modules M each including an integrally stacked plurality of single cells C; a sealing plate P intervened between each of the plurality of cell modules M; a manifold M3 that penetrates the plurality of cell modules M and the sealing plate(s) P in a stacking direction to distribute reaction gas, wherein the sealing plate P includes a sealing member S4 that surrounds and seals the manifold M3 between the sealing plate P and each of the plurality of cell modules M, and the sealing member S4 includes an extended portion E that extends toward the manifold M3 so that an end face F4 of the extended portion E is flush with an inner wall of the manifold M3. Generated water is suitably discharged through the manifold M3 without a decrease of the flowability of the reaction gas and an increase of the production cost.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a cathode flow field plate, an anode flow field plate, and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) sandwiched between the cathode and anode flow field plate. The cathode flow field plate has a flat side and an opposed channel side that the MEA is sandwiched between the anode flow field plate and the flat side of the cathode flow field plate. The cathode flow field plate further has a plurality of flow channels formed at the channel side for enabling fluid flowing along the flow channels to promote electrochemical reaction through the MEA so as to generate electrical energy.

Abstract: The fuel cell system is provided with a radiator, a first flow passage in which refrigerant flows from a fuel cell stack towards a radiator, a second flow passage in which refrigerant flows from the radiator towards a fuel cell stack, a bypass flow passage that connects the radiator with a position in the second flow passage at which refrigerant flows into the fuel cell stack, and a control part. In the bypass flow passage, an on-off valve and a reserve tank are provided from the upstream side. The control part feeds refrigerant to the fuel cell stack by opening the on-off valve and allowing refrigerant previously stored in the reserve tank to join the second flow passage in a case where refrigerant temperature detected by an inflowing refrigerant temperature detection part exceeds previously set base temperature.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a system at an operating temperature of between 300° C. and 500° C., using a heat transfer fluid comprising branched siloxanes of general formula (I) (R3SiO1/2), (SiO4/2) in which w represents integral values of between 4 and 20, z represents integral values of between 1 and 15, and R represents a methyl group, the sum of the fractions of all siloxanes of general formula (1) being at least 95 mass %, in relation to the whole heat transfer fluid.

Abstract: A modular structure of a fuel cell is provided, which includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), at least one first electrode plate, at least one second electrode plate, at least one first fixing element and at least one second fixing element. The first electrode plate is disposed at one side of the MEA and has at least one first through hole. The second electrode plate is disposed at the other side of the MEA and has at least one second through hole corresponding to the first through hole. The first fixing element and the second fixing element correspond to each other, and are joined to each other through the first through hole and the second through hole to fix the first electrode plate and the second electrode plate for the first electrode plate, the MEA and the second electrode plate to form a single cell module.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are ion exchange membranes, electrochemical systems, and methods that relate to various configurations of the ion exchange membranes and other components of the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A fuel battery cell has a membrane electrode assembly, a frame, a pair of separators, and support members. The membrane electrode assembly is formed with an anode and a cathode bonded so as to face an electrolyte membrane. The frame holds the periphery of the membrane electrode assembly. The pair of separators sandwich the frame holding the membrane electrode assembly. The support members protrude along an edge part of the frame so as to pass beyond the frame and support the membrane electrode assembly.

Abstract: An illustrative example fuel cell manifold includes a manifold structure having at least one surface situated where the surface may be exposed to phosphoric acid. The surface has a coating that reduces a possibility of an electrical short between the manifold and the fuel cell stack adjacent the manifold if that surface is exposed to phosphoric acid during fuel cell operation.

Abstract: A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell stack is disclosed. An ozone generator is configured to introduce ozone into a coolant in the fuel cell system. A deionization apparatus is coupled to the fuel cell stack. A bypass conduit is arranged in parallel with the deionization apparatus. A controller is configured to control flow of the coolant to the fuel cell stack through either the deionization apparatus or the bypass conduit based on the operating state of the ozone generator.

Abstract: A separator has a recess-projection shape formed by press working. The separator has one surface as a gas circulation surface and an opposite surface as a cooling surface, the gas circulation surface having a reactive gas flow path including a plurality of reactive gas flow path grooves resulting from the recess-projection shape, the cooling surface having a cooling water flow path including a plurality of cooling water flow path grooves resulting from the recess-projection shape.

Abstract: A flow-guiding plate for a fuel cell, including a conductive sheet including a relief: defining alternating flow channels on first and second faces, two successive channels on the first face being separated by walls; defining first and second access holes at ends of each of the flow channels on the second face and of a first group of flow channels on the first face; defining a flow restriction in each flow channel of a second group of flow channels on the first face, the cross-section of the flow restrictions being smaller than the cross-section of the access holes to the flow channels of the first group, the first face including alternating flow channels of the first group and alternating flow channels of the second group.

Abstract: Disclosed are fuel cell stack break-in procedures, conditioning systems for performing break-in procedures, and motor vehicles with a fuel cell stack conditioned in accordance with disclosed break-in procedures. A break-in method is disclosed for conditioning a membrane assembly of a fuel cell stack. The method includes transmitting humidified hydrogen to the anode of the membrane assembly, and transmitting deionized water to the cathode of the membrane assembly. An electric current and voltage cycle are applied across the fuel cell stack while the fuel cell stack is operated in a hydrogen pumping mode until the fuel cell stack is determined to operate at a predetermined threshold for a fuel cell stack voltage output capability. During hydrogen pumping, the membrane assembly oxidizes the humidified hydrogen, transports protons from the anode to the cathode across the proton conducting membrane, and regenerates the protons in the cathode through a hydrogen evolution reaction.

Abstract: The fuel cell stack (1) may be supplied with oxygen or with atmospheric air as oxidant gas. The fuel cell stack includes a device for filling with pressurized atmospheric air comprising an air intake orifice (126), an oxidant gas recycling loop (12R) and apparatus for isolation from the atmospheric air, such as an isolation valve (128), a cut-off valve (120) or a non-return valve, enabling the supply channel to the cathodes and said recycling loop to be isolated from the atmospheric air. This makes it possible to implement a shut-down procedure comprising the following actions: (i) the supply of fuel gas and oxidant gas is cut off; (ii) current continues to be drawn so as to consume the oxidant gas remaining in the oxidant gas supply system; and (iii) nitrogen-enriched gas is injected into the oxidant gas supply system.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes unit cells, a resin load receiver, and a connecting member. The resin load receiver is provided in each of a first and second separators. The resin load receiver has a projecting portion that projects outwardly from an outer peripheral edge of each of the first and second separators and that has a projecting portion lateral face. The connecting member includes an engagement portion engaged with the resin load receiver and having a depressed portion into which the projecting portion is inserted and which has a depressed portion lateral face facing the projecting portion lateral face. A distance between the projecting portion lateral face and the depressed portion lateral face at a root portion of the projecting portion is smaller than a distance between the projecting portion lateral face and the depressed portion lateral face at an end of the projecting portion.

Abstract: When an actual output value is less than an output command value, a current command value is increased. When the actual output value is equal to or greater than the output command value, whether the actual output value is within a range of a dead band is determined. When the actual output value is outside the range of the dead band, the current command value is decreased. When the actual output value is within the range of the dead band, the current command value is maintained.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a power generation unit. A first resin frame member is provided in an outer portion of a first membrane electrode assembly of the power generation unit. The first metal separator has a heating portion subjected to spot heating from a surface of the first metal separator for allowing the first resin frame member to be melted partially. The first metal separator and the first membrane electrode assembly are welded together by a plurality of welding portions to form a first structural body.

Abstract: A fuel cell is provided which comprises a plurality of manifolds at a first end and a second end of the fuel cell and a separator having passages between the first and the second ends of the fuel cell. In particular, the fuel cell includes a nozzle disposed between at least one of the plurality of manifolds and the passages and having an inlet into which a material is introduced from the at least one of the plurality of manifolds and an outlet from which the introduced material is discharged to the passages.

Abstract: A humidifier has a stack unit having a plurality of water-vapor-permeable membranes which are arranged parallel one above the other and spaced apart from one another. Two adjacent membranes are connected to one another via fixing elements, wherein a first fixing element acts on the top membrane from above and a second fixing element acts on the bottom membrane from below.

Abstract: An exemplary fuel cell component comprises a reactant distribution plate including a plurality of channels configured for facilitating gas reactant flow such that the gas reactant may be used in an electrochemical reaction for generating electricity in a fuel cell. Each of the channels has a length that corresponds to a direction of reactant gas flow along the channel. A width of each channel is generally perpendicular to the length. A depth of each channel is generally perpendicular to the width and the length. At least one of the width or the depth has at least two different dimensions at a single lengthwise location of the channel.

Abstract: An air compressor as a fluid compressor includes: a suction port and a delivery port provided at upper and lower portions, respectively, of a pump chamber; a suction passage in communication with the inside of the pump chamber via the suction port; a delivery passage in communication with the inside of the pump chamber via the delivery port; and a driving rotor and a driven rotor provided in the pump chamber. At least a part of the suction passage is located below the suction port.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack enclosure includes: a lower housing disposed under a fuel cell stack and having a bottom plate portion provided with a water outlet therein; a sealing cap closing the water outlet from an outside of the lower housing; and an elastic member elastically pulling the sealing cap toward the bottom plate portion of the lower housing.

Abstract: A system and method for controlling a temperature of a fuel cell stack are provided. The method includes performing a pump OFF mode which turns off the cooling water pump or operates the cooling water pump while reducing the rotation speed of the cooling water pump to be less than the reference rotation speed, when a cooling water outlet temperature is equal to or less than a preset first temperature while a pump normal mode which adjusts a rotation speed of a cooling water pump to be equal to or greater than a preset reference rotation speed and varies rpm based on the cooling water outlet temperature is performed. In addition, the pump normal mode is performed when a cooling water outlet temperature estimation value of the fuel cell stack exceeds a preset second temperature while the pump OFF mode is performed.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell has at least one plate element which can be cooled by a liquid coolant, such as water. The plate element has a surface that can be wetted for the purpose of cooling with the coolant. The surface of the plate element in the electrochemical cell is configured such that a contact angle between the surface and the liquid coolant is less than 90°. In the method for producing the electrochemical cell an additional method step is carried out which influences the wettable surfaces of plate elements for cooling with coolant and by which a contact angle between the surface and the coolant is decreased.

Abstract: A bipolar plate for an electrolyzer, particularly a PEM electrolyzer, is formed with a central region and a peripheral region surrounding the central region. With a view to cost-effective production of the bipolar plate, the central region is made of metal sheet and the peripheral region is formed from a plastic frame. The plastic frame is made of at least one thermoplastic, particularly at least one high-temperature thermoplastic, and is injection-molded around the sheet metal.

Abstract: A bipolar fuel cell plate (300) for use in a fuel cell comprising a plurality of flow field channels (704) and a coolant distribution structure (708) formed as part of the fluid flow field plate. The coolant distribution structure is configured to direct coolant droplets (701) into the flow field channels. The coolant distribution structure comprises one or more elements (710) associated with one or more flow field channels, the elements having a first surface (712) for receiving a coolant droplet and a second surface (714) having a shape that defines a coolant droplet detachment region for directing a coolant droplet into the associated field flow channel.

Abstract: A membrane fuel cell delimited by bipolar plates comprising a cathodic compartment and an anodic compartment, said cathodic compartment comprising means for feeding air from the bottom to the top, said anodic compartment comprising means for feeding a hydrogen-containing fuel from the top to the bottom, at least one of said cathodic and anodic compartment comprising a flow distributor consisting of a porous material and a method of operating cell said.

Abstract: A fuel cell apparatus (10) and method (50) of operating a fuel cell are provided. The fuel cell apparatus (10) includes a fuel cell assembly (12) having a first outlet (26) and a first vessel (34) coupled to the first outlet (26) and forming a first dead end. The first vessel (34) is arranged to receive and hold a portion of a first reactant and water when a supply of the first reactant is being fed to the fuel cell assembly (12) and to return the first reactant in the first vessel (34) to the fuel cell assembly (12) via the first outlet (26) when the supply of the first reactant to the fuel cell assembly (12) is cut off.

Abstract: In a fuel cell vehicle of the present invention, a floor panel is constructed to have a center tunnel formed to extend in a front-rear direction of the vehicle. A fluid distributor provided below the floor panel is at least partly located in the center tunnel and is operative to distribute a supply of a fluid in a vehicle width direction. At least one fuel cell stack is provided adjacent to the fluid distributor in the vehicle width direction below the floor panel and is operative to receive the distributive supply of the fluid from the fluid distributor. This fuel cell system has an efficient component layout from the total standpoint of the operability and the space efficiency.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a detection device for lithium-ion battery, which comprises an insulative housing having a receiving chamber; an insulative separator positioned between the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet when the positive electrode sheet and the negative electrode sheet are received in the receiving chamber; a positive electrode sheet conductive fastener passing through the insulative housing and fixedly connected to a positive electrode current collector at a positive electrode current collector non-film-coating region; a negative electrode sheet conductive fastener passing through the insulative housing and fixedly connected to a negative electrode current collector at a negative electrode current collector non-film-coating region; an insulative cover engaged with the insulative housing and the insulative separator; a positive electrode region detection hole communicated to the positive electrode sheet gas region; and a negative electrode region detection hole comm

Abstract: A fuel cell system suppresses the deterioration of an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell. The fuel cell system comprises: a temperature rise speed calculation unit for calculating a target temperature rise speed of the fuel cell using a temperature of the fuel cell and a water content of the fuel cell; and a drive control unit for controlling a drive of the cooling water pump using the temperature rise speed of the fuel cell and the target temperature rise speed calculated by the temperature rise speed calculation unit. The drive control unit controls the drive of the cooling water pump such that a circulation amount of the cooling water is decreased when the temperature rise speed of the fuel cell is below the target temperature rise speed and controls the drive of the cooling water pump such that the circulation amount of the cooling water is increased when the temperature rise speed of the fuel cell is equal to or greater than the target temperature rise speed.

Abstract: A system for packaging and thermal management of battery cells in a battery module is provided. The battery module comprises at last one extruded aluminum or aluminum alloy profile (40) provided with a plurality of thermal transfer fins (42) arranged at a space from each other. A plurality of battery cells (1) is mounted in the at least one profile (40) in thermal contact with the thermal transfer fins (42). Thermal transfer medium is arranged in thermal contact with the at least one profile (40) so that thermal energy is conducted through the aluminum or aluminum alloy profile (40) so that thermal energy is conducted through the aluminum or aluminum alloy profile (40) from/to the battery cells (1) to/from the thermal transfer medium.

Abstract: A separator for a fuel cell and a method for manufacturing the same comprise two sheets of metal plates integrally formed to minimize contact resistance between an upper metal plate and a lower metal plate. The method for manufacturing the separator includes steps of preparing an upper metal plate and a lower metal plate, each plate having opposing main sides, and applying a coating liquid containing a polymer composite material on both sides of the upper and lower metal plates, to form first and second composite material layers on both sides of the upper plates and third and fourth composite material layers on both sides of the lower plates. The method further includes stacking the upper metal plate on the lower metal plate, before drying the respective composite material layers, and integrally bonding the second composite material layer and the third composite material layer to form a single intermediate composite material layer.

Abstract: The bootstrap start-up system (42) achieves an efficient start-up of the power plant (10) that minimizes formation of soot within a reformed hydrogen rich fuel. A burner (48) receives un-reformed fuel directly from the fuel supply (30) and combusts the fuel to heat cathode air which then heats an electrolyte (24) within the fuel cell (12). A dilute hydrogen forming gas (68) cycles through a sealed heat-cycling loop (66) to transfer heat and generated steam from an anode side (32) of the electrolyte (24) through fuel processing system (36) components (38, 40) and back to an anode flow field (26) until fuel processing system components (38, 40) achieve predetermined optimal temperatures and steam content. Then, the heat-cycling loop (66) is unsealed and the un-reformed fuel is admitted into the fuel processing system (36) and anode flow (26) field to commence ordinary operation of the power plant (10).

Abstract: A casing of a fuel cell system is divided into a fluid supply section, a module section, and an electrical equipment section by a first vertical partition plate and a second vertical partition plate. The first vertical partition plate extends from a front plate of the casing toward a back plate of the casing. The first vertical partition plate has a recess formed by bending a marginal end portion of the first vertical partition plate on the back plate side toward the module section at a predetermined angle. At least a raw fuel pipe of the fuel gas supply apparatus as a passage of a raw fuel is provided in the recess.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack is provided that includes unit cells that include a manifold, an open end plate that is disposed at one side of the unit cells and that has a reaction gas inlet and outlet that are connected to the manifold, and a closed end plate that is disposed at the other side of the unit cells and that closes the manifold. In particular, the open end plate includes a first slanted surface that adjusts a flow of a reaction gas at a reaction gas inlet and a manifold interface. A first alignment protrusion forms the first slanted surface and that aligns the unit cells, and the closed end plate includes a second slanted surface that adjusts flow of a reaction gas at the manifold interface. Additionally, a second alignment protrusion forms the second slanted surface and aligns the unit cells accordingly.

Abstract: An electricity generator includes a membrane electrode assembly; a separator coupled to the membrane electrode assembly and including a first region and a second region; and a thermal conductor on one of the first region and the second region.

Abstract: A portable on-demand hydrogen supplemental system is provided for producing hydrogen gas and injecting the hydrogen gas into the air intake of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen and oxygen is produced by a fuel cell from nonelectrolyte water in a nonelectrolyte water tank. The hydrogen gas is passed through a hydrogen gas collector. Nonelectrolyte water mixed with the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen gas collector is passed back thru the tank for distribution and water preservation. The system can be powered by the vehicles alternator, a stand-alone battery, waste heat or solar energy. The system utilizes an onboard diagnostic (OBD) interface in communication with the vehicle's OBD terminal, to regulate power to the system so that hydrogen production for the engine only occurs when the engine is running. The hydrogen gas is produced it is immediately consumed by the engine. No hydrogen is stored on, in or around the vehicle.

Abstract: A method of managing humidification for a fuel cell power system comprising, supplying air to a cathode inlet stream of a fuel cell. Detecting a fuel cell parameter associated with the humidity of the cathode inlet stream. Selectively operating the fuel cell in either an active humidification mode or a deactive humidification mode based on the fuel cell parameter, wherein the active humidification mode includes adding water to the cathode inlet stream and the deactive humidification mode includes adding no water to the cathode inlet stream.

Abstract: A unit cell of a fuel cell stack includes separators. Load receivers provided in the separators include projections, for example. The proximal ends of the projections are depressed to form inner curves. In the structure, sufficient flexibility of the projection is achieved. That is, when a force in a direction perpendicular to a stacking direction of fuel cell stack is applied to the projection, the projection is deformed in the direction perpendicular to the stacking direction.

Abstract: A fuel cell component includes a first fluid distribution layer, a second fluid distribution layer, a cap layer, a third fluid distribution layer, and a pair of fluid diffusion medium layers. The individual layers are polymeric, mechanically integrated, and formed from a radiation-sensitive material. The first fluid distribution layer, the second fluid distribution layer, the cap layer, the third fluid distribution layer, and the pair of fluid diffusion medium layers are coated with an electrically conductive material. A pair of the fuel cell components may be arranged in a stack with a membrane electrode assembly therebetween to form a fuel cell.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack includes a plurality of fuel cells each including a first separator, a second separator and a membrane electrode assembly. A first reactant gas manifold of the first separator has an elongated opening extending along a ridge line of a first buffer portion and has an end wall surface that is located at an end of the first reactant gas manifold of the first separator near a middle portion of the first buffer portion and that is a convex curved surface. The convex curved surface and the first buffer portion are connected to each other through a channel that is bent or curved.

Abstract: In a fuel cell, a cell 105 including an anode 109, a solid electrolyte film 111 and a cathode 113 on an outer peripheral surface of a substrate tube 103 is formed in a circumferential direction of the substrate tube 103. A plurality of the cells 105 are arranged along a longitudinal direction of the substrate tube 103, and an interconnector 107 connecting the cells 105 electrically in series is formed between the adjacent cells 105. A thickness of an end portion of the cathode 113 in the longitudinal direction, the portion being in contact with the interconnector 107, is larger than a thickness of a center portion of the cathode 113 in the longitudinal direction. Thereby, high power generation performance can be achieved.

Abstract: A stacked cell for a flow cell battery is presented. The stacked cell is sealed by a gasket between individual components. The gasket is formed such that it seals against leakage of electrolytes and facilitates the flow of electrolytes through the stacked cell. Further, the gasket is formed to minimize the linear expansion of the gasket material with temperature.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a formulation comprising at least one solvent and at least two functional compounds of the general formula (I) where A is a functional structural element, B is a solubility-promoting structural element and k is an integer in the range from 1 to 20, the molecular weight of the functional compound is at least 550 g/mol and the solubility-promoting structural element B conforms to the general formula (L-I) where Ar1, Ar2 is each, independently of one another, an aryl or heteroaryl group, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R of any desired type, X is in each case, independently of one another, N or CR2, preferably CH, R1, R2 is each, independently of one another, hydrogen, a straight-chain alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 3 to 40 C atoms or is a silyl group or a substituted keto group having 1 to 40 C atoms, an alkoxycarbonyl group having 2 to 40 C atoms, an aryloxycarbonyl group