Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a tank configured to store an electrolyte and a distribution mechanism to distribute the electrolyte to a battery cell. The tank has a partition portion partitioning a space inside the tank into a first space and a second space, the distribution mechanism has a distribution passage through which the electrolyte is distributed between the first space and the second space via the battery cell, and the partition portion is composed of a flexible material.

Abstract: An electrolytic device of an embodiment has a solution or gas containing water and carbon dioxide, a first electrode oxidizing the water to produce oxygen, a second electrode and a third electrode reducing the carbon dioxide to produce a carbon compound, and a power supply applying current across the first electrode and the second and third electrodes. A composing material of the second electrode has an ionization tendency larger than a composing material of the third electrode. The third electrode mainly reduces the carbon dioxide to produce a first carbon compound, and the second electrode mainly reduces the first carbon compound to produce a second carbon compound.

Abstract: A fuel cell system of the present invention includes a fixing unit that fixes or releases hydrazine, a fuel cell to which hydrazine released in the fixing unit is supplied as fuel, a supply line for supplying an aqueous hydrazine solution from a hydrazine supply source to the fixing unit, a drain line for draining drained water from the fixing unit, a first sensing unit for detecting a hydrazine concentration in an aqueous hydrazine solution flowing in the supply line, a second sensing unit for detecting a hydrazine concentration in drained water flowing in the drain line, and a detection unit that detects the amount of hydrazine fixed in the fixing unit based on the concentration values detected by the first sensing unit and the second sensing unit.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes characterizing the fuel or fuels being provided into the fuel cell system, characterizing the oxidizing gas or gases being provided into the fuel cell system, and calculating at least one of the steam:carbon ratio, fuel utilization and oxidizing gas utilization based on the step of characterization.

Abstract: A target value of each of factors in a fuel cell system is determined based on a correspondence relationship of a change in each of the factors determining reaction conditions of fuel in a fuel cell to a change in an external environment of the fuel cell system, and peripheral devices of the fuel cell affecting the reaction conditions of the fuel in the fuel cell are controlled according to a target value of each of the factors.

Abstract: A gas detection system functions to detect a specific gas present in a certain space. The gas detection system includes a gas concentration detector arranged to detect concentration of the specific gas as a gas concentration. The gas detection system also has a determination module configured to determine whether the gas concentration detected by the gas concentration detector exceeds a set threshold value. In response to input of a checking instruction for checking up the gas concentration detector into the determination module, the determination module uses a threshold value for checkup purpose, in place of the set threshold value. This arrangement effectively enhances the convenience in the process of checking up the gas concentration detector.

Abstract: Assemblies and methods for measuring in-situ membrane fluid crossover are provided. One embodiment of an in-situ fuel cell membrane crossover measurement assembly as disclosed herein comprises an anode fluid supply configured to supply anode fluid to an anode side of a proton exchange membrane; a cathode fluid supply configured to supply cathode fluid to a cathode side of the proton exchange membrane; a collection chamber configured to receive an exhaust from one of the anode side and the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane; and means for detecting a crossover fluid in the exhaust. The crossover fluid is from the cathode fluid if the exhaust is collected from the anode side and the crossover fluid is from the anode fluid if the exhaust is collected from the cathode side.

Abstract: A fuel cell system whose fuel loss caused by the crossover of the fuel is small and which can be operated economically. The fuel cell system includes a fuel cell 10, a primary feeding system 12 for feeding a primary fuel which is a liquid fuel to the fuel cell 10, a secondary feeding system 13 for feeding a secondary fuel which is a liquid fuel whose saturation vapor pressure is lower than that of the primary fuel to the fuel cell 10, a ECU 30 for controlling each part so that the primary fuel in the fuel cell is replaced with the secondary fuel when terminating the operation of the fuel cell 10.

Abstract: A gas detection system is configured to detect a preset gas in a predetermined space. The gas detection system includes a gas concentration detector constructed to detect a gas concentration of the preset gas, a recording assembly, a notification module, and a decision module. When the gas concentration detected by the gas concentration detector is higher than a preset first reference value, the decision module controls the notification module to give notice. When the detected gas concentration is higher than a preset second reference value but is lower than the preset first reference value, on the other hand, the decision module controls the notification module to give no notice but record a specific piece of information into the recording assembly. This arrangement of the gas detection system enables the user to readily detect deterioration of a device utilizing a fuel, for example, fuel cells.

Abstract: A fuel cell system for generating a hydrogen test pulse includes a fuel cell stack having an anode inlet in fluid communication with a hydrogen source via a fuel spending line, a cathode inlet in fluid communication with an oxidant source, and an anode outlet and a cathode outlet in fluid communication with an exhaust line. An electric pressure regulator is in fluid communication with the fuel spending line. An overpressure valve is in fluid communication with an overpressure line, which is in fluid communication with the fuel spending line between the electric pressure regulator and the fuel cell stack. A hydrogen sensor is in communication with the exhaust line, and is configured to measure the hydrogen test pulse.

Abstract: An automotive or other power system including a flow cell, in which the stack that provides power is readily isolated from the storage vessels holding the cathode slurry and anode slurry (alternatively called “fuel”) is described. A method of use is also provided, in which the “fuel” tanks are removable and are separately charged in a charging station, and the charged fuel, plus tanks, are placed back in the vehicle or other power system, allowing fast refueling. The technology also provides a charging system in which discharged fuel is charged. The charged fuel can be placed into storage tanks at the power source or returned to the vehicle. In some embodiments, the charged fuel in the storage tanks can be used at a later date. The charged fuel can be transported or stored for use in a different place or time.

Abstract: In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is described. The fuel cell includes a twin-cell electrochemical filter. A flow of reformate H2 and pulse potential are switched between each respective filter cell such that when CO-contaminated H2 is fed to one filter cell, generally simultaneously a pulse potential is applied to the other filter cell.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes characterizing the fuel or fuels being provided into the fuel cell system, characterizing the oxidizing gas or gases being provided into the fuel cell system, and calculating at least one of the steam:carbon ratio, fuel utilization and oxidizing gas utilization based on the step of characterization.

Abstract: The amount of fuel supplied to a fuel cell is set to a second set value Qm2 smaller than a first set value Qm1 determined based on a load. Then, an output current Ifcr of the fuel cell with the fuel supply amount set to the second set value Qm2 is detected. The output current Ifcr is compared with a reference value Iref for determining mild deterioration to determine whether the fuel cell has deteriorated from the comparison result. If a determination that the fuel cell has deteriorated is made, the fuel supply amount is reset to a third set value Qm3 larger than the second set value Qm2.

Abstract: A fuel cell apparatus includes: a fuel cell stack comprising a plurality of unit cells; a mixer storing a fuel mixture solution supplied to the fuel cell stack; a mixture solution sensor measuring a residual amount of the fuel mixture solution stored in the mixer; a mixture solution control pump capable of supplying the fuel mixture solution stored in a cartridge to the mixer or withdrawing the fuel mixture solution stored in the mixer to the cartridge in order to adjust a quantity of fuel mixture solution in the mixer; and a control unit receiving a residual measurement signal from the mixture solution sensor indicating both quantity and fuel concentration of the fuel mixture solution stored in the mixer, and driving the mixture solution control pump to effect the desired quantity and fuel concentration of the fuel mixture solution in the mixer.

Abstract: A fuel cell system for use in transportation equipment, for example, can determine an abnormality in its fuel supply device without additional detectors being provided for abnormality detection. The fuel cell system is mounted on a motorbike, and includes a cell stack which includes a plurality of fuel cells, an aqueous solution pump arranged to supply aqueous methanol solution to the cell stack, a controller which includes a CPU, an inflow temperature sensor arranged to detect a temperature of aqueous methanol solution which is introduced to the cell stack, and an outflow temperature sensor arranged to detect a temperature of aqueous methanol solution discharged from the cell stack. The CPU obtains an inflow outflow temperature difference by calculating a difference between a detection result from the inflow temperature sensor and a detection result from the outflow temperature sensor.

Abstract: A system and method for detecting small hydrogen leaks in an anode of a fuel cell system. The method includes determining that a shut-down sequence has begun, and if so, deplete the cathode side of a fuel cell stack of oxygen. The method then increases the pressure of the anode side of the fuel cell stack to a predetermined set-point, and monitors the pressure decay of the anode side of the stack. The method compares the rate of pressure decay to an expected pressure decay rate, and if the measured pressure decay rate exceeds the expected pressure decay rate by a certain threshold, determines that a potential leak exists.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a reforming unit, a carbon monoxide decreasing unit, a fuel cell, a burner unit and a raw gas supply device. At the star-up operation of the fuel cell system, an amount of combustion air delivered to the burner unit by an air blower is adjusted according to a total amount of a raw gas to be supplied to the burner unit and an amount of a desorbed raw gas desorbed out of raw gas components adsorbed to at least one of catalysts in a fuel processor.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for controlling output of a fuel cell to improve fuel efficiency of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle, in which the fuel cell is operated at a constant power at a maximum efficiency point, wherein the fuel cell and a storage means are directly connected if the output and energy of the storage means is insufficient, and the power generation of the fuel cell is stopped when the level of energy of the storage means is increased during stopping or during low power operation such that the fuel cell is intensively operated at the maximum efficiency point, thus improving the fuel efficiency of the fuel cell and the efficiency of the fuel cell system.

Abstract: A fuel cell system and a method for controlling the same corrects concentration sensing values by estimating temperature according to the load amount of a stack. A control method of a fuel cell system including the steps of: measuring the load amount of loads supplied with power from a stack; estimating temperatures at the area where a concentration sensor is installed from the load amount values; producing the corrected concentrations by correcting the concentration sensing values according to the estimated temperatures; and controlling the drive of the fuel cell system according to the corrected concentrations.

Abstract: In a power generation unit incorporated in a fuel cell system, a mixture fuel with a certain concentration is supplied to an anode, power is generated by electrochemical reaction between the anode and a cathode exposed to air, and a discharge liquid containing an unreacted mixture fuel is discharged from the anode. The power generation unit is connected to a fuel circulation path for circulating the discharge liquid to the anode. If a mixture fuel is low in pressure, a fuel supply unit supplies fuel to the fuel circulation path. The temperature of the power generation unit is controlled in accordance with the concentration or volume of the mixture fuel supplied to the anode.

Abstract: A first detection line is set in a lower temperature range than a limit line representing an upper limit temperature of a motor allowed by an inverter and represents a reference motor temperature at a required output for fuel cells as a temperature criterion where a controller changes over the means for achieving the sufficient hydrogen stoichiometric ratio from recycling hydrogen with a circulation pump to increasing the hydrogen concentration. When the motor temperature reaches or exceeds the first detection line at the required output for the fuel cells, the controller prevents an increase in rotation speed of the motor and regulates the openings of a shutoff valve and a regulator to increase the concentration of hydrogen supplied from a hydrogen tank to the fuel cells and thereby increase the hydrogen supply pressure. This arrangement effectively prevents an increase of the motor temperature, while achieving the sufficient hydrogen stoichiometric ratio.

Abstract: A control apparatus for a fuel cell, including oxidizing gas supplying means for supplying oxidizing gas to a cathode via an oxidizing gas supply line; cathode-side gas pressure detecting means for detecting a gas pressure within the oxidizing gas supply line or the cathode; hydrogen supplying means for supplying hydrogen to an anode via a hydrogen supply line; target hydrogen partial pressure determining means for determining a hydrogen pressure among a gas pressure within the hydrogen supply line or the anode; hydrogen supply pressure calculating means for calculating a hydrogen supply pressure of hydrogen to be supplied to the fuel cell, based upon the target hydrogen partial pressure and the gas pressure detected by the cathode-side gas pressure detecting means; and hydrogen supply control means for supplying hydrogen from the hydrogen supplying means to the fuel cell at the hydrogen supply pressure, and the method thereof.

Abstract: A method of operating a fuel cell system includes characterizing the fuel or fuels being provided into the fuel cell system, characterizing the oxidizing gas or gases being provided into the fuel cell system, and calculating at least one of the steam:carbon ratio, fuel utilization and oxidizing gas utilization based on the step of characterization.

Abstract: A fuel cell system which includes: a fuel cell having a fuel gas flow path and an oxidant gas flow path and generating electricity by being supplied a fuel gas to the fuel gas flow path and an oxidant gas to the oxidant gas flow path; fuel gas supplying means; a discharge valve; fuel gas exchange means for exchanging an atmosphere inside the fuel gas flow path for the fuel gas at a starting of the system; and cold start determination means for determining whether to conduct or not to conduct the cold start of the system, wherein when the cold start determination means determines to conduct the cold start, the cold start determination means increases a total discharge amount of a gas to be discharged for exchanging the atmosphere inside the fuel gas flow path for the fuel gas, and thereby increases a fuel gas concentration in the fuel gas flow path.

Abstract: In a fuel cell system, mixture fuel having a certain fuel concentration is supplied to an anode, electric power is output from between the anode and the cathode due to electrochemical reaction when the cathode makes contact with air, and unreacted fuel containing unreacted fuel is discharged from the anode. A fuel circulating path for circulating the unreacted fuel to the anode is connected to the power generating unit and fuel is supplied from the fuel supplying unit to the fuel circulating path depending on a reduction in pressure of the mixture fuel. The temperature of the power generating unit is controlled according to the concentration of the mixture fuel supplied to the anode. Consequently, a fuel cell system, which can achieve reduction of the size thereof without dropping fuel usage efficiency, can be provided.

Abstract: A fuel cell system and an operating method of the same. The fuel cell system includes a carbon monoxide adsorbing device that is disposed at an exit of a shift reactor and removes carbon monoxide which is not completely removed in the shift reactor. Therefore, a start-up time of the fuel cell system is remarkably reduced without poisoning catalysts of electrodes of the fuel cell. An overall volume of the fuel cell system can be reduced since the carbon monoxide adsorbing device is only operating during the start-up, and thus the fuel cell system can be economically manufactured and operated. Additionally, the carbon monoxide adsorbent can be regenerated, thereby increasing economic efficiency of the fuel cell system.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell system capable of stabilizing the power generation state of a fuel cell for a period of transition from a power generation stop state during an intermittent operation or the like to a usual operation. The fuel cell system supplies a fuel gas from a fuel supply source to a fuel cell to generate a power, and comprises output limit means for limiting the output of the fuel cell after shift from the power generation stop state of the fuel cell to a power generation state.

Abstract: A flow control assembly for use in a fuel cell system, comprising a sensor for sensing hydrogen concentration in one of anode exhaust leaving an anode side of the fuel cell system and a gas derived from the anode exhaust, and a fuel flow control assembly for controlling the flow of fuel to the anode side of the fuel cell system based on the hydrogen concentration sensed by the sensor.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a fuel cell stack, a buffer, an actuator, and a control circuit. The control circuit controls the operation of the actuator according to a reference value of a reference volume of fuel disposed in the buffer. The fuel cell is operated by measuring a value corresponding to a volume of fuel disposed in the buffer, comparing the value with a reference value, and operating the actuator according to a result of the comparison.

Abstract: Provided are a direct formic acid fuel cell and a method of operation thereof capable of maintaining performance constantly through implementing the real time measurement and control of formic acid concentration.

Abstract: In a fuel cell system (10), an anode exhaust gas discharge pipe (50) is full of hydrogen at the start of operation of a fuel cell (20). As time passes when the fuel cell (20) is operating, the concentration of impurities within the anode exhaust gas discharge pipe (50) increases. When the hydrogen concentration is less than a reference concentration for opening a valve, an upstream cut-off valve (61) closes and a downstream cut off valve (62) opens. As a result, the impurity concentration in the anode gas discharge pipe (50) quickly drops and is restored to the level that it was at the start of operation of the fuel cell (20). This sudden drop in the impurity concentration is caused by a pressure difference between the pressure in the anode exhaust gas pipe (50) and the pressure of the outside air, and the concentration gradient.

Abstract: Fuel concentration near a power generator of a DMFC is adjusted by decreasing current taken from the DMFC when the concentration near the power generator of the DMFC is higher than an optimum value and increasing the current taken from the DMFC when the concentration near the power generator of the DMFC is lower than the optimum value. Since the fuel does not come into direct contact with the power generator in the DMFC in a portion from a cartridge to the power generator in the DMFC, drying of the fuel is suppressed. By providing an auxiliary tank capable of storing fuel, concentration of methanol supplied near the power generator of the DMFC is lowered upon activation after long-time storage.

Abstract: A direct oxidation fuel cell (DOFC) system, comprises at least one fuel cell assembly including a cathode and an anode with an electrolyte positioned therebetween; a source of liquid fuel in fluid communication with an inlet of the anode; an oxidant supply in fluid communication with an inlet of the cathode; a liquid/gas (L/G) separator in fluid communication with outlets of the anode and cathode for: (1) receiving unreacted fuel and liquid and gaseous products, and (2) supplying a solution of fuel and liquid product to the anode inlet; and a control system for measuring the amount of liquid product and controlling oxidant stoichiometry of the system operation in response to the measured amount of liquid product. Alternatively, the control system controls the concentration of the liquid fuel in the solution supplied to the anode inlet, based upon the system operating temperature or output power.

Abstract: A fuel cell system (50) includes pressure obtaining means (4) for obtaining the pressure in a hydrogen system (anode (1b)) of a fuel cell (1), pressure estimation means (10) for estimating the hydrogen partial pressure in the hydrogen system. Further, the fuel cell system (50) includes impurity concentration estimation means (10) for estimating the impurity concentration in the hydrogen system. That is, the impurity concentration estimation means (10) estimates the impurity concentration taking the present state of the hydrogen system into consideration. Thus, the impurity concentration estimation means (10) accurately estimates the impurity concentration in the hydrogen system of the fuel cell (1).

Abstract: A fuel cell system comprises: a fuel cell stack (100) where an anode (110) and a cathode (120) are arranged under a state that an electrolyte membrane is positioned therebetween; a fuel tank (300) for storing a fuel; a fuel circulation supply means (400) for circulation-supplying a fuel stored in the fuel tank (300) to the anode of the fuel cell stack; an air supply unit (200) connected to the cathode of the fuel cell stack (100) by an air supply line, for supplying oxygen, etc. to the cathode (120); a sensing unit (500) for measuring a concentration of at least one of fuels supplied to the anode (110) and a control unit for receiving a signal of the sensing unit (500) and informing replacement time of a fuel. According to this, a fuel usage is maximized by informing replacement time of a used fuel and a filter (450) for filtering impurity by detecting a fuel consumption degree and an impurity generation amount.

Abstract: An automotive or other power system including a flow cell, in which the stack that provides power is readily isolated from the storage vessels holding the cathode slurry and anode slurry (alternatively called “fuel”) is described. A method of use is also provided, in which the “fuel” tanks are removable and are separately charged in a charging station, and the charged fuel, plus tanks, are placed back in the vehicle or other power system, allowing fast refueling. The technology also provides a charging system in which discharged fuel is charged. The charged fuel can be placed into storage tanks at the power source or returned to the vehicle. In some embodiments, the charged fuel in the storage tanks can be used at a later date. The charged fuel can be transported or stored for use in a different place or time.

Abstract: A fuel cell system for use in transportation equipment, for example, can determine an abnormality in its fuel supply device without additional detectors being provided for abnormality detection. The fuel cell system is mounted on a motorbike, and includes a cell stack which includes a plurality of fuel cells, an aqueous solution pump arranged to supply aqueous methanol solution to the cell stack, a controller which includes a CPU, an inflow temperature sensor arranged to detect a temperature of aqueous methanol solution which is introduced to the cell stack, and an outflow temperature sensor arranged to detect a temperature of aqueous methanol solution discharged from the cell stack. The CPU obtains an inflow outflow temperature difference by calculating a difference between a detection result from the inflow temperature sensor and a detection result from the outflow temperature sensor.

Abstract: A cartridge includes a first housing, a second housing within the first housing, and a colorant. The first housing has an interior surface and an exterior surface, and the second housing contains an alcohol fuel or a hydrocarbon fuel and has an interior surface and an exterior surface. The colorant is supported by at least a portion of the interior surface of the first housing.

Abstract: A direct methanol fuel cell system includes a fuel cell main body including at least one membrane-electrode assembly having an electrolyte membrane, and an anode and a cathode positioned on opposite sides of the electrolyte membrane; a fuel-supplying unit feeding a mixing tank with high concentration fuel; the mixing tank mixing and storing the fuel fed from the fuel-supplying unit and an outlet stream discharged from the fuel cell main body; a fuel feeder supplying mixed fuel stored in the mixing tank to the fuel cell main body; and a controller controlling the fuel-supplying unit to stop operating in response to a stop request signal, and controlling the fuel feeder to operate to circulate the mixed fuel via the anode of the fuel cell main body until a fuel concentration of the mixed fuel is less than or equal to a reference concentration.

Abstract: A device useful for administration of pharmacologically-active substances transdermally, orally, or by means of subdermal implant includes an impermeable backing layer, a plasticized polyvinyl chloride layer, and an adhesive layer, wherein the plasticized polyvinyl chloride layer includes from about 20 up to about 70% by weight of a polyvinyl chloride resin, from about 20 up to about 70% by weight of a plasticizer, and from about 0.5 up to about 35% by weight of a pharmacologically-active substance such as isosorbide dinitrate, nicotine, clonidine, guanfacine, indomethacin, nitroglycerin, and prostaglandin and optionally excipients.

Abstract: An antimicrobial wound dressing and method of wound treatment, the wound dressing having a layer of a collagen dressing material impregnated with lyophilized, stabilized chlorine-containing compounds which generate on activation chlorine dioxide, like a mixture of sodium chlorate and sodium chlorite, and an adjacent layer secured thereto containing a dry, activating amount of an acidic compound, such as citric acid, whereby moisture from the wound activates the dry chlorine moiety to treat the wound.