Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a first unit cell including a first electricity generator and a first casing containing the first electricity generator, a second unit cell including a second electricity generator and a second casing containing the second electricity generator, and an outer container containing the first unit cell and the second unit cell. The electrochemical cell further includes a liquid layer between the first casing and the second casing. The liquid layer is in direct contact with the first casing and the second casing.

Abstract: A phase change material (PCM) is positioned about a battery of an eyewear device such that a latent energy of the PCM transfers to the battery as the ambient temperature drops to maintain a battery temperature. The latent energy maintains the temperature of the battery until the PCM loses it latent energy and converts to a solid phase. At normal operating temperatures, the PCM is in the liquid phase.

Abstract: Provided is a power storage device whose charging and discharging characteristics are unlikely to be degraded by heat treatment or a power storage device that is highly safe against heat treatment. The power storage device includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, an electrolyte, and an exterior body. The separator is positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and includes polyphenylene sulfide or cellulosic fiber. The electrolyte includes propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, and lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)amide. A concentration of lithium hexafluorophosphate with respect to the electrolyte is more than or equal to 0.01 wt % and less than or equal to 1.9 wt % in a weight ratio.

Abstract: A battery module cooled by insulating oil, and a battery pack including the same include a battery cell stack, in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked; electrode leads formed so as to protrude from the battery cells; a frame covering the upper, lower, left, and right surfaces of the battery cell stack; and end plates covering front and rear surfaces of the battery cell stack. Each of the battery cells have edge surfaces and flat surfaces. Space parts are defined between the edge surfaces and the frame and between the edge surfaces and the end plates; Insulating oil for cooling the plurality of battery cells is filled and flows in the space parts, and the insulating oil makes contact with the battery cells and the electrode leads.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery management system and a battery pack and the battery management system includes: a pack voltage sampling unit for periodically sampling a pack voltage of a battery pack; a pack current sampling unit for sampling a pack current of the battery pack; and a control unit for, when the pack voltage sampling of the battery pack is completed, recording a time from a sampling start time of the pack voltage to a sampling completion time of the pack voltage as a first time, and transmitting a voltage sampling synchronization signal for measuring a cell voltage of a battery cell to a plurality of lower-level battery management systems.

Abstract: Described herein are battery modules comprising immersion-cooled prismatic battery cells and methods of fabricating thereof. A battery module comprises prismatic battery cells that are stacked along the primary module axis. The module also comprises top, bottom, and side covers and two end plates, collectively enclosing these battery cells. Each cover forms two fluid channels, both fluidically open to the prismatic battery cells. Furthermore, the module comprises bus bars that interconnect the cell terminals and protrude into the fluid channels formed by the top cover. One end plate comprises two fluid ports for connecting to a thermal management system. Each port is fluidically coupled to one fluid channel, formed by the top cover, and one fluid channel, formed by the bottom cover. The other end plate fluidically couples the two fluid channels, formed by the top cover, and, separately, the two fluid channels, formed by the bottom cover.

Abstract: A mobile, in particular portable, energy supply system having battery modules which can be connected in series in a controllable manner in order to provide different voltages at a power supply connection of the energy supply system, and a control unit for controlling the battery modules, wherein each battery module has an input connection and an output connection, a battery unit for providing a module voltage and switching elements, in particular power electronic ones. The switching elements are designed to selectively switch the module voltage for the provision of energy to the input and output connection, wherein a heat-transferring coupling between the switching elements and the battery unit is provided to transfer operationally generated heat loss of the switching elements specifically from these to the battery unit. A battery module for an energy supply system and a method for operating such an energy supply system are also related.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a housing defining an upper portion and a lower portion, a first protector portion coupled to a first corner of the housing, a second protector portion coupled to a second corner of the housing, a plurality of battery cells disposed within the housing, and a mating feature including a plurality of ports electrically connected to the plurality of battery cells and structured to supply power from the plurality of battery cells through the ports.

Abstract: A battery system includes a fluid tube that cools busbars of a battery module having one or more cells. The fluid tube is constructed of an electrically insulative/thermally conductive material. Thus, the fluid tube can be affixed directly onto the surface of the busbar. The fluid tube can be used with chilled water to reduce the temperature of the busbars and hot water to increase the temperature of the busbars. The fluid tube can be affixed to the busbars using a flexible joint material that allows for the expansion and contraction of the busbars. The flexible joint material an electrically insulative/thermally conductive material. The joint material can include a resin and conductive powder.

Abstract: An electrical apparatus includes a battery pack, an electrical apparatus main body and a control unit. The battery pack has a plurality of cell units of which connection states are able to be switched and a plurality of battery side connection terminals. The electrical apparatus main body has a battery pack mounting portion to which the battery pack is mounted, a plurality of device side connection terminals to which the plurality of battery side connection terminals are connectable, and a load device to which power is supplied from the battery pack. The control unit is configured to stop or limit power supply from the battery pack to the load device when a voltage imbalance is generated between the plurality of cell units or a contact failure is generated between the plurality of battery side connection terminals and the plurality of device side terminals.

Abstract: A method of the present invention for manufacturing a lithium-ion cell comprises the step of impregnating a porous positive-electrode active material layer or a porous negative-electrode active material layer with an ionic liquid electrolyte. The ionic liquid electrolyte includes: an ionic liquid comprising an anion and a cation; and a lithium salt dissolved in the ionic liquid. The anion is bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ion. The lithium salt is lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide or lithium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide. The ionic liquid electrolyte contains the lithium salt at a concentration of 1.6 mol/L to 3.2 mol/L inclusive. The step of impregnation with the ionic liquid electrolyte is the step of impregnating the positive-electrode active material layer or the negative-electrode active material layer with the ionic liquid electrolyte at a temperature of 50° C. to 100° C. inclusive.

Abstract: A battery module and an energy storage device are provided. The battery module includes at least two battery cells, each of the at least two battery cells having a respective top cover; at least one bus-bar, each of the at least one bus-bar being arranged above two respective adjacent top covers, and electrically connected to poles provided on the two adjacent top covers; and a liquid cooling tube provided on all the top covers and cooperates with the at least one bus-bar for heat transfer.

Abstract: Described herein are swappable battery modules comprising immersion-thermally controlled prismatic battery cells and methods of operating thereof. A method comprises positioning a swappable battery module on an external charger comprising charger fluidic ports and sliding the swappable battery module to the charger fluidic ports until these charger's ports are fluidically coupled with the module's fluidic ports. Specifically, the external charger comprises an enclosure and a module support rail slidably coupling the swappable battery module and the enclosure. The module support rail comprises a rail base, a first slider, a second slider, and a lever-based unit, interconnecting the rail base and both sliders. The rail base is fixed to the enclosure, while the second slider is detachably coupled to the module. The two sliders move at different speeds or at the same speed relative to the charger base depending on proximity of the first end plate to the charger base.

Abstract: A low-current run plug circuit comprising: a run plug configured to electrically connect 1st and 2nd terminals when the run plug is installed; a safety circuit mounted within the battery-powered apparatus comprising: a JFET a current set resistor a P-channel MOSFET, a voltage divider, and an N-channel MOSFET connected together such that when the run plug is removed the N-channel MOSFET and the P-channel MOSFET are in cutoff wherein no current flows to the electrical load, and such that when the run plug is installed, the safety circuit creates a low-impedance electrical path from the cathode to the electrical load.

Abstract: A Li-ion battery cell, among other materials, components, and techniques, is provided that includes ion-permeable anode and cathode electrodes, an electrolyte ionically coupling the anode and the cathode, a separator electrically separating the anode and the cathode, and a sacrificial, high-capacity Li composition for providing Li to at least one of the electrodes.

Abstract: An automatic and passive battery fluid maintenance system maintains the fluid levels in a battery system by replenishing water as the water is lost from the battery. A reservoir is used to contain a volume of fluid and is mounted above the batteries. Fluid from the reservoir flows into a distribution manifold through a flow regulator. From the manifold the fluid is distributed a vent plug at each battery. The vent plugs are configured to control create a backpressure in the fluid line when the battery fluid level is at an optimum level. As a result of the backpressure, fluid does not flow into the battery through the vent plug. When the fluid in the battery drops below the optimum level, the backpressure is reduced, allowing water to flow until the fluid level of the battery again is at the optimum level.

Abstract: An all-solid-state battery includes: an anode current collector; a lithium storage layer including a first layer located at an electrolyte-layer side and a second layer located at an anode current collector side, having a higher porosity than the first layer, and including an interface portion and a core portion, which is a remaining portion other than the interface portion; an electrolyte layer; and a cathode layer, wherein the anode current collector, the lithium storage layer, the electrolyte layer, and the cathode layer are sequentially laminated, and the interface portion is in contact with the first layer and has a higher binder content per unit volume than the core portion.

Abstract: Provided is an electrolyte of a lithium-sulfur battery. The electrolyte of the lithium-sulfur battery may include: a base electrolyte including lithium salt and an organic solvent; and an electrolyte additive, in which the electrolyte additive includes a metal nitrate.

Abstract: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery with a negative electrode active material including a carbon material, and a silicon-containing material in which Si particles are dispersed in a lithium ion conductive phase. The negative electrode material mixture layer having a thickness T0 includes a first region on the negative electrode surface side having a thickness of T1, and a second region on the negative electrode current collector side, and the ratio T1/T0 is 1/20 to 19/20. The ratio of a mass ratio MS1 of the silicon-containing material in the first region to a mass ratio MS2 of the silicon-containing material in the second region is not less than 0 and less than 1. An open circuit potential of the negative electrode in a fully charged condition is higher than 0 mV and 70 mV or lower relative to lithium metal.

Abstract: A cabinet with anti-condensation mechanism is used to control opening and closing a cabinet door of the cabinet. The cabinet includes a control module, a temperature control module, and a locking module. The control module senses a cabinet-inside temperature inside the cabinet, and senses cabinet-outside temperature and a cabinet-outside humidity outside the cabinet to generate a dew-point threshold value. The temperature control module is used to adjust the cabinet-inside temperature. The locking module is used to lock the cabinet door or unlock the cabinet door. The control module controls the locking module according to the cabinet-inside temperature and the dew-point threshold value, and controls the temperature control module to adjust the cabinet-inside temperature to be greater than or equal to the dew-point threshold value when the control module receives a trigger signal.

Abstract: A battery module system includes a cooling device, a battery module disposed on the cooling device, the battery module being in direct or indirect contact with the cooling device, a sensor attached to the battery module to sense a temperature of the battery module or gas generated from the battery module, a battery management system to output a switching on/off signal with reference to a sensing signal transmitted from the sensor; and an external short-circuiting device connected between the positive electrode and negative electrode of the battery module to induce an external short circuit of the battery module, the external short-circuiting device including: a resistor disposed on the cooling device, the resistor being in direct or indirect contact with the cooling device; and a switch to electrically connect or isolate the battery module to/from the resistor according to the switching on/off signal.

Abstract: The invention relates to a system (1) for cooling at least one motor vehicle battery (2), this system including: a closed compartment (3) arranged to receive a battery or battery cells (2), a dielectric fluid (4) present in the compartment so that it is able to cool the battery, a cooling device (5) arranged to cool the dielectric fluid, this cooling device including at least one channel in which a heat transfer fluid separate from the dielectric fluid can circulate, this cooling device including at least one inclined face for heat exchange between the dielectric fluid and the heat transfer fluid, this face (110) being arranged inclined relative to a horizontal direction when the system is mounted on the motor vehicle.

Abstract: A power storage cell includes: an exterior container having a top surface, a bottom surface, and a side surface located between the top surface and the bottom surface; and an insulating film that covers at least the side surface of the exterior container. The insulating film has a juncture on the side surface of the exterior container, and the juncture on the side surface is heat-sealed. A heat-sealed portion on the side surface has a termination portion at a position separated from the top surface or the bottom surface of the exterior container.

Abstract: An example electronic device may include: a side member including a first conductive portion disposed through a first non-conductive portion and a second non-conductive portion and a second conductive portion disposed through the second non-conductive portion and a third non-conductive portion; a substrate disposed in the internal space of the housing and including a ground; at least one wireless communication circuit disposed on the substrate; a first switching circuit disposed in a first electrical path connecting the wireless communication circuit and a first point of the first conductive portion; a second switching circuit disposed in a second electrical path connecting the wireless communication circuit and a second point of the second conductive portion; a third switching circuit disposed in a third electrical path connecting the wireless communication circuit and a third point of the second conductive portion between the second point and the third non-conductive portion; and at least one processor conf

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to methods for monitoring the health of a battery cell. Specifically, the method includes receiving, by a controller communicatively coupled a pressure sensor positioned proximate to a battery housing having an initial volume and an initial shape and containing a battery cell, a pressure value indicative of a current volume or a current shape of the battery' housing. The pressure sensor is configured to measure the pressure value indicative of the current volume or the current shape of the battery' housing. The method also involves comparing, by the controller, the pressure value to a predetermined threshold pressure value. The method further involves adjusting, by the controller and based on the comparison, at least one parameter associated with operations of the battery cell.

Abstract: The epsilon polymorph of vanadyl phosphate, ?-VOPO4, made from the solvothermally synthesized H2VOPO4, is a high density cathode material for lithium-ion batteries optimized to reversibly intercalate two Li-ions to reach the full theoretical capacity at least 50 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 98%. This material adopts a stable 3D tunnel structure and can extract two Li-ions per vanadium ion, giving a theoretical capacity of 305 mAh/g, with an upper charge/discharge plateau at around 4.0 V, and one lower at around 2.5 V.

Abstract: The present invention relates to: a battery cell including a punched portion formed through a separator, and a short-circuit inducing member disposed on the punched portion; and a method for evaluating the safety of a battery under internal short-circuit conditions by using the battery cell. Using the battery cell of the present invention, the safety of a battery under internal short-circuit conditions can be easily evaluated without physical deformation or reassembly of the battery cell.

Abstract: A method for operating a battery system connected to an electric energy system, having battery strings connected in parallel, including a battery, an inverter and a transformer Each battery is chargeable and dischargeable. Each battery has an installed, maximum charge capacity and a capacity that is available in the current operating state. During discharging the currently available capacity corresponds to a state-of-charge of the respective battery, and during charging the currently available capacity corresponds to a difference between the maximum charge capacity and the state-of-charge of the respective battery. A total charge output requested during the charging of the battery system and/or a total discharge output requested during the discharging of the battery system is distributed as part outputs over the battery strings and thus over the batteries dependent on the currently available capacities of the batteries of the battery strings connected in parallel.

Abstract: A main object of the present disclosure is to provide an active material wherein a volume variation due to charge/discharge is small. The present disclosure achieves the object by providing an active material comprising a silicon clathrate II type crystal phase, and having a composition represented by NaxSi136, wherein 1.98<x<2.54.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present application provide a case of a battery, a battery, a power consumption device, and a method and device for preparing a battery. The case includes: an electrical chamber configured to accommodate a plurality of battery cells and a bus component, where at least one battery cell of the plurality of battery cells includes a pressure relief mechanism; a thermal management component configured to accommodate a fluid to adjust temperatures of the plurality of battery cells; and a collection chamber configured to collect, when the pressure relief mechanism is actuated, emissions from the battery cell provided with the pressure relief mechanism; where the thermal management component is configured to isolate the electrical chamber from the collection chamber. According to the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the safety of the battery can be enhanced.

Abstract: A battery module includes a battery column, a heat insulation pad and a side plate. The battery column includes a plurality of batteries, and the batteries are arranged in a first direction. The heat insulation pad is disposed between two adjacent batteries in the battery column. The side plate is disposed on a side surface of the battery column and extends in the first direction. At least one heat-resistant region is disposed on the side plate and corresponds to a position of the heat insulation pad. The heat-resistant region is any one of a through hole, a blind hole, and a notch or a combination of two or more of the foregoing communicated with each other. At least a portion of an orthographic projection of the heat insulation pad on the side plate is disposed within the heat-resistant region.

Abstract: A system for a venting seal for battery modules in an electric aircraft is presented. The system includes a plurality of battery modules, wherein each battery module comprises a vent conduit, a contactor configured to disengage at least a catalyst battery module as a function of a thermal event, and an electrical bridging device configured to seal off the at least a catalyst battery module as a function of an independent seal, disengage the at least a catalyst battery module from the remaining plurality of battery modules, and transfer electrical energy across the plurality of battery modules.

Abstract: Disclosed are a pouch exterior capable of easily mounting an electrode assembly at an accurate position between accommodating parts, having an integrated form to minimize sealing parts contacting the air and to increase a lifetime of a battery, capable of preventing a rupture of the pouch exterior in an assembly process, and capable of increasing an energy density of a cell, a pouch-type secondary battery using the pouch exterior, and a method of manufacturing the pouch-type secondary battery. A pouch exterior for a secondary battery, according to the present disclosure, includes two corresponding accommodating parts configured to mount an electrode assembly therebetween and symmetrically formed at both sides by disposing a protruding part therebetween, and is folded along two folding lines outside a center pan of the protruding part by vertically mounting a side surface of the electrode assembly on the protruding part, such that folded parts surround side edges of the electrode assembly.

Abstract: A device for detecting a thermal runaway of a battery module with a number of cells includes a current acquisition module that is configured to capture a set of currents, and a temperature acquisition module that is configured to capture a set of temperatures. The device includes a state of charge capturing module that is configured to capture a set of states, and a resistance calculation module that is configured to derive a set of resistances. The device includes a temperature prediction module that is configured to calculate a set of temperature predictors, and a runaway prediction module that is configured to calculate a set of runaway predictors. A warning module that is configured to set a warning indicator when at least one runaway predictor value of the set of runaway predictors exceeds a predefined threshold value.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method for refueling an electric vehicle, the method comprising: detecting, by one or more sensors, a lock signal as a function of installing a battery pack into the electric vehicle; and enabling the battery pack, in response to installing the battery pack, wherein enabling the battery pack comprises a contactor. Aspects of the present disclosure may also be direct to a system for refueling an electric vehicle.

Abstract: The present application discloses a battery management system, a processing device, a battery management method, and a battery management and control system.

Abstract: A system includes a stack of battery cells within a container. An interior space of the container is filled with a coolant in direct contact with the cells. There need be no intervening containers between the coolant in the interior space of the container, and the cells. A method can include detecting a thermal runaway event in one or more of the cells, and admitting some of the coolant at a first pressure into the one or more cells at a second pressure lower than the first pressure.

Abstract: This disclosure details exemplary battery pack designs for use in electrified vehicles. Exemplary battery packs may include an enclosure assembly that houses one or more battery arrays. The battery arrays may be efficiently arranged relative to one another inside the enclosure assembly to establish an open channel within the enclosure assembly. Coolant lines and/or wiring lines may be positioned within and/or routed through the open channel in order to maximize battery internal component volume without increasing the overall footprint of the enclosure assembly.

Abstract: Electrolytes and electrolyte additives for energy storage devices comprising metal sulfide compounds are disclosed. The energy storage device comprises a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode is a Si-based electrode, a separator between the first electrode and the second electrode, an electrolyte, and at least one electrolyte additive selected from a metal sulfide compound.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a traction battery having a plurality of cells arranged in arrays and grouped into a plurality of cooling zones. A thermal management system includes a plurality of distinct circuits each associated with one of the zones. The thermal management system is configured to provide individual heating or cooling to each of the circuits to independently control temperatures of the zones. A controller is programmed to, in response to one of the zones exceeding a first threshold temperature and another of the zones being less a second threshold temperature, command the thermal management system to provide cooling to the circuit associated with the one of the zones and command the thermal management system to provide heating to the circuit associated with the another of the zones.

Abstract: An electrochemical direct heat to electricity converter includes a primary thermal energy source; a working fluid; an electrochemical cell comprising at least one membrane electrode assembly including a first porous electrode, a second porous electrode and at least one membrane, wherein the at least one membrane is sandwiched between the first and second porous electrodes and is a conductor of ions of the working fluid; an energy storage reservoir; and an external load. The electrochemical cell operates on heat to produce electricity. When thermal energy available from the primary thermal energy source is greater than necessary to meet demands of the external load, excess energy is stored in the energy storage reservoir, and when the thermal energy available from the primary thermal energy source is insufficient to meet the demands of the external load, at least a portion of the excess energy stored in the energy storage reservoir is used to supply power to the external load.

Abstract: Systems and methods that provide improved cooling for batteries are disclosed. A battery system according to the present disclosure may include a cooling plate, one or more battery cells coupled to one surface of the cooling plate, and one or more battery cells coupled to the opposite surface of the cooling plate. The cooling plate and corresponding batteries may be included in a battery module, and multiple battery modules electrically connected may make up a battery pack. The cooling plates may comprise channels for cooling fluid, which may be provided to the plates in parallel from a cooling fluid source. Cooling the battery cells at the ends of the cells, where they are coupled to the cooling plate, may advantageously provide one or more of improved energy density, thermal management, and safety.

Abstract: The present solution provides a multifunctional metal-organic (MOF) interface that can be applied between battery cells, battery modules or battery packs and provide thermal isolation and active cooling, as necessary, while also providing absorption for mechanical stress of EV battery. The present solution can include a battery cell that can have an outer surface. A multifunctional material can be coupled with the outer surface of the battery cell. An opening that extends through the multifunctional material can provide thermal convection when the heat is moved through the opening. The multifunctional material can provide thermal insulation when the fluid is not moved through the opening. The multifunctional material can insulate the battery cell from mechanical stress.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a temperature management system for an energy system of a motor vehicle. The temperature management system includes an energy storage system, a conductivity element, and an ambient interface. The ambient interface includes a first surface directed to an environment of the energy system and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The conductivity element is arranged between the second surface of the ambient interface and the energy storage system. The conductivity element is switchable between an isolating mode with a first lower thermal conductivity and a conductive mode with a second higher thermal conductivity. The conductivity element includes a voltage sensitive material. The voltage sensitive material is switchable between the first and the second thermal conductivity depending on an applied voltage. The voltage sensitive material includes a piezoelectric material.

Abstract: Improved battery systems have been developed for lithium-ion based batteries. The improved battery systems consist of two-additive mixtures in an electrolyte solvent. Such battery systems are prepared by assembling a positive electrode and a negative electrode in the sealed cell, removing residual water from the sealed cell, filling the sealed cell with a nonaqueous electrolyte under an inert atmosphere, vacuum-sealing the sealed cell, carrying out a formation process comprising charging and discharging the sealed cell until the sealed cell achieves an initial capacity. The nonaqueous electrolyte includes lithium ions, a first nonaqueous solvent comprising a carbonate solvent, a second nonaquaeous solvent comprising methyl acetate, and an additive mixture of a first operative additive of either vinylene carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate and a second operative additive of 2-furanone. Gas formation is suppressed in the battery system during the formation process.

Abstract: A vehicle, and a balancing device and method of controlling a state of charge of a reference electrode in a battery. The balancing device includes a measurement circuit and a charging circuit. The measurement circuit is configured to obtain a measurement of a reference voltage of the reference electrode. The charging circuit is configured to adjust the reference voltage based on the measurement. The state of charge of the reference electrode is controlled based on the reference voltage.

Abstract: A degassing system of a pouch for a secondary battery is provided. In the degassing system, after inhaling gas regardless of the size of a cell pocket, the gas may be processed, and the convenience of work may be increased by setting the period of degassing time or the amount of gas to be discharged according to the size of a pouch, and an abnormality in a suction line for degassing may be automatically detected according to a comparison value by comparing the amount of discharged gas with a reference value preset by each pouch size.

Abstract: A method of controlling a fan speed for a battery unit includes determining power discharge and a current temperature of a battery unit and obtaining a relationship between fan speed for the battery unit and temperature of the battery unit based on the power discharge and the current temperature of the battery unit. The method further includes identifying a minimum fan speed based on the relationship between fan speed and temperature and a maximum operating temperature of the battery unit and controlling the fan by setting the speed of the fan to the minimum fan speed.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery assembly has a first battery unit with a first terminal and a second terminal; a second battery unit which is serially connected to the first battery unit and which has a first terminal and a second terminal; and a differential amplifier with an inverting input, a non-inverting input, and an output at which an amplified difference between the signal at the inverting input and the signal at the non-inverting input is produced. The non-inverting input of the differential amplifier is connected to the second terminal of the first battery unit and to the first terminal of the second battery unit. The inverting input of the differential amplifier is coupled to the first terminal of the first battery unit and to the second terminal of the second battery unit. The output of the differential amplifier is connected to the second terminal of the second battery unit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system and method for energy generation from salinity gradients using asymmetrically porous electrodes. In certain embodiments, an energy generation system includes at least one pair of asymmetrically porous electrodes positioned within a chamber in selective fluidic communication with a freshwater source (e.g., a river) and a saltwater source (e.g., an ocean). Asymmetry between a first average percent volume per unit pore-width of a first electrode and a second average percent volume per unit pore-width of a second electrode creates differing interfacial potentials between the first electrode and the second electrode when such electrodes are immersed in freshwater and saltwater. By cyclically immersing the electrodes in freshwater and saltwater, energy is harvested from Gibbs free energy from mixing saltwater and freshwater. Such a system does not require a membrane or an external charge source. Methods of generating energy using asymmetrically porous electrodes are also provided.