Abstract: The present invention provides a chlorine dioxide manufacturing device that can accurately control the amount of chlorine dioxide produced. The present invention provides a chlorine dioxide gas manufacturing device comprising an electrolysis chamber, a liquid surface level measuring chamber, and a bubbling gas feeding device. The electrolysis chamber and the liquid surface level measuring chamber each comprises an electrolytic solution and a gas, wherein the electrolytic solution comprises an aqueous chlorite solution, and the electrolysis chamber and the liquid surface level measuring chamber are joined to each other above each liquid surface via a gas piping and joined to each other below each liquid surface via an electrolytic solution piping so that the height of the electrolytic solutions contained in each chamber are substantially equal.

Abstract: A power supply unit includes an electronic control unit that executes; a first control for controlling first and second converters such that a voltage of the load power line becomes a predetermined voltage by driving the first converter in a state where the second converter is stopped, and a second control for controlling the first and second converters such that the voltage of the load power line becomes the predetermined voltage by driving the second converter in a state where the first converter is stopped. The electronic control unit is configured to, when shifting from first to second control, control the first and second converters such that the voltage of the load power line becomes the predetermined voltage by driving the second converter, and stop the first converter after an output current of the first converter has become less than a predetermined current.

Abstract: A system and method for load balancing of intermittent renewable energy for an electricity grid includes a production unit for producing Hydrogen and Nitrogen, a mixing unit to receive and mix the Hydrogen and the Nitrogen, an Ammonia source for receiving and processing the Hydrogen-Nitrogen mixture, an Ammonia power generator for generating energy for the energy grid, a Hydrogen injection system for extracting a Hydrogen portion from a stage of the system and for adding extracted Hydrogen to the gas stream to be provided to the Ammonia power generator, and a Hydrogen control system for controlling a flow rate of Hydrogen from the Hydrogen injection system to the gas stream to be provided to the Ammonia power generator, the flow rate determined in accordance with a data set which contains information about actual working conditions of the Ammonia power generator and which is received by the Hydrogen control system.

Abstract: An exhaust after-treatment system including an exhaust passage, a lean-NOx trap (LNT) provided in the exhaust passage, a tank carrying an aqueous reagent, an electrochemical cell in communication with the tank and configured to receive the aqueous reagent therefrom, the electrochemical cell configured to convert the aqueous reagent into a hydrogen exhaust treatment fluid for purging the LNT, and a controller in communication with the electrochemical cell, wherein the controller is configured to vary an amount of the hydrogen exhaust treatment fluid produced by the electrochemical cell.

Abstract: A power generation system includes an alkaline fuel cell provided with an electrolyte membrane which is an anion exchange membrane and a pair of electrodes (an anode and a cathode) arranged on the both sides of the electrolyte membrane. The alkaline fuel cell can generate an electric power by supplying a fuel gas and an oxidizing agent gas to the anode side and the cathode side, respectively. The power generation system uses a hydrogen gas containing a basic compound such as ammonia as the fuel gas to be supplied to the anode side.

Abstract: A nitrate reduction method in accordance with the present invention reduces at least one type of nitrates and nitrites in a presence of a carbon-based material containing at least one selected from a group consisting of graphite, graphene, and amorphous carbon.

Abstract: Provided is a gas decomposition component that employs an electrochemical reaction and can have high treatment performance, in particular, an ammonia decomposition component. The gas decomposition component includes a MEA 7 including a solid electrolyte 1 and an anode 2 and a cathode 5 that are disposed so as to sandwich the solid electrolyte; Celmets 11s electrically connected to the anode 2; a heater 41 that heats the MEA; and an inlet 17 through which a gaseous fluid containing a gas is introduced into the MEA, an outlet 19 through which the gaseous fluid having passed through the MEA is discharged, and a passage P extending between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the Celmets 11s are discontinuously disposed along the passage P and, with respect to a middle position 15 of the passage, the length of the Celmets disposed is larger on the side of the outlet than on the side of the inlet.

Abstract: A sono-molecular-conversion device and method for effecting nitrification of ammonia in water, the method including feeding the water containing ammonia through a sono-molecular conversion device including a plurality of ultrasound transducers; and applying ultrasonic energy to the water containing ammonia by the sono-molecular conversion device to ultrasonically collapse microsized bubbles with transient cavitation in the water containing ammonia to effect nitrification of ammonia therein by sono-molecular-conversion.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the production of electrical energy from an ammonium (NH4+) containing aqueous liquid comprising (a) separating at least part of the ammonium as ammonium salt or concentrated ammonium salt comprising solution from the ammonium containing aqueous liquid, (b) decomposing at least part of the ammonium salt or salt solution into an ammonia (NH3) comprising gas and one or more other decomposition products, and (c) feeding at least part of the ammonia comprising gas to an fuel cell.

Abstract: Fuel cell fuel supplies having single and multiple compartments for storing and containing fuel cell fuel precursor reagents. These fuel supplies allow storage and packaging of precursors for in situ production and use of fuel cell fuel. A method for making fuel cell fuel and a fuel cell system is also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel cell system of the present invention includes a fixing unit that fixes or releases hydrazine; a releasing liquid supplying unit that supplies a water-based releasing liquid for releasing hydrazine fixed in the fixing unit to the fixing unit; a fuel cell to which hydrazine released in the fixing unit is supplied as fuel; a sensing unit for detecting an amount of hydrazine supplied to the fuel cell; and a detection unit that detects an amount of hydrazine fixed in the fixing unit based on a predetermined theoretical hydrazine supply amount to the fuel cell and a hydrazine supply amount detected by the sensing unit.

Abstract: A direct formate fuel cell (DFFC) employs at least one formate salt as the anode fuel, either air or oxygen as the oxidant, a polymer anion exchange membrane (AEM) to separate the anode and cathode, and metal catalysts at the anode and cathode. One exemplary embodiment consists of palladium nanoparticle anode catalyst and platinum nanoparticle cathode catalyst, each applied to the alkaline AEM in the form of a thin film. Operation of the DFFC at 60° C. with 1 M KOOCH+2 M KOH as the anode fuel and electrolyte and oxygen at the cathode produces 144 mW cm?2 of peak power density, 181 mA cm?2 current density at 0.6 V, and an open circuit voltage of 0.931 V. This performance is competitive with alkaline direct liquid fuel cells (DLFCs) reported in the literature and demonstrates that formate fuel is a legitimate contender with alcohol fuels for alkaline DLFCs.

Abstract: A fuel storage device for fuel cell comprises a tank-in-tank or tank-by-tank type tank. In addition, a pipe-in-pipe or pipe-by-pipe delivery system is also provided. A fuel cell system using the fuel storage device comprises liquid fuel at the anode side, liquid oxidant at the cathode side, electrolyte, fuel and oxidant tank-in-tank storage system, fuel and oxidant pipe-in-pipe deliverable system, and by-products handling at both the anode and cathode sides. The liquid fuels include amine-based compounds such as hydrazine, hydroxyl amine, ammonia, and their derivatives.

Abstract: The invention provides part solid, part fluid and flow electrochemical cells, for example, metal-air and lithium-air batteries and three-dimensional electrode arrays for use in part solid, part fluid electrochemical and flow cells and metal-air and lithium-air batteries.

Abstract: A fueled cell system comprising: an anode compartment comprising a compound having the formula R1R2N—NR3R4, a salt, a hydrate or a solvate thereof, as fuel, and a catalyst layer which comprises copper or a copper alloy; a cathode compartment comprising an oxidant; and a separator interposed between said cathode and said anode compartments, wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalicyclic, alkoxy, carboxy, ketone, amide, hydrazide and amine, provided that at least one of R1-R4 is hydrogen.

Abstract: Provided is a gas decomposition component that employs an electrochemical reaction to reduce the running cost and can have high treatment performance. A gas decomposition component includes a cylindrical-body MEA 7 including an anode 2 on an inner-surface side, a cathode 5 on an outer-surface side, and a solid electrolyte 1; and a porous metal body 11s that is inserted on the inner-surface side of the cylindrical-body MEA and is electrically connected to the anode 2, wherein a metal mesh sheet 11a is disposed between the anode 2 and the porous metal body 11s. Another gas decomposition component includes the cylindrical MEA 7 and silver-paste-coated wiring 12g formed on the cathode 5, wherein the silver-paste-coated wiring 12g is a porous body.

Abstract: A sono-molecular-conversion device and method for treating waste water including (a) feeding the waste water containing organic matter through a first sono-molecular conversion device including a plurality of ultrasound transducers; (b) applying ultrasonic energy to the waste water containing the organic matter by the sono-molecular conversion device to ultrasonically collapse microsized bubbles with transient cavitation in said waste water containing organic matter to effect mineralization of the organic matter into ammonia therein by sono-molecular-conversion; (c) feeding the waste water containing the ammonia through a second sono-molecular conversion device including a plurality of ultrasound transducers; and (d) applying ultrasonic energy to the waste water containing the ammonia by the sono-molecular conversion device to ultrasonically collapse microsized bubbles with transient cavitation in said waste water containing the ammonia to effect nitrification of the ammonia into nitrates and nitrites therein

Abstract: An electrically driven aircraft may include a tank for NH3 in order to provide NH3, an energy source, which generates electric energy using and converting NH3, an electrically driven propulsion system that ensures the propulsion of the aircraft, and an energy distribution system that supplies the generated electric energy to the propulsion system.

Abstract: A gel-like or solid electrolyte containing (i) an electrolyte solution containing an electrolyte dissolved in an organic solvent, (ii) a lamellar clay mineral and/or an organically modified lamellar clay mineral and (iii) a polyvalent onium salt compound and a photoelectric transducer element and a dye-sensitized solar cell using the same.

Abstract: An electrochemical method for providing hydrogen using ammonia, ethanol, or combinations thereof, comprising: forming an anode comprising a layered electrocatalyst, the layered electrocatalyst comprising at least one active metal layer deposited on a carbon support; providing a cathode comprising a conductor; disposing a basic electrolyte between the anode and the cathode; disposing a fuel within the basic electrolyte; and applying a current to the anode causing the oxidation of the fuel, forming hydrogen at the cathode.

Abstract: A power source and hydride reactor is provided that powers a power system comprising (i) a reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of catalyst or catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of catalyst or catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a support to enable the catalysis, (iii) thermal systems for reversing an exchange reaction to thermally regenerate the fuel from the reaction products, (iv) a heat sink that accepts the heat from the power-producing reactions, and (v) a power conversion system. In an embodiment, the catalysis reaction is activated or initiated and propagated by one or more other chemical reactions such as a hydride-halide exchange reaction between a metal of the catalyst and another metal.

Abstract: A utility supply system supplies a fluid containing an antioxidant of a gaseous phase to a stack of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, for efficient removal of hydroxyl radicals.

Abstract: The invention provides the use of silicon particles as redox catalyst, an electrochemical device and method thereof. As electrocatalyst, the silicon particles catalyze a redox reaction such as oxidization of the redox reactant such as renewable fuels e.g. methanol, ethanol and glucose. The device such as a fuel cell comprises a redox reactant and a catalytic composition comprising silicon nanoparticles. The silicon particles catalyze the redox reaction on an electrode such as anode in the device. In preferred embodiments, the electrocatalysis is dramatically improved under low illuminance such as in darkness. The invention can be widely used in applications related to for example a fuel cell, a sensor, an electrochemical reactor, and a memory.

Abstract: A polysulfone is provided with a nitrogen-containing functional group having an affinity to an acid, an electrolyte membrane using the polysulfone, and a fuel cell including the electrolyte membrane. In particular, the polysulfone includes a nitrogen-containing functional group that has an affinity to an acid, such as a phosphoric acid, thereby having an excellent acid retaining ability. In an electrolyte membrane including the polysulfone and an acid, the amount of the retained acid can be controlled. Therefore, the electrolyte membrane has a high ionic conductivity and a high mechanical strength. A polysulfone blend of polysulfone and a thermoplastic resin prevents the dissolution of polysulfone by phosphoric acid, so that an electrolyte membrane using the polysulfone blend has an improved durability. A cross-linked reaction product of polysulfone, a cross-linking agent and a polymerization product of polysulfone, a thermoplastic resin, and a cross-linking agent strongly resist a phosphoric acid.

Abstract: A fuel storage device for fuel cell comprises a tank-in-tank or tank-by-tank type tank. In addition, a pipe-in-pipe or pipe-by-pipe delivery system is also provided. A fuel cell system using the fuel storage device comprises liquid fuel at the anode side, liquid oxidant at the cathode side, electrolyte, fuel and oxidant tank-in-tank storage system, fuel and oxidant pipe-in-pipe deliverable system, and by-products handling at both the anode and cathode sides. The liquid fuels include amine-based compounds such as hydrazine, hydroxyl amine, ammonia, and their derivatives.

Abstract: A fueled cell system comprising: an anode compartment comprising a compound having the formula R1R2N—NR3R4, a salt, a hydrate or a solvate thereof, as fuel, and a catalyst layer which comprises copper or a copper alloy; a cathode compartment comprising an oxidant; and a separator interposed between said cathode and said anode compartments, wherein each of R1-R4 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalicyclic, alkoxy, carboxy, ketone, amide, hydrazide and amine, provided that at least one of R1-R4 is hydrogen.

Abstract: Fuel cell systems comprising ammonia borane or derivatives thereof as fuel and an anode and/or cathode which comprises a non-noble metal (e.g., copper) or a non-metallic substance (e.g., an iron electron-transfer mediating complex) as a catalyst are disclosed. Fuel cell systems comprising ammonia borane or derivatives thereof as fuel and a peroxide as an oxidant are also disclosed. Uses of the fuel devices are further disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a recharging valve for an electrical power generator. The electrical power generator includes one or more fuel cells, a housing, surrounding the one or more fuel cells, a sleeve contacting at least a portion of an outer surface of the housing, a fuel chamber enclosing a hydrogen generating fuel, and one or more recharging valves, in contact with the fuel chamber. The recharging valves provide a means for safe and rapid recharging the hydrogen generating fuel.