Abstract: A battery housing for accommodating one or more battery modules in its housing interior to form a traction battery for a motor vehicle, includes a housing section for partially delimiting the housing interior, the housing section having an exhaust duct integrated therein for discharging media which emerge from a battery module in the event of a defect thereof to the surroundings, and the exhaust duct having an inlet region through which the media enter the exhaust duct from the housing interior, and a first deflection region which is designed and configured to change the transport direction of the media.

Abstract: A cell module includes a plurality of cylindrical batteries and a holder composed by arranging each of cylindrical batteries in a parallel posture. The holder includes: a holder body having holding spaces for arranging cylindrical batteries at fixed positions; and a sub holder stacked on the holder body. The holder body has stopper portions deformed toward surfaces of cylindrical batteries arranged in holding spaces. The sub holder has push rods that push out stopper portions to cylindrical batteries in a state of being coupled to the holder body. In a state in which the sub holder is coupled to the holder body, in the cell module, the push rods thrust stopper portions against cylindrical batteries, and press the surfaces of cylindrical batteries arranged in holding spaces.

Abstract: A battery charger and a method of operating a battery charger. The charger may include a housing defining an air inlet and an air outlet; a charging circuit operable to output a charging current to charge a battery couplable to the battery charger; a tubular heat sink; and a fan operable to cause air flow from the air inlet to the air outlet and along the heat sink. The charger may include a first switch operable to electrically connect the charging circuit to a power source when the battery engages the charger; and a second switch operable to electrically connect the charging circuit to a battery terminal after the charger terminal is electrically connected to the battery terminal. The charging current or a fan speed may be adjusted based on at least one of the temperature of the charger or a temperature of the battery.

Abstract: In an aspect a system for battery environment management in an electric aircraft, where in the system include, at least a at least a battery pack mounted within a fuselage of an electric aircraft. A battery pack may include a plurality of batteries configured to provide electrical power to the electric aircraft. A battery pack may also include a pouch cell. Adjacent to the battery pack there may be at least a channel. A channel is configured to provide a flow path for directing battery ejecta to a predetermined location.

Abstract: Flow batteries can include a first half-cell containing a first aqueous electrolyte solution. a second half-cell containing a second aqueous electrolyte solution, and a separator disposed between the first half-cell and the second half-cell. The first aqueous electrolyte solution contains a first redox-active material, and the second aqueous electrolyte solution contains a second redox-active material. At least one of the first redox-active material and the second redox-active material is a nitroxide compound or a salt thereof. Particular nitroxide compounds can include a doubly bonded oxygen contained in a ring bearing the nitroxide group, a doubly bonded oxygen appended to a ring bearing the nitroxide group, sulfate or phosphate groups appended to a ring bearing the nitroxide group, various heterocyclic rings bearing the nitroxide group, or acyclic nitroxide compounds.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a battery accommodation module is configured to accommodate a plurality of batteries. The battery accommodation module includes a base container and at least one add-on container. The base container has a first accommodation space configured to accommodate one of the plurality of batteries. The at least one add-on container has a second accommodation space configured to accommodate another one of the plurality of batteries. One of the at least one add-on container is detachably engaged with the base container to cover the first accommodation space.

Abstract: A flow battery system includes a first tank including a hydrogen reactant, a second tank including a bromine electrolyte, and at least one cell including a first electrolyte side operably connected to the first tank and a second electrolyte side operably connected to the second tank. The battery system further includes a direct connection line directly connecting the first tank and the second tank and configured such that the hydrogen reactant passes between the first tank and the second tank.

Abstract: A fire suppression system for use with lithium-ion battery storage containers is provided. The system utilizes water as a fire suppressant, which is stored in a tank and delivered to a battery module within the container that is experiencing a thermal event. After a predetermined time from the beginning of water flow, a controller within the system actuates one or more fans to ventilate the storage container to expel hazardous gases produced by the thermal event.

Abstract: A shroud configured to connect a leadframe to a battery system for a hybrid motor vehicle is provided. The shroud is removably attachable to the leadframe. The shroud has at least one shroud alignment feature, the shroud being removably attached to the leadframe in a predetermined orientation wherein the shroud alignment feature is aligned with a complimentary leadframe alignment feature. The shroud may include a hollow cylindrical portion and at least one connecting feature configured to attach the shroud to the leadframe. The shroud may be provided as part of a connector system that includes the leadframe. In this case, the leadframe is configured to provide an electrical and mechanical connection between a power inverter and the battery system of the electric motor. The leadframe includes at least one leadframe alignment feature that is aligned with the shroud alignment feature.

Abstract: A housing part for a multi-part housing of a battery unit may include a bottom portion and a side wall structure arranged circumferentially on the outside along the bottom portion in the circumferential direction. The side wall structure may form at least one side wall portion along the circumferential direction. The side wall portion may have an inner wall facing the bottom portion and an outer wall, which may be spaced apart from the inner wall and may face away from the bottom portion. The inner wall may be connected to the bottom portion. The inner and outer walls may be connected to one another via a framework-like cavity structure having several webs, which may be adjacent to one another in the circumferential direction and which, in the cavity structure, may form several cavities adjacent in the circumferential direction and connecting the inner wall to the outer wall.

Abstract: The rack-type power supply device includes a plurality of battery modules each of which accommodates a plurality of secondary battery cells, a rack main body that vertically accommodates battery modules in a horizontal posture like a plurality of steps with gaps between the battery modules, and a plurality of cooling fans that are arranged on a front surface side of the rack main body and blow cooling air into the gaps between battery modules. The rack main body also includes a back-side duct in which cooling air having passed through the gaps flows upward on a back surface side of the battery modules. In addition, rack main body includes an air outlet for discharging cooling air having passed through the back-side duct on a top surface side. The cooling fan is disposed to be shifted from the gap between the battery modules in front view of the rack main body.

Abstract: A battery manufacturing apparatus includes a binding member for bounding a battery stack and a fluid supplying part for blowing cooling fluid onto the bound battery stack. The binding member includes a first both-side part for bounding batteries from both sides by applying a load thereon in a first direction in which the batteries are arranged, and a second both-side part to be placed on both sides of the batteries to face both side surfaces of the batteries in a second direction different from the first direction. The binding member is formed with apertures through which the cooling fluid flows outward in the second direction. The fluid supplying part includes a first discharging part and a second discharging part for discharging the cooling fluid from both sides in a third direction different from both the first direction and the second direction toward the battery stack bound by the binding member.

Abstract: A battery assembly includes, among other things, an upper tier tray, an upper battery module supported on the upper tier tray, and a post that supports the upper tier tray. A battery module support method according to another exemplary aspect of the present disclosure includes, among other things, supporting an upper tier tray with a post; and supporting an upper battery module with the upper tier tray.

Abstract: A battery module includes a cell assembly having a plurality of secondary batteries and a plurality of heat dissipation plates interposed between the plurality of secondary batteries. At least a portion of a front end and a rear end of the heat dissipation plates is recessed to form an inlet portion and an outlet portion so that a coolant is introduced from the outside or discharged to the outside, and the heat dissipation plates have a coolant moving portion so that the coolant moves to a front end, an upper end, a lower end and a rear end of the secondary batteries. A bus bar assembly has a plurality of bus bars and a bus bar frame having insert holes into which the electrode leads of the secondary batteries are inserted; an end cover having a vent hole communicating with the coolant moving portion and a plurality of side plates.

Abstract: An exhaust system for energy storage modules connected in series in a cubicle and energy storage cubicles connected in parallel. A cubicle exhaust duct is connected to each of the storage modules in one cubicle and an opening between each of the storage modules and the exhaust duct. A common exhaust duct is connected to each cubicle exhaust duct, an extractor fan, a fluid inlet for the extractor fan with a duct connected to a source of air and a fluid outlet for the extractor fan. A cross section of the fluid inlet is smaller than the fluid outlet. An entry of the fluid inlet and an exit of the fluid outlet are outside the storage device and outside a compartment of the storage device. The extractor fan circulates air and creates an under-pressure in the common exhaust duct and cubicle exhaust ducts to guide gas out the exhaust ducts.

Abstract: A connector structure has a first connector unit including a first connector and a first terminal, and a second connector unit including a second connector and a second terminal. The second connector unit has a locating pin and an insertion hole into which the locating pin is inserted. In the connector structure, the first connector and the first terminal, and the second connector and the second terminal are brought into a connectible state when the locating pin is inserted into the insertion hole.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a battery module including a plurality of battery unit array structures, a first cover body and a second cover body connected to the first cover body. The battery unit array structures are arranged between the first cover body and the second cover body. The first cover body includes a first carrying portion and a second carrying portion being in a split structure. The plurality of battery unit array structures includes a first battery unit array structure and a second battery unit array structure. The first battery unit array structure is disposed opposite to the first carrying portion, and the second battery unit array structure is disposed opposite to the second carrying portion. Compared with the related art, the first cover body is used for transportation in the present disclosure, and the energy density of the battery module can be improved without an additional component.

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a battery cell; a positive electrolyte tank and a negative electrolyte tank configured to store therein a positive electrolyte and a negative electrolyte, respectively; a positive electrolyte circulation path and a negative electrolyte circulation path each configured to allow a corresponding one of the electrolytes to circulate between a corresponding one of the tanks and the battery cell; and a communicating tube including a tube immersed at one open end thereof in the positive electrolyte, stretched at an intermediate portion thereof above levels of both the electrolytes, and immersed at the other open end thereof in the negative electrolyte.

Abstract: A temperature control device for a battery housing of a vehicle driven by electric motor. The temperature control device is divided into a plurality of temperature control cells. Each cell has a heat exchanger surface for transmitting heat from a battery module to the temperature control device or vice versa, and at least one temperature control agent channel, which is fluidically connected on an inlet or outlet side to a first temperature control agent collector and on its other side to a second temperature control agent collector. The temperature control device has at least one first temperature control agent collector and at least one second temperature control agent collector, wherein each temperature control cell is connected to a first temperature control agent collector and a second temperature control agent collectors by its at least one temperature control agent channel, without connecting to the at least one temperature control agent channel of another temperature control cell.

Abstract: Disclosed is an energy storage system and a temperature control method for the same. The energy storage system includes a first battery group having a plurality of sections, which respectively have at least one battery module and at least one cooling fan; at least one first slave battery management system (BMS) coupled to the first battery group to monitor a temperature value of battery modules included in the first battery group for each section and generate first temperature information having the monitored temperature value for each section; a master BMS configured to transmit the first temperature information according to a predetermined rule; and a control unit configured to output a first control signal for adjusting a rotation speed of at least one cooling fan provided in at least one of the plurality of sections, based on the first temperature information transmitted from the master BMS.

Abstract: Contacting apparatus for contacting an energy storage cell (1) comprising at least one printed circuit board (5) which is provided for discharging the electrical energy stored in the energy storage cell (1), wherein at least one electric pole of the energy storage cell (1) is pressed by a releasable mechanical connection (7) with a specific contact pressing force against an electrically conductive layer (5c) of the at least one printed circuit board (5) which is located on a front side of the at least one printed circuit board (5) facing the energy storage cell (1).

Abstract: A redox flow battery includes a battery unit, a positive electrode electrolyte tank, a negative electrode electrolyte tank, and a pressure adjustment mechanism. The battery unit includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a membrane. The positive electrode electrolyte tank stores a positive electrode electrolyte to be supplied to the battery unit. The negative electrode electrolyte tank stores a negative electrode electrolyte to be supplied to the battery unit. The pressure adjustment mechanism is attached to at least one of the electrolyte tanks and adjusts the pressure of a gas phase inside the electrolyte tank.

Abstract: An on-board power source device comprises power storage modules. In the power storage modules, a plurality of power storage elements are arranged. The power storage module is stacked one upon another. An outlet of a discharge path is provided for discharging gas generated in the respective power storage elements. A frame member extends along the end portion of the power storage modules for fixing the respective upper and lower power storage modules. A bracket locates at the end portion of the power storage modules so as to cover the outlets, for fixing the upper power storage modules to the frame member. The frame member has a discharge space for discharging the gas to the outside of the vehicle. The bracket is provide with a passage part for communicating the outlet of the upper power storage module with the discharge space of the frame member.

Abstract: A battery pack includes a battery cell, a case having a housing space accommodating the battery cell, an exhaust tube connecting the housing space to outside of the case; a treatment agent container connected to the exhaust tube, and a supply controller between the exhaust tube and the treatment agent container.

Abstract: Metal-air button cells including a closed cell housing and, arranged therein, an air cathode and a metal-based anode separated from one another by a separator, wherein the cell housing is substantially composed of a first housing half-part and a second housing half-part; the housing half-parts are configured to be cup-shaped and have a base and a circumferential side wall; the base of the second housing half-part has one or more entry and/or exit openings for atmospheric oxygen; and the air cathode is configured to be disc-shaped and is positioned on the base of the second housing half-part such that it covers the entry and/or exit openings and its periphery bears on the inner side of the circumferential side wall of the second housing half-part.

Abstract: A battery module including a plurality of unit batteries disposed in one direction, and barriers between the plurality of unit batteries, each barrier including an inner region and an outer region, the inner region having elasticity and the outer region being located in a vicinity of the inner region and having greater hardness than the inner region.

Abstract: A method of controlling a temperature of a battery is disclosed. The method includes providing a thermoelectric device in thermally-conductive contact with the battery, measuring an actual temperature of the battery, comparing the actual temperature of the battery to a reference temperature for the battery, heating the battery by operation of the thermoelectric device when the actual temperature is less than the reference temperature and cooling the battery by operation of the thermoelectric device when the actual temperature exceeds the reference temperature.

Abstract: A charging apparatus is provided for charging a rechargeable battery for a power tool. The charging apparatus comprises a housing (1) with a charging space (4) for a battery, air vents (5) in said charging space and a drain hole at the lower end of the charging space for draining fluid therein. A charging circuit unit (8) is mounted inside the housing (1) for charging the battery. A fan (9) is mounted inside the housing (1) for sucking or blowing air through the air vents (5) for cooling the battery and the charging circuit unit (8). An air guide member (11) is mounted inside the housing (1) between the air vents (5) and the fan (9) for guiding air there between. The air guide member (11) is configured with a fluid collecting section (12) which is communicating with the air vents (5) for collecting fluid entering through said air vents (5), and with a section (13) communicating with said fluid collecting section (12) and the fan (9).

Abstract: A suction device with a hand-held power drill is disclosed. The suction device has a housing and a locking mechanism for fastening the housing to a housing of the hand-held power drill. The suction device furthermore has a fan motor and a controller for the fan motor. The controller contains a sensor for detecting the operating state of an electric motor of the hand-held power tool. The controller is configured to activate the fan motor when the electric motor is in a rotating state of operation.

Abstract: A battery assembly provided with an adhesive stop mechanism is disclosed. The battery assembly includes multiple battery cells, a primary retaining frame, a secondary retaining frame, two common electrodes and a bonding layer. The primary and second retaining frames are combined together to constitute accommodation chambers for housing the battery cells. The primary retaining frame includes an outer deck and a shallow deck, wherein the outer deck is formed with adhesive application pores and the shallow deck is formed with stop portions corresponding to the adhesive application pores. The adhesive composition applied through the adhesive application pores is confined by the stop portions and subsequently cured into a bonding layer that firmly holds the battery cells within the accommodation chambers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery pack including a battery module array including battery modules arranged in two or more rows, a pair of side support members (a front support member and a rear support member) configured to respectively support a front and a rear of the battery module array, lower end support members configured to support a lower end of the battery module array, two or more first upper mounting members coupled to upper ends of the side support members and to lower ends of the inverted battery modules, a second upper mounting member configured to vertically intersect the first upper mounting members, the second upper mounting member being coupled to upper ends of the first upper mounting members, and a rear mounting member located at a rear of the battery module array.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery cooling system having a main frame for defining a structure of a battery rack; a space dividing frame for dividing the inside of the main frame into a plurality of levels; a battery module located inside the main frame and supported by the space dividing frame; a pair of refrigerant guide plates respectively installed at the upper and lower ends of the battery module and installed to be inclined in the same direction with predetermined angles with respect to the upper and lower surfaces thereof; and side panels coupled to the sides of the main frame and having a channel slit formed in at least a part thereof.

Abstract: A rechargeable battery, in particular a rechargeable battery for a power tool, which includes a cell block having a sealing device provided for closing the cell block in at least a dust-proof and/or water-proof manner, and which includes an external rechargeable battery housing. It is provided that the external rechargeable battery housing is provided for conducting an airflow along between the external rechargeable battery housing and the sealing device.

Abstract: A battery module is provided. The battery module includes a battery cell and a heat exchanger disposed adjacent to the battery cell. The battery module further includes a cooling manifold having a tubular wall, a first fluid port, and a ring shaped member. The tubular wall defines an interior region and having first and second end portions. The first fluid port extends outwardly from an outer surface of the tubular wall and fluidly communicates with the interior region of the tubular wall. The ring shaped member is disposed on an outer surface of the first fluid port a predetermined distance from the outer surface of the tubular wall.

Abstract: A system for cooling a traction battery includes a battery inlet housing having first and second inlets. A first duct is coupled to the first inlet, and a second duct is coupled to the second inlet. A flow guide vane is disposed within the battery inlet housing adjacent to the first inlet. The flow guide vane is positioned to redirect flow from the first duct to mix with flow from the second duct.

Abstract: A vehicle is provided including a battery module with front and rear battery cell arrays arranged generally parallel to and spaced apart from one another. The battery module includes a cover having an inlet port proximate to the front battery cell array and arranged obliquely thereto. A blower unit is configured to draw air through the inlet port such that a first portion of the air travels into the front battery cell array. A tray cooperates with the front battery cell array to define a passageway configured to direct a second portion of the air underneath the front battery cell array. The tray also defines a ramp underneath, and extending substantially a length of, the rear battery cell array and is configured to direct the second portion of air into the rear array.

Abstract: A battery pack may include a cell housing configured to retain a plurality of battery cells, and a plurality of cell reception slots within the cell housing to receive respective ones of the battery cells. The cell reception slots may be configured within the cell housing to define at least one fluid flow channel extending substantially in a first direction through the cell housing. The fluid flow channel may be defined at least partially by a rib connecting at least two adjacent cell reception slots to enable thermal transfer from cells disposed in the at least two adjacent cell reception slots responsive to movement of a fluid through the fluid flow channel and to inhibit a crossflow of fluid between the at least two adjacent cell reception slots in a direction other than the first direction.

Abstract: A vehicle having: vehicle structure including a pair of opposed sides and a rear, with a floor extending horizontally between the sides and rear; a battery-pack mounted above the floor; a fan assembly having a housing with a motor mounted therein directly behind the battery-pack, with the housing including a pair of flanges having U-slots with slot openings facing downward; and fasteners extending horizontally through the U-slots and secured to the battery-pack.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a storage battery cabinet and storage battery system. One or more storage batteries are placed in a bottom space in the storage battery cabinet, through holes are separately opened in two opposite cabinet walls at a top of the storage battery cabinet, and a hydrogen evolution isolation component with openings is disposed in a space above the one or more storage batteries in the storage battery cabinet. The hydrogen evolution isolation component divides an internal space of the storage battery cabinet into an upper area and a lower area, and the hydrogen evolution isolation component is capable of allowing hydrogen generated by the one or more storage batteries to pass and discharge out of the storage battery cabinet from the through holes, and reducing air convection between the upper area and the lower area.

Abstract: A battery temperature regulating device includes batteries, inter-battery passages, and a fluid driving device. The batteries are connected to be capable of energization and arranged in a stacking manner. Each of the inter-battery passages is defined between corresponding adjacent two of the batteries. The fluid driving device is configured to flow temperature regulating fluid for regulating temperature of the batteries through the inter-battery passages. Each of the inter-battery passages includes a first inter-battery passage and a second inter-battery passage. Between the corresponding adjacent two of the batteries, a direction in which temperature regulating fluid flows into the first inter-battery passage and a direction in which temperature regulating fluid flows into the second inter-battery passage are different from each other.

Abstract: A battery module is described. The battery module includes a plurality of cooling fins having an inlet section, a center section, and an outlet section, the inlet and outlet sections extending from opposite ends of the center section at an angle from a plane defined by the center section, the cooling fins having at least one cooling channel extending from an inlet of the inlet section through the center section to an outlet of the outlet section; and a plurality of battery cells positioned in the center section between the plurality of cooling fins. A method of cooling a battery module is also described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a system for controlling the cooling or heating of a battery. The system includes a battery having a hermetic sealing structure to prevent passage of air from an exterior, a pressure sensor provided on the battery to measure internal pressure of the battery, an climate control system cooling or heating the battery, and a controller determining cooling or heating of the climate control system depending on whether the internal pressure of the battery is positive pressure or negative pressure based on a measured result of the pressure sensor, the controller controlling cooling or heating strength depending on a level of the positive pressure or negative pressure.

Abstract: A battery clamping device includes: interposition member configured to be interposed between rectangular parallelepiped batteries such that interposition member is stacked with a plurality of the batteries alternately; clamping portion configured to clamp by pressing the stacked batteries and interposition member in a stacking direction of the batteries and the interposition member from outside in the stacking direction.

Abstract: A battery cooling apparatus includes a case for housing battery cells and a fan device disposed in the case for blowing air through a circulation passage to cool the battery cells. The case includes a discharge passage which makes communication between inside and outside of the case to allow part of the air circulating through the circulation passage to leak to outside the case. The fan device includes a first inflow passage and a second inflow passage. The first inflow passage, which is part of the circulation passage, is provided to allow the air having cooled the battery cells to be sucked into the fan device. The second inflow passage makes communication between the outside of the case and the fan device to allow air outside the case to be sucked into the circulation passage by suction force of the fan device.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a battery module assembly comprising: a plurality of unit cells; a central cartridge having a space for accommodating the plurality of unit cells; an upper cover for dissipating the heat from the uppermost unit cell among the plurality of unit cells; a lower cover for dissipating the heat from the lowermost unit cell among the plurality of unit cells; a first inner cover which contacts one of the plurality of intermediate unit cells between the uppermost unit cell and the lowermost unit cell; and a second inner cover which contacts another of the plurality of intermediate unit cells and forms an air passage between the first inner cover and the second inner cover. The central cartridge has a suction hole for suctioning air flowing along the air passage, and an exhaust hole for exhausting air flowing along the air passage.

Abstract: A cooling system includes a fluid delivery system configured to bring a working liquid (such as water) into thermal contact with a battery where it vaporizes into an exhaust gas, and an exhaust system configured to vent the exhaust gas.

Abstract: According to the present invention, a battery-cooling system for an electric vehicle is configured such that the interior of a battery case is divided into a plurality of rooms, each of which has a cell module assembly mounted therein. Thus, airflows among a plurality of cell module assemblies may not affect one another, and air passes independently from each cell module assembly to the other within each room, thereby achieving improved cooling performance due to the independent airflows. Further, discharge ducts for each room may have respective suction fans, thus enabling the independent discharge of air from each cell module assembly and achieving improved cooling performance.

Abstract: An apparatus for supplying power to a motor vehicle, in particular a passenger vehicle or motorcycle, has a plurality of electrochemical storage cells. At least one of the electrodes respectively situated in the storage cells is made of metal or is provided with a metal layer essentially over its entire surface. The metal electrode or the metal layer, in particular a metal foil, is connected in an electrically conductive manner via a connecting element to a terminal provided outside the storage cell. To provide a reliable apparatus for supplying power, in particular for the intermittent electric motor drive of a motor vehicle, a thermally conductive cooling plate, which is in thermal contact with essentially each of the terminals of the storage cells, is provided. The cooling plate dissipates the thermal energy which is supplied by the metal electrodes or the metal layers on the electrodes to the terminal via the connecting element.

Abstract: An electricity storage device has an electricity storage unit and a case that contains the electricity storage unit and a coolant for cooling the electricity storage unit. The case includes guide portions on an inner wall surface above the electricity storage unit, each of the guide portions having an oblique portion for, when gas is produced by the electricity storage unit, leading the gas to a predetermined position; and contact portions each of which protrudes in a direction of the electricity storage unit with respect to the oblique portions of the guide portions and is brought into contact with the coolant.

Abstract: Provided is a cooling apparatus for a cell assembly type battery configured of a plurality of battery cells. The cooling apparatus is to discharge air introduced into an air inlet to an air outlet via a cooling channel between battery cells to cool a cell assembly type battery, in which a cooling channel covering plate covering a portion of the cooling channel is disposed before or behind the cooling channel so that the cooling channel having the flow of cooling air relatively faster than that in any other cooling channel has an introduction amount of air relatively smaller than that into other cooling channels. Therefore, the cooling efficiency may be excellent and each battery cell may be uniformly cooled without large deviation.