Abstract: A battery module (1, 108, 408) including a plurality of heat pipes (30, 31, 130, 131, 430, 460, 531) configured to be thermally connected to a heat reservoir (76, 376), the heat pipes being individually sealed and integrated in an external surface (3, 408B) of the battery module. The heat pipes are configured to be arranged in physical contact with a heat conducting element (302A) for transferring heat to and/or from the battery module.

Abstract: A battery pack may include a battery pack case and battery cells accommodated in the battery pack case, where an inner space of the battery pack case may include a first area and a second area, a first battery cell may be provided in the first area, second battery cells may be provided in the second area, and the second battery cells may be arranged around the first battery cell; the first battery cell and the second battery cells each may have a first discharge voltage plateau and a second discharge voltage plateau, and an average discharge voltage in the first discharge voltage plateau may be higher than an average discharge voltage in the second discharge voltage plateau.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a drive device for a motor vehicle, with a primary power network and a secondary power network, wherein a fuel-cell device is provided in the primary power network, and a battery is provided in the secondary power network, and a drive unit of the drive device is electrically connected to the secondary power network, and wherein the battery provides, within an operating voltage range delimited downwards by a minimum voltage and upwards by a maximum voltage, electric current for proper operation of at least one electrical consumer over an operating current range delimited downwards by a minimum amperage and delimited upwards by a maximum amperage. It is provided in this respect that an open-circuit voltage of the fuel-cell device correspond at most to the maximum voltage, and that the fuel-cell voltage provided by the fuel-cell device across the operating current range be higher than the minimum voltage.

Abstract: The battery pack may include a battery pack case and battery cells accommodated in the battery pack case. In each of the first battery cell, the second battery cells, and the third battery cells, when the sum of a discharge capacity corresponding to the first discharge voltage plateau and a discharge capacity corresponding to the second discharge voltage plateau is 100%, a percentage of the discharge capacity corresponding to the second discharge voltage plateau of the third battery cells may be larger than a percentage of the discharge capacity corresponding to the second discharge voltage plateau of the second battery cells, which may be larger than a percentage of the discharge capacity corresponding to the second discharge voltage plateau of the first battery cell.

Abstract: A method for operating a high-voltage on-board power system of a motor vehicle is proposed, in which the following steps are carried out: (a) generating a coupling signal for coupling a fuel cell of the vehicle to the on-board power system; (b) carrying out steps c) to f) depending on the coupling signal; (c) activating the fuel cell depending on the coupling signal; (d) determining a current operating voltage of the fuel cell; (e) adjusting an operating voltage of the high-voltage on-board power system decoupled from the fuel cell to the operating voltage of the fuel cell; and (f) coupling the fuel cell to the high-voltage on-board power system.

Abstract: Systems and methods for anisotropic expansion of silicon-dominant anodes may include a cathode, an electrolyte, and an anode, where the anode may include a current collector and an active material on the current collector. An expansion of the anode during operation may be configured by a thickness of the current collector. The expansion of the anode may be more anisotropic for thicker current collectors. A thicker current collector may be 10 ?m thick or greater. The expansion of the anode may be more anisotropic for more rigid materials used for the current collector. A more rigid current collector may include nickel and a less rigid current collector may include copper. The expansion of the anode may be more anisotropic for a rougher surface current collector.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided, in which the level of metal ions in cells stacks and lithium ion batteries is regulated in situ, with the electrodes of the cell stack(s) in the respective pouches. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out electrochemically by metal ion sources in the pouches, electrically connected to the electrodes. The position and shape of the metal ion sources may be optimized to create uniform metal ion movements to the electrode surfaces and favorable SEI formation. The metal ion sources may be removable, or comprise a lithium source for lithiating the anodes or cathodes during operation of the battery according to SoH parameters. Regulation of metal ions may be carried out from metal ion sources in separate electrolyte reservoir(s), with circulation of the metal-ion-containing electrolyte through the cell stacks in the pouches prior or during the formation.

Abstract: A power generation control system includes a plurality of fuel cell systems mounted in an electric device that operates using electric power, a battery mounted in the electric device, and a control device configured to control each of the plurality of fuel cell systems on the basis of states of the plurality of fuel cell systems, a state of the battery, and required power of the plurality of fuel cell systems.

Abstract: A method for assembling a battery, wherein the battery has a plurality of battery modules each including multiple battery cells, a battery housing at least partially enclosing the battery modules, and a temperature control unit thermally contacted with the battery housing. A thermally conductive cavity filling compound for thermally contacting the battery cells of the respective battery module with the temperature control unit is arranged in a cavity between an outside of a respective battery module inserted into the battery housing and an inside of the battery housing facing toward the outside of the respective battery module.

Abstract: There is provided a porous polyimide film in which the pore distribution width A represented by the following formula is 1.15 or less, the average pore diameter is within a range of 0.50 ?m to 3.0 ?m, and the air permeation speed is 30 seconds or less: A=(D84/D16)1/2 wherein D16 is the pore diameter at 16% cumulation from the small diameter side of pores, and D84 is the pore diameter at 84% cumulation from the small diameter side of pores.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and apparatus for a structurally cross-tied energy cell are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, a battery comprises a plurality of battery cells, each comprising an anode layer and a cathode layer. The battery further comprises a plurality of anode cross ties electrically connected to at least some of the anode layers of the battery. Further, the battery comprises a plurality of cathode cross ties electrically connected to at least some of the cathode layers of the battery. In one or more embodiments, the anode cross ties and the cathode cross ties run through all of the battery cells of the battery. In at least one embodiment, the anode cross ties and the cathode cross ties are manufactured from an electrical conductor material. In some embodiments, the anode cross ties and the cathode cross ties each comprise conductive protrusions, which are located external to the battery.

Abstract: A supply device for the electrical supply of at least one consumer has a primary current system in which there is a fuel cell device, a secondary current system in which there is a battery which has an operating voltage range limited at the top by a maximum voltage and at the bottom by a minimum voltage and which has an operating current strength range for supplying current to the at least one consumer, and a frost-starting element, which is provided in the primary current system and is designed to bring about heating of the fuel cell device. An open-circuit voltage of the fuel cell device corresponds at most to the maximum voltage of the battery.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes an air pump configured to supply air to a fuel cell, and a discharge flow rate determination unit which determines a discharge flow rate of the air pump when warming up the fuel cell, in accordance with a speed of a vehicle in which the fuel cell and the air pump are installed, or a required drive output of the vehicle. The discharge flow rate determination unit increases the discharge flow rate in the case that the speed or the required drive output is greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value, and decreases the discharge flow rate in the case that the speed or the required drive output is less than the predetermined threshold value.

Abstract: A battery management system is provided. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the battery management system for managing a battery pack including a plurality of battery modules may include a plurality of individual battery management units respectively corresponding to the plurality of battery modules and a management module configured to integrally manage the plurality of individual battery management units, wherein each of the individual battery management units includes a state-of-health (SOH) calculator to calculate SOH of each of the plurality of battery modules and a state-of-charge (SOC) calculator to calculate SOC of each of the plurality of battery modules, the management module manages a performance state of all of the plurality of battery modules on the basis of the SOH and SOC of each battery module and the SOC of each battery module is corrected by the SOH of each battery module.

Abstract: An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system or other power system includes a primary power source and a fuel cell and battery system as a backup power source. The fuel cell and battery backup system(s) are integrated into the primary power source to reduce the required power components and to provide high-quality power conditioning for the UPS system. A control system receives and analyzes data from the primary power source, as well as from the fuel cell and battery backup systems, to perform advanced power management and sharing, manage transitions, export power to the grid, and manage boil-off losses at the fuel cell.

Abstract: A battery management system is provided. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, the battery management system for managing a battery pack including a plurality of battery modules may include a plurality of individual battery management units respectively corresponding to the plurality of battery modules and a management module configured to integrally manage the plurality of individual battery management units, wherein each of the individual battery management units includes a state-of-health (SOH) calculator to calculate SOH of each of the plurality of battery modules and a state-of-charge (SOC) calculator to calculate SOC of each of the plurality of battery modules, the management module manages a performance state of all of the plurality of battery modules on the basis of the SOH and SOC of each battery module and the SOC of each battery module is corrected by the SOH of each battery module.

Abstract: Metal-organic frameworks, supercapacitor electrodes, and supercapacitors are generally provided. Some metal-organic frameworks described herein may be suitable for use in supercapacitor electrodes, some supercapacitor electrodes described herein may comprise a metal-organic framework described herein, and some supercapacitors described herein may comprise the supercapacitor electrodes described herein.

Abstract: A device for emergency supply of a high voltage onboard network, in particular for the emergency load lowering of a work machine such as a crane or a cable excavator, comprising a high voltage onboard network having an electrical drive unit and a primary DC energy source for supplying the electrical drive unit with energy; a low voltage onboard network, preferably a 12 V, 24 V, or 48 V onboard network, having a low voltage rechargeable battery for taking up and outputting energy, wherein the high voltage onboard network and the low voltage onboard network are connected via a DC/DC converter to allow an energy flow from the high voltage onboard network in the direction of the low voltage onboard network. The DC/DC converter is preferably a bidirectional DC/DC converter to permit an energy flow from the low voltage onboard network in the direction of the high voltage onboard network.

Abstract: An electrical energy system containing fuel-cells and a method for operating an electrical energy system for a motor vehicle are disclosed. The electrical energy system includes, for example: at least one fuel-cell; at least one HV battery; a diode arranged between the at least one fuel-cell and the at least one HV battery, which diode allows current flow only in a direction from the at least one fuel-cell to the at least one HV battery; a switching element configured to reversibly disconnect or close a circuit between the at least one fuel-cell and the at least one HV battery; a control unit configured to control the switching element; and an inductor arranged between the at least one fuel-cell and the at least one HV battery and connected in series with the switching element.

Abstract: A method of transporting a battery module includes transporting the battery module containing at least one battery and a backplane disposed in a cabinet to an operating site such that the at least one battery is electrically isolated from the backplane during the transporting, installing the battery module at the operating site, and electrically connecting the at least one battery to the backplane after the transporting.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for operating a fuel cell arrangement which has a fuel cell for providing electrical energy in an electric circuit that has a circuit which is electrically connected to the fuel cell via a DC-DC converter, and a battery. It is provided that in at least one mode of operation of the fuel cell arrangement, following a start-up of the fuel cell, the battery is electrically disconnected from the circuit, and the DC-DC converter is operated in non-switched mode in order to supply at least one electrical consumer in the circuit with electric current provided by the fuel cell. The invention further relates to a fuel cell arrangement.

Abstract: Hydrogen-producing fuel cell systems (HPFCS) and methods. The HPFCS includes a fuel processor configured to produce generated hydrogen gas, a hydrogen storage device configured to contain stored hydrogen gas, and a fuel cell stack configured to produce an initial electrical output from the stored hydrogen gas and an oxidant and to produce a subsequent electrical output from the generated hydrogen gas and the oxidant. The methods include detecting an inability of a primary power source to satisfy an applied load. Responsive to the detecting, the methods include initiating a startup of the fuel processor, supplying stored hydrogen gas to the fuel cell stack to produce the initial electrical output, satisfying the applied load with the initial electrical output, supplying generated hydrogen gas to the fuel cell stack after the startup to produce a subsequent electrical output, and satisfying the applied load with the subsequent electrical output.

Abstract: A metal air battery includes a multi module air supply unit having air suction units or air purification units in a parallel arrangement. The metal air battery further includes a battery module including a metal air cell and the air supply unit which supplies the air to the battery module. The air supply unit includes an air suction unit which suctions air and an air purification unit that adsorbs impurities such as moisture and nitrogen from the suctioned air. The air suction unit or the air purification unit may be provided in plural to be in a parallel arrangement to define the multi module air supply unit.

Abstract: A power generating system includes power modules disposed in vertically stacked levels, exhaust plenums that extend vertically through the levels of power modules and are configured to receive exhaust output from the power modules, and an exhaust conduit that extends horizontally across an uppermost level of the power modules and is fluidly connected to the exhaust plenums.

Abstract: A system includes a chassis assembly, a snap holder secured to the chassis assembly, and a second snap holder secured to the chassis assembly. A first tab clip may be snap-fitted onto the first snap holder to secure the first tab clip to the first snap holder, and a second tab clip may be snap-fitted onto the first snap holder to secure the second tab clip to the second snap holder. Each tab clip includes a soft component portion within the tab clip. A battery may be affixed to the first and second tab clips after the tab clips are secured to the snap holders.

Abstract: A cell module includes: a battery cell group configured with a plurality of cylindrical battery cells; a positive current collector; and a negative current collector. The negative current collector has: a substrate disposed on a sealing body side of the cylindrical battery cells such that the negative current collector covers the battery cell group; and a current collecting pin protruding toward the battery cell group from the substrate. The current collecting pin is inserted into a gap between the cylindrical battery cells along an axial direction of such battery cells, and presses the side surfaces of outer cans of at least two cylindrical battery cells neighboring each other.

Abstract: An electric power supply system 100 comprises a battery 10 that generates heat by discharging an electric power, and a fuel cell system 20 that generates the electric power by fuel cells 21. The electric power supply system 100 supplies power to an electric load. The electric power supply system 100 determines whether or not a temperature of the battery 10 is equal to or less than a predetermined temperature, and when the temperature of the battery is equal to or less than the predetermined temperature, the electric power supply system 100 discharges the battery 10 to the fuel cell system 20.

Abstract: A fuel cell device may be realized by including a fuel cell module including a container and a fuel cell housed in the container; a plurality of auxiliary machines for operating the fuel cell module; and an exterior case that houses the fuel cell module and the auxiliary machines, wherein at least one auxiliary machine of the plurality of auxiliary machines may be an upper auxiliary machine which is located on an upper side of the fuel cell module, and the fuel cell device may further include a fan located on the upper side of the fuel cell module.

Abstract: A power supply system P is provided with a fuel cell 1 and a battery unit 2 connected to the fuel cell 1. The battery unit 2 is provided with a first battery 21 connected to the fuel cell 1 so as to supply power to an auxiliary machine 12 of the fuel cell 1 and to be able to be charged with generated power of the fuel cell 1, a second battery 22 connected to the auxiliary machine 12 of the fuel cell 1 through a path p4 different from that of the first battery 21 so as to be able to supply power, and switchers R1, R2 configured to switch the power supply source to the auxiliary machine 12 of the fuel cell 1 between the first battery 21 and the second battery 22.

Abstract: A method of upgrading a work machine having a lead-acid battery coupled to a drive circuit and at least one motor is disclosed. In the method, a lead-acid battery is removed from the work machine. Then, a lithium-ion battery pack having a lithium ion battery and an environmental management circuit is connected to the work machine in circuit with the drive circuit and the at least one motor.

Abstract: A fuel cell controller for controlling the operation of a fuel cell system comprising a plurality of fuel cells arranged together to provide electrical current at an output, the controller configured to actively set an upper limit on the rate of change in current provided by the fuel cell system at the output based on at least one electrical parameter of one or more of the fuel cells such as the lowest voltage (VMCV) of an individual fuel cell among a plurality of fuel cells.

Abstract: A fuel cell system is equipped with a plurality of subsystems. Each of the plurality of the subsystems is equipped with a fuel cell stack, a temperature sensor, a scavenging device, and a control unit. The control unit of that one of the subsystems having the fuel cell stack whose temperature is specified as being the lowest among the plurality of the subsystems when the fuel cell system is stopped from operating performs scavenging control including a determination on the carrying out of scavenging in the subsystem and the issuance of a command to carry out scavenging to all the subsystems in accordance with the determination.

Abstract: An FC (fuel cell) system includes: a compressor supplying air to a CE (cathode electrode) of FC; an OV (outlet valve) connected to a discharge port through which air is discharged from CE; an injector supplying hydrogen gas to an AE (anode electrode) of FC; a CP (circulation pump) provided in a circulation path that returns the hydrogen gas discharged from AE to AE; and a controller controlling power generation of FC. In a case of removing a component that allows air to enter CE when removed, before the component is removed, the controller executes a first step of opening OV, driving the compressor, and supplying air to CE, and a second step of driving CP to cause hydrogen gas that remains inside AE and the circulation path to be circulated in a state in which the hydrogen gas is not supplied to AE from the injector.

Abstract: A solid-state battery is provided. The battery includes a melanin structure formed of at least one melanin material embedded in an inert material, and first and second metal bands which serve as first and second electrodes, respectively. The melanin material is selected from the group consisting of melanin, melanin precursors, melanin derivatives, melanin analogs and melanin variants. The solid-state battery does not need to be recharged or reloaded.

Abstract: A storage module of distributed flow battery is provided. An electrochemical reaction is processed with the positive and negative electrolytes to produce and/or discharge direct current and further output the positive and negative electrolytes after the reaction. The module comprises two end plates; two frames disposed between the two end plates; two current collectors disposed between the two frames; two complex cast polar plates disposed between the two current collectors; two electrodes disposed between the two complex cast polar plates; a membrane disposed between the two electrodes; and three gaskets. Therein, two of the gaskets are set to sandwich and enclose one of the two complex cast polar plates; and the other one of the gaskets is set between the other one of the two complex cast polar plates and an adjacent one of the current collectors.

Abstract: In a fuel cell vehicle, when temperature of a power storage device detected by a temperature sensor is a second temperature, which is lower than a predetermined first temperature, at least in a period when the power storage device is allowed to be charged with regenerative electric power, remaining charge is controlled by setting a lower limit to a value higher than a lower limit set at the first temperature. When a stop instruction for a fuel cell system is input, remaining charge raising processing for raising the remaining charge of the power storage device is performed.

Abstract: A battery system includes the battery compartment, haploid battery, polyploid battery and power management system; the bottom of battery compartment is divided into several elementary unit compartments provided with power jacks at four corners; each power jack is connected through a wire to form a power output terminal, then connected to the input terminal of the power management system; the size of the haploid battery matches that of a single elementary unit compartment, the polyploid battery isn't arranged in a single row, and two power contacts matching with the power jack are arranged on the diagonal of the battery's bottom surface; after power on, the power management system applies logics to determine models of the batteries in different positions of the battery compartment according to the voltage signal detected, then integrate voltage of each battery to the voltage required by appliance.

Abstract: A measurement device 50 of an electrochemical element 30 that is connected, via a first switch 40, to a terminal part 22P having a load connected thereto, wherein: the measurement device 50 is provided with a current limitation unit 75 provided to a bypass path BP of the first switch 40, a current sensor 60 for measuring the current of the electrochemical element 30, and a processing unit 100; when a voltage difference ?V between the voltage of the electrochemical element 30 and the voltage of the terminal part 22P is equal to or greater than a prescribed value, the current limitation unit 75 permits the supply of power to the load through the bypass path BP, and when the voltage difference ?V is less than the prescribed value, the current limitation unit 75 cuts off the current to the bypass path BP; and in a period of time after the first switch 40 has been turned off and until the voltage difference ?V reaches the prescribed value due to a change in voltage of the terminal part 22P because of discharging o

Abstract: Devices which internally control and regulate voltage of a super-capacitor cell or stack thereof during charge-discharge cycles, methods for controlling and regulating voltage of a super-capacitor cell or stack thereof with these devices and methods for production of the devices are provided.

Abstract: A control method for a fuel cell system that includes a solid oxide fuel cell configured to generate power upon receipt of supply of an anode gas and a cathode gas includes an anode protection execution determination process of performing execution determination of an anode protection process of applying a predetermined protection current to the fuel cell in order to restrain catalyst oxidation in an anode of the fuel cell. In the anode protection execution determination process, an internal impedance of the fuel cell at an anode response frequency at which an anode reaction resistance of the fuel cell is detectable is acquired, and based on the internal impedance at the anode response frequency, whether the anode protection process is to be executed or not is determined.

Abstract: An energy system for a vehicle system having a plurality of motors that may include a first power supply assembly that may also include a first battery assembly of a plurality of battery assemblies. The first power supply assembly also may include a first bus coupled to a first motor of the plurality of motors and coupled to the first battery assembly. A second power supply assembly may also be provided that includes a second battery assembly of the plurality of battery assemblies coupled to a second bus that is coupled to a second motor of the plurality of motors. A controller may also be provided that may be configured to vary conduction of electric current from the first battery assembly to the first motor by the first bus based on an operating condition of the second power supply assembly to provide a first input to the first motor that may be different than a second input provided to the second motor by the second battery assembly.

Abstract: A circuit (400, 700, 800) comprising: a first power source (402) supplying first current to a load (470) during a first Period of Time (“PoT”); a second power source (416) supplying a second current to the load during a second POT; a Unidirectional Current Valve (“UCV”) in series with the first power source; a current detector (420, 702, 802) in series with the UCV (422); and a switch (424) in parallel with a series combination of the current detector and UCV to bypass the UCV during the second PoT. The current detector determines whether the second period of time has commenced and whether the switch has closed.

Abstract: An aspect of the present disclosure is an electrochemical device that includes a first electrode, an ion reservoir electronically connected to the electrode by a first circuit, an electrolyte positioned between the first electrode and the ion reservoir and ionically connecting the first electrode and the ion reservoir, and a regulating element, where the regulating element is positioned between the first electrode and the ion reservoir, the regulating element electronically and/or ionically connects the ion reservoir and the first electrode, and the regulating element limits the transfer of at least one of electrons and/or ions between the ion reservoir and the first electrode.

Abstract: A thermal management system for a fuel cell includes: a fuel cell stack; a heater connected with the fuel cell stack in parallel through a coolant channel and configured to heat coolant; a pump circulating the coolant; a bypass valve controlling a flow rate of the coolant to be supplied to the fuel cell stack or the heater; a radiator allowing the coolant to exchange heat with external air; a heat dissipation fan supplying the external air to the radiator; a temperature control valve controlling the flow rate of the coolant flowing through the radiator; a temperature sensor disposed at an outlet of the fuel cell stack or an outlet of the heater; and a controller controlling the heater, the pump, the bypass valve, the heat dissipation fan, or the temperature control valve on the basis of temperature sensed by the temperature sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a rechargeable electrochemical cell system for generating electrical current using a fuel and an oxidant. The system includes a plurality of electrochemical cells. A controller is configured to apply an electrical current between charging electrode(s) and a fuel electrode with the charging electrode(s) functioning as an anode and the fuel electrode functioning as a cathode, such that reducible metal fuel ions in the ionically conductive medium are reduced and electrodeposited as metal fuel in oxidizable form on the fuel electrode. The controller may selectively apply current to a charging electrode and third electrode between fuel electrodes of separate cells to increase uniformity of the metal fuel being electrodeposited on the fuel electrode. The controller controls a number of switches to apply current to the electrodes and select different modes for the system. Also provided are methods for charging and discharging an electrochemical cell system, and selecting different modes.

Abstract: A fuel cell vehicle system is provided. The system includes a fuel cell and a first motor that is connected to the fuel cell via a first bus terminal and driven by power supplied from the fuel cell and that provides power to driving wheels of the vehicle. A high voltage battery stores or supplies power by charging or discharging. Additionally, a second motor is connected to the high voltage battery via a second bus terminal and driven by power supplied from the high voltage battery and provides power to the driving wheels of the vehicle.

Abstract: A battery system control device includes a load, a secondary battery connected to the load via a first power converter converting a voltage by a switching operation, a fuel cell, and a control unit. The battery discharges power supplied to the load. The fuel cell is connected to the load and to the battery and the first power converter, via a second power converter converting a voltage. The fuel cell generates low voltage power. The control unit charges the battery using the generated power from the fuel cell. The control unit includes fuel cell and secondary battery controllers. The fuel cell controller steps up the power generated by the fuel cell to a voltage chargeable by the battery to be supplied to the load by the second power converter. The secondary battery controller directly connects the load and the battery by stopping the switching operation of the first power converter.

Abstract: A structural composite component, in particular for an aircraft or spacecraft, includes: a lightning strike protection layer; and a composite battery including a cathode layer and a separation layer, wherein the lightning strike protection layer is formed integrated with the cathode layer, and wherein the separation layer is configured for providing acoustic damping, and/or fire barrier, and/or impact resistance to the structural composite component. A method for configuring such a structural composite component; and an aircraft or spacecraft including such a structural composite component are also described.

Abstract: Various embodiments of the present disclosure provide a fuel cell system configured to modulate the flow of oxidant through the fuel cell system to maintain a desired temperature at the fuel cell stack. The fuel cell system is configured to control the flow of oxidant to maintain the desired temperature in the fuel cell stack based on temperature measurements of fluid outside of the fuel cell stack.

Abstract: A vehicle includes an electric load, a first battery electrically connected to the electric load, a second battery electrically connected to the electric load in parallel with the first battery, the second battery being closer to a center of the vehicle than the first battery in a top view of the vehicle, a switch configured to electrically disconnect solely the first battery of the first battery and the second battery from the electric load, and a controller configured to open the switch based on detection of a collision of the vehicle or detection of an abnormality of the first battery.