Abstract: Provided is a toner including toner particles. The toner particles has a volume particle diameter distribution index on a side of the largest diameter (GSDv (90/50)) of 1.26 or less; a number particle diameter distribution index on a side of the smallest diameter (GSDp (50/10)) of 1.28 or less; GSDv (90/50)/GSDp (50/10) of from 0.96 to 1.01; and an average circularity of 0.95 or more and 1.00 or less.

Abstract: Bisacylphosphine oxide or bisacylphosphine sulfide compounds of formula (I) or (II) wherein R1, R2, R3, R1a, R2a and R3a independently of each other are C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy or halogen; X is O, NR5 or S; or, if R4 is Cl, F or Br, X is a direct bond; Y is O or S; n is 1 or 2; R4, if n is 1, for example is hydrogen, (CO)R6, (CO)OR6, (CO)NR5R6, (SO2)—R6, C1-C28alkyl, R4, if n=2, is for example C1-C18alkylene; R5 is for example hydrogen, or C1-C12alkyl; R6 is for example C1-C12alkyl; R7, R8 and R9 independently of each other for example are C1-C4alkyl; R10 is for example C2-C18alkylene; X1, is O or S; m is 1, 2 or 3; Q represents one or two inorganic or organic cations with a charge of m+; are suitable photoinitiators, available by a claimed process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a liquid toner dispersion which has a relative low shear viscosity between 1.25 and 225 and a relative conductivity between 0.3 and 30. The liquid toner dispersion includes toner particles in a non-polar carrier liquid, as well as a dispersing agent. This liquid toner dispersion is used in a digital printing process including adding dispersing agent during recycling of excess liquid toner dispersion remaining on a development member after patterned transfer of liquid toner dispersion to the imaging member.

Abstract: To obtain a toner which has excellent charge rise and stability, tends to have a sharp charge distribution, has excellent pigment dispersion properties, exhibits no disarray in an image even during a high-speed copying operation, and can stably output high-resolution images. A toner comprising toner particle containing a binder resin, a colorant, resin PA, and resin PB, wherein the resin PA has unit A represented by Formula (1), the resin PB has unit B represented by Formula (2), a content “a” of the unit A in the toner particle is 2.00 ?mol/g or more, and a molar ratio b/a of the content “a” and a content “b” of the unit B in the toner particle is 0.10 or more and 10.00 or less.

Abstract: An image development apparatus, including: a developer carrier that carries thereon a liquid developer being a carrier solution including dispersed toner particles each made of a coloring agent and a resin; a developer supply member that supplies the developer to the developer carrier; a developer compression member that is opposing the developer carrier, and compresses any solid content of the developer to a side of the developer carrier through application of an electric field to the developer on the developer carrier supplied by the developer supply member; a developer compression member voltage application unit that applies a voltage to the developer compression member; and a current detection unit that detects a current flowing from the developer compression member to the developer carrier.

Abstract: An image development apparatus, including: a developer carrier that carries thereon a liquid developer being a carrier solution including dispersed toner particles each made of a coloring agent and a resin; a developer supply member that supplies the developer to the developer carrier; a developer compression member that is opposing the developer carrier, and compresses any solid content of the developer to a side of the developer carrier through application of an electric field to the developer on the developer carrier supplied by the developer supply member; a developer compression member voltage application unit that applies a voltage to the developer compression member; and a current detection unit that detects a current flowing from the developer compression member to the developer carrier.

Abstract: A carrier for electrophotography and a two component type developer using the carrier. The carrier is composed of magnetic particles of a magnetic ferrite component represented by Formula: (Fe2O3)X(MnO)Y(A)Z. An image forming method is also disclosed which uses the two component type developer.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing and organic EL panel wherein an organic light emitting material is laminated between a pair of opposing electrodes, at least one of which is transparent or semitransparent, a photosensitive body having a charge generating layer 3 and charge transfer layer 4 is formed on the transparent substrate 2 side, and a latent image is formed by charging and exposing this photosensitive body. Using a powder developer, the exposed portion or unexposed portion thereof is developed, and a separation wall composed of the charged powder developer is formed. Next, a light emitting layer, electron transporting layer, and cathode are uniformly deposited by in vacuo vapor deposition, and after vapor deposition, by removing the developer used in the separation wall by transfer, the laminate of the light emitting layer, electron transporting layer, and cathode is selectively removed therewith, light emitting pattern formation and cathode separation are performed, and pixels are formed.

Abstract: A carrier for electrophotography and a two component type developer using the carrier. The carrier is composed of magnetic particles of a magnetic ferrite component represented by Formula: (Fe2O3)X(MnO)Y(A)Z. An image forming method is also disclosed which uses the two component type developer.

Abstract: There are provided a method for preparing a printed wiring board which can form electrostatic latent images at the desired positions of a substrate with good precision, and a uniform and good image can be formed for preparing a printed wiring board having circuits on the both surfaces of the substrate from a material to be developed having at least a metal conductive layer and a photoconductive layer on both surfaces of an insulating substrate in this order, and a preparation device.

Abstract: The invention includes an apparatus 40 for developing a latent charge image formed on a photoreceptor 36 disposed on an interior surface of a faceplate panel 12. The apparatus 40 comprises a developer tank 42 having a sidewall 44 closed at one end by a bottom portion 46 and at the other end by a panel support 48 having an opening 50 therethrough to provide access to the faceplate panel 12. A back electrode 52 has a potential applied thereto to establish an electrostatic drift field between the back electrode and the photoreceptor 36, which is grounded. Triboelectrically-charged, dry-powdered, light emitting phosphor material, having a charge of the same polarity as the potential applied to the back electrode 52, is sprayed into the developer tank 42, between the back electrode 52 and the faceplate panel 12. The triboelectrically charged phosphor material is directed toward the photoreceptor 36 on the faceplate panel 12 by the applied electrostatic drift field.

Abstract: An electrophotographic printing plate precursor having satisfactory mechanical strength and water-resistance and suitable to the direct electrical supply system, and a method for development thereof are disclosed.The electrophotographic printing plate precursor comprises an electrically conductive support having thereon a photoconductive layer and a back layer, the back layer being provided on the surface of the support opposite to the photoconductive layer, wherein the back layer comprises at least an outermost layer having a surface resistivity of from 1.times.10.sup.10 to 1.times.10.sup.14 .OMEGA. and an inner layer having a surface resistivity of less than 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA..

Abstract: An image forming method for conveying a magnetic developer 70 held on the surface of a developer conveying member 40 opposed to a image-bearing member 30 to a developing region to develops electrostatic latent images, comprises implementing as the developer conveying member 40 a semiconductive or an insulating cylindrical magnet with a plurality of heteropolar magnet poles arranged alternatively on its surface, the overall magnet being integrally formed, rotating the developer conveying member 40 to convey the magnetic developer 70 to the developing region, and using the magnetic developer 70 conveyed to the developing region to develop electrostatic bearing member latent images formed on the image-bearing member 30.This constitution allows an inexpensive sleeveless roll magnet to be used to obtain high-quality images.

Abstract: An electrophotographic lithographic printing plate precursor capable of well maintaining both the electrophotographic properties and the printing properties is provided, which comprises, at least, a photoconductive layer on one side of a support and an under layer directly under the photoconductive layer, in which the under layer consists of a plurality of layers comprising an outermost layer having a surface resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.11 .OMEGA. and an inner layer having a Cobb's water absorbing capacity of at most 15 g/m.sup.2 (45 minute value) or having a Young's Modulus of at most 1000 kg/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for developing a latent magnetic image in which a layer of magnetically attractable toner powder having a specific resistance less than 10.sup.9 ohms.meter is conveyed by a toner conveyor to a developing zone past a medium carrying the latent image and an AC voltage is applied between the toner conveyor and the medium carrying the latent image.

Abstract: A developing module for depositing liquid toner on an imaging surface of a photoconductive member includes a development electrode. The development electrode is supported by a shroud which includes a toner supply passageway. The supply passageway is coupled to a pump mechanism that delivers liquid toner to the development electrode from a supply sump. Liquid toner flowing across the development electrode is deposited on the imaging surface of the photoconductive member. The shroud further includes a toner return passageway coupled to a vacuum source. The vacuum source removes from the development electrode liquid toner that has not been deposited on the imaging surface of the photoconductive member. In addition, the vacuum source removes air from around the development electrode. A vacuum chamber is mounted to the shroud adjacent the toner return passageway and is further coupled to the vacuum source.

Abstract: A method of operating an electrographic printing apparatus which employs a reversal development system with a two components developer wherein the bias voltage and the surface voltage are varied in synchronism with each other.

Abstract: An apparatus for electrophotographically manufacturing a luminescent screen assembly on a substrate for use within a CRT includes a developer for developing a photoconductive layer, having a latent image thereon, with a dry-powdered, triboelectrially-charged screen structure materials. The photoconductive layer overlies a conductive layer in contact with the substrate. A grid-developing electrode is located at a distance from the photoconductive layer that is large relative to the smallest dimension of the latent image. The electrode is biased with a suitable potential to influence the deposition of the charged screen structure materials onto the latent image on the photoconductive layer. A method for electrophotographically manufacturing the screen assembly utilizing the grid-developing electrode is also disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid electrophotographic development method where electrodes are arranged only on the side of the photosensitive layer of a master, developing liquid is supplied between the master and the electrodes, and conductors are made to come into contact with the base of the master so that an electric field is generated between the photosensitive plane and the electrodes for development. The electrode to be used for the electrophotographic development method includes conductive wires of a plural number which are arranged in the direction perpendicular to the traveling direction of the material so as to come into contact with the conductive base thereof. If the electrodes are utilized, a main electrode needs to be arranged only on the side of the photosensitive layer of the master, and developing liquid is supplied therebetween. The electrode is adapted to come into contact with the conductive base of the master, to thereby generate an electric field between the main electrode and the electrode.

Abstract: In forming an image by developing an electrostatic latent image with a grey toner, a mixture of a white toner and a black toner is used as the grey toner and the ratio (D) of the black toner to the entire toner, the developing voltage (DV) and the image density (ID) are set so that the requirement represented by the following formula is satisfied:ID=A.sub.2 .times.(1-e.sup.-K 2.sup.D).times.(1-e.sup.-K 3.sup.DV)wherein A.sub.2 is a number of from 0.5 to 2.5, K.sub.2 is a number of from 1 to 2, and K.sub.3 is a number of from 0.001 to 0.01.According to this process, a copy having a grey image area corresponding precisely to the image of an original is obtained.

Abstract: There is disclosed here a class of liquid toner dispersions for developing electrophotographic images which give very high contrast half-tone dots with low contrast scanning light beams such as gaussian laser beams. The advantage of these toners is enhanced by the use of high electric field electrophoretic development conditions with high replenishment rate under which conditions rapid development to high image densities is obtained. This class of toners has toner particles of high mobility, low particle concentration in the dispersion, and a low fraction of its conductivity in the liquid milieu.

Abstract: An electrophotographic lithographic printing plate precursor which is suitable for not only the ordinary developing methods but also the developing methods of direct electron injection system and which after developing, can readily be wound and fixed, as a lithographic printing plate, around a drum of a printing machine without any slippage after winding is provided. This precursor comprise a base of paper coated, on both surfaces thereof, with .alpha.-polyolefin laminated layers each having a volume resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA. and being further provided, on one side thereof, with a photoconductive layer and on the other side thereof, with an over back layer having a surface resistivity of at most 1.times.10.sup.10 .OMEGA. and a larger friction coefficient than the .alpha.-polyolefin laminated layer.

Abstract: A developing device which utilizes a development solution having toner particles actuated in the electric field generated by an electromember is provided with a cleaning unit to remove excess toner particles from the surface of the electrode member. The unit includes an air blower which directs air onto the electrode member and blows excess developing solution off the electrode.

Abstract: A method for electrostatically producing prepress printing proofs that accurately predict results of actual press runs for a given press having known or desired characteristic response.

Abstract: A toning method and member for electrostatography wherein a recording member containing information on its image bearing surface in the form of electrostatic latent images of one polarity is toned by attracting to such latent images toner material of opposite polarity including providing a carrier or toning member according to the invention containing on at least one surface thereof a dry pre-toner coating; activating such pre-toner coating with an insulative solvent to thereby solvate and confer opposite polarity to such pre-toner coating contained thereon while rendering such pre-toner coating releasable from the carrier member; establishing virtual contact between the activated and releasable pre-toner coating on the carrier member and the image bearing surface of the recording member; transferring the pre-toner coating in image configuration onto the recording member by attraction to the latent images to form toner deposits thereon; and separating the carrier member from the recording member.

Abstract: A developing apparatus wherein a developer is supplied to an exposed electrophotographic film to develop an image formed on the film has a developing section provided with an electrode which is disposed in opposing relation to the film. A bias voltage of the same polarity as that of the film which is electrically charged is applied to the electrode to prevent fogging of the image. The bias voltage is lowered or made opposite in polarity for a relatively short period of time, thereby momentarily improving the adhesion of the developer to the film, and thus allowing the developer to reliably adhere even to a relatively low density portion of the image.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging process. The process utilizes a disposable photoconductor and develops the photoconductor in fresh toner. The toner is packaged in a pod to protect its freshness and dispense a predetermined quantity of toner. The toner contains a one-shot application, but the process may be repeated for various colors. In the process, a charge plate is exposed to form a latent image, or a pre-exposed plate is charged to form a latent image. The latent image is contacted with toner released from the pod onto a development electrode. A cleanup electrode is provided for excess toner and the image is subsequently transferred to a substrate to produce a print, or the image is fixed on the photoconductor to make a lithographic, di-litho or letterpress plate.

Abstract: A device is described for developing a latent electrostatic image which is present on a surface, for example a photoconductor surface. The device has one or more regions of a first type having relatively large dimensions and one or more regions of a second type having relatively small dimensions, both dimensions being measured parallel to the direction of relative movement of the device with respect to the image surface.The regions described may be separately and independently supplied with electric potentials.A method is described for developing a latent electrostatic image with use of a device according to the invention whereby energizing of the first and second type regions is carried out in accordance with developer-density and/or contrast requirements.

Abstract: A method of development includes providing a mixture of non-magnetic developer particles and magnetic particles in a developer supply container, carrying the mixture on an insulating surface of an endlessly movable developer carrying member and confining the magnetic particles within the developer supply container by cooperation of a magnetic pole of a fixed magnetic field generator and a magnetic particle confining member. The method also includes providing an electrode opposed to, and extending in a longitudinal direction of, the carrying member, applying a developer application signal between the electrode and the developer carrying member to apply the developer particles only to such an area as corresponds to application of the developer application signal, and developing a latent image on a latent image bearing member with the thus applied developer particles.

Abstract: A developing method comprising disposing an electrostatic latent image holding body and a development electrode carrying a toner layer opposite to each other with a gap therebetween and transferring the toner from the development electrode to the electrostatic latent image holding body across the gap to develop the electrostatic latent image. A toner carrying layer of a resistive material having the specific resistance of 10.sup.6 to 10.sup.12 .OMEGA..cm is formed over the development electrode opposite to the electrostatic latent image holding body and a fringing field is formed in part of the electrostatic latent image holding body corresponding to the latent image formed over the electrostatic latent image holding body by applying a high-frequency alternating electric field to the development electrode and thereby causing the toner adhere to the electrostatic latent image holding body in the form of the electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: A developing method for developing electrostatic latent images with a toner and carrier particles in which particles as a third component are preliminarily mixed with the toner to be replenished, and rising in charge of the toner to be replenished into the developing material is accelerated, without generation of toner dust or scatter after the replenishment so as to be capable of being fully suitable for a high speed copying apparatus, while the charging characteristics of the carrier are not deteriorated even by the addition of the third component particles, with a favorable separation of copy paper sheets from an electrostatic latent image support member.

Abstract: An assembly for developing a latent electrostatic image formed on the photosensitive outer surface of a rotating developing drum making up a part of an electrophotographic copying apparatus is disclosed herein. This assembly includes a supply of developer contained within a housing adjacent the drum, a series of electrodes acting on the developer to aid in developing the electrostatic image, and an arrangement cooperating with the electrodes for cleaning the latter of developer deposited thereon during the development process.

Abstract: A device for inking an electrostatic charge image with toner particles in a xerographic unit is disposed adjacent to an information carrier on which the electrostatic charge image is carried so as to form a developing gap above the charge image. The device has a toner feed channel and a toner discharge channel which are surrounded by an excitation layer for electrostatic charging of the toner particles by triboelectricity. A plurality of multiphase electrodes are disposed adjacent to the device in the area of the feed and discharge channels, the electrodes being supplied with multiphase alternating voltage for generating a nonhomogeneous self-propagating electric field for delivery and withdrawal of the toner particles. A single phase alternating voltage is applied in the area of the developing gap for generating an electric field which presses the toner particles against the information carrier.

Abstract: The present invention is a diode bias toning system and method for use in and with electrophotographic copying machines and the like, and provides a significant improvement over "floating" and "hard-wired" toning systems to provide a user with the benefit of self-compensation or self-adjustment sensitometry, while allowing better control of large density percentage images and providing a simple and practical means and method which yield the satisfactory inherent results or advantages of a "hard-wired" system. The employment of a single diode means connected between a development electrode and a variable high-voltage D.C. power supply, so as to prevent the passage of current between the development electrode and the supply means, thereby facilitates the usage of a single high-voltage D.C. power supply to supply both the corona charging and toning biasing functions of an electrophotographic copying machine or system.

Abstract: A method for preparing a lithographic printing plate is disclosed. The method involves providing a light-sensitive material comprised of an electroconductive support having a hydrophilic surface. The surface has provided thereon a light-sensitive layer and a photo-conductive insulating layer which may be provided in that order or combined in a single layer. The material is imagewise exposed and then subjected to electrophotographic processing to form an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductive insulating layer. After exposure the electrostatic latent image is developed with developer particles which are opaque to the light to which the light-sensitive layer is sensitive in the presence of an electrode facing the photoconductive insulating layer. The development is carried out while applying a bias voltage between the electrode and the light-sensitive layer so that residual charge on the non-latent image areas appears zero.

Abstract: This specification discloses a method of toner transfer development in which a low frequency alternating electrical bias is applied to the space between a latent image bearing member and a developer carrying member to develop the latent image on the latent image bearing member, and an apparatus for carrying out the same method. This bias has a first stage in which one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the image area of the latent image bearing member may take place, a second stage in which reciprocal movement of developer particles is effected between both the image and non-image areas of the latent image bearing member and the developer carrying member, and a third stage in which the intensity of the bias is reduced so that one-sided movement of developer particles from the developer carrying member to the image area and one-sided movement of developer particles from the non-image area to the developer carrying member may take place.

Abstract: A developing unit for use with an electrophotographic copying apparatus of the type comprising a developing electrode and at least one corona discharger includes a conductive member arranged within a shield casing of the discharger for obtaining a voltage to be applied to the developing electrode as a bias voltage thereto. In the case where an a.c. discharger for charge elimination is being used in addition to the primary discharger, conductive members are incorporated with respective dischargers and the outputs from the conductive members are superimposed on each other and applied to the developing electrode. In this instance, the output of the conductive member associated with the a.c. discharger is continuously applied to the developing electrode after the de-energization of the primary discharger, i.e., the completion of developing an electrostatic latent image to thereby prevent the deposition of toner on the developing electrode.

Abstract: Apparatus for developing electrostatic images on electrophotographic material by means of a perforate development electrode and liquid toner, without immersing the material in a bath of toner.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for electrophotographic color image development by which charge images are rendered visible by electrophoretic deposition of color zones on a continuously moving image carrier-band in development stations, using contact electrodes, development electrodes and blocking nozzles for the developer liquid whereby the development of the image in the development station is carried out with a substantial deviation .alpha. of the direction of movement of the image carrier from the horizontal.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for developing magnetic latent image, wherein a toner bearing member holding thereon a magnetic toner having an electric charge in a particular polarity is brought closer to a magnetic latent image bearing member, and an alternating electric field is acted across the magnetic latent image bearing member and the toner bearing member to cause the toner to reciprocate between these members to visualize the magnetic latent image by the magnetic force of attraction.

Abstract: A photoconductive layer is produced upon a substrate by coating the substrate with a solution in an organic solvent of a polyamic acid and of 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone (TNF) and/or 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9-fluorenone and heating the coated substrate at a temperature not exceeding 150.degree. C. to form on the substrate a polyimide coating containing the said fluorenone compound as a photosensitizer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a developing method for rendering a latent image supported on an image bearing member visible, and an apparatus therefor, in which a developer supporting member supporting thereon spherical granular developer prepared in substantially spherical form by a flow coater process or a spray drying process is maintained in opposed relation to an electrostatic image bearing member having a backing electrode so that the surface of the image bearing member and the developer on the developer supporting member are maintained in a mutually contact-free state, and an alternating voltage is applied to the developer supporting member to cause reciprocating motion of the developer in the developing area between the developer supporting member and the image bearing member.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for image development, wherein a space gap between a latent image holding member and a developer carrying member is made wider, at a developing section, than thickness of the developer layer on the surface of the developer carrying member, and both members are opposed each other for developing operation, and wherein the developer to be used is composed of electrically insulative toner particles having an average particle diameter of from 5.mu. to 30.mu. and very fine particles having a particle diameter smaller than that of the toner particles and capable of assisting electric charging of the toner particles in a polarity opposite to that of the latent image, the fine particles being added to the toner particles and mixed together.

Abstract: A method for developing electrostatic images on a sheet of electro-photographic material by means of a perforate development electrode and liquid toner, without immersing the material in a bath of toner. The method comprises spraying liquid toner against pressure reducing means adjacent to the electrode to reduce and make uniform the pressure of the flowing liquid toner and flowing the liquid toner uniformly over and through the perforate development electrode and over the image side of the sheet without contacting the side opposite the image side with the toner.

Abstract: An electric field is established in the gap between an imaging surface and an opposing electrode surface inducing movement of particles from suspension within a developer in the gap toward the opposing electrode surface. A voltage pattern generated on the imaging surface causes deposit of the developer particles in image relation on the opposing electrode surface or on a printing surface positioned adjacent thereto, by a repulsive action between the imaging surface and the particles having an electrostatic charge of the same polarity.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic copying apparatus having an exposure optical system capable of performing variable magnification of copies to be made by changing the relative movement speed of an original and an image scanning optical system to 1/m in accordance with the magnification m of copies to be made from the original and changing the optical position of an optical system for forming an image on a photoconductor in accordance with the magnification m, and projecting a light image of the original to the photoconductor which is moved at a predetermined speed, so that a variably magnified latent electrostatic image is formed on the photoconductor, an electrophotographic copying method including a step of changing a development bias voltage at the development of the latent electrostatic image in accordance with each magnification.

Abstract: An electrophotographic duplicating process suitable for high humidity conditions utilizes a magnetic brush developing device having an electrically conductive development electrode with an electrically insulating coating thereon in conjunction with a developer. The developer consists of toners with a volume resistivity higher than 10.sup.13 .OMEGA..multidot.cm. and magnetic carriers with a volume resistivity of about 10.sup.5 to 10.sup.8 .OMEGA..multidot.cm and has a toner concentration varying from about 7% to about 13% by weight. Once formed, an electrostatic charge latent image is repeatedly developed and transferred to an image receiving member to form at least twenty duplicated copies.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for developing a latent electrostatic image on the surface of an electrophotographic member using a liquid toner and a development electrode. An AC bias voltage is applied between the electrophotographic member and the development electrode during the developing operation to prevent the formation of spatially stable convection cells in the liquid toner.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic image forming process, a method and apparatus for providing an electric toning bias wherein the instantaneous electric potential value of the bias is changed with time in proportion to the natural decay of the resident electric charge inherent in the photoconductor comprising the essence of the electrophotographic medium.

Abstract: A photoconductive member is charged and radiated with a light image to produce an electrostatic image. Sensing electrodes automatically sense the remaining potential in a portion of the electrostatic image corresponding to a background area of the original document scanned to produce the light image. In one embodiment the area is a white reference document disposed adjacent to the original document. In another embodiment a reference document is not provided and a plurality of portions of the electrostatic image are sensed. The lowest value of the sensed potential is utilized. Computing means compute and apply the biasing voltage to the developing electrode as a predetermined function of the sensed potential.