Abstract: A negative-charge type electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; an undercoat layer which includes a binder resin and metal oxide particles and in which the work function is from 4.0 eV to 4.7 eV; a charge generation layer in which a difference between the work functions of the charge generation layer and the undercoat layer is from ?4 eV to 0 eV; and a charge transport layer which is provided on the charge generation layer.

Abstract: This invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having improved resistance to soiling by a human body-derived substance and a high image stability. The electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises an electroconductie substrate and a photosensitive layer provided on the substrate and is characterized in that the photosensitive layer contains, as a binder resin, a polycarbonate resin comprising constituent units represented by the following formula (A) and the following formula (B), wherein R1 to R4 represent a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or the like; and X represents an alkylene group or the like. 3 to 50% by weight of the total constituent units is accounted for by the constituent units of formula (A) and the intrinsic viscosity is 0.3 to 2 dl/g. [Chemical formula 1] (A)(B).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: a conductive support, a photosensitive layer and an intermediate layer interposed between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, wherein the intermediate layer contains metal oxide microparticles surface-treated with silicon dioxide anhydride and a binder resin; and the binder resin contains a polyamide resin containing a piperazine-based compound.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic apparatus (e.g., a photocopier or laser printer), an electrophotographic photosensitive member (image-forming part) has a metal substrate roughened on its surface, a metal oxide-containing undercoat layer on the substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer over the undercoat. A coherent light source (e.g., laser) can cause interference fringes that degrade the printed image. Interference fringes are judged (or predicted) as follows: The surface reflectance is measured at intervals over the spectral width of the light source. The measured surface reflectance is corrected, using a mirror-surface conductive substrate as a reference, to obtain a reflectance of the photosensitive member. The reflectance is subjected to a discrete Fourier transformation, which generates a power spectrum, over the spectral width of the light source, from the reflectance as a function of the wavelength.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which protrusions from the surface of the photoreceptor are partly or completely covered by a resin. The effect of such resin covering is to reduce toner deposition, thereby reducing or eliminating spotting defects in images formed using the electrophotographic photoreceptor. The invention further relates to an image-forming apparatus incorporating such an electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Abstract: A photosensitive body according to this invention includes a photosensitive layer formed on a surface thereof for being electrically charged and having an electrostatic latent image formed thereon by being exposed to light irradiation, and wherein the photosensitive layer has an initial dynamic friction coefficient ?k0 of 0.6 or less against a prescribed member, and wherein where a dynamic friction coefficient of the photosensitive layer against the prescribed member after a prescribed friction is given is defined as a dynamic friction coefficient ?k1, the photosensitive layer has a dynamic friction coefficient variation amount ??k, as a difference between the initial dynamic friction coefficient ?k0 and the dynamic friction coefficient ?k1, of 0.06 or less.

Abstract: An image bearing member including an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer located overlying the electroconductive substrate and a cross linking surface layer comprising a charge transport curing compound and located overlying the photosensitive layer, wherein the charge transport curing compound includes a material including a structure unit represented by the following Chemical formula A: Chemical formula A where R1 to R5 and R1? to R5? independently represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R6 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and X represents an alkylene group having a straight chain or a branched chain having 2 to 5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of outputting an image in which a defect such as a ghost is suppressed even in a high-temperature-and-high-humidity environment, and in which a defect such as a change in density due to an abrupt change in light-area potential at an initial stage or a ghost due to long-term durable use is suppressed even in a low-humidity environment; and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member; are provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a layer which comprises a compound having a specific structure between a support and a charge-generating layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an extruded imaging element comprising an extruded support bearing an extruded image receiving layer and an extruded antistatic tie layer between the extruded support and the extruded image receiving layer, wherein the extruded tie layer absorbs less than 3 weight % of moisture at 80% RH and 70 F (22.78° C.) comprises 5-30% polyether-containing antistatic material in a matrix polymer, and a method for making the same.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of outputting an image in which a defect such as a ghost is suppressed even in a high-temperature-and-high-humidity environment, and in which a defect such as a change in density due to an abrupt change in light-area potential at an initial stage or a ghost due to long-term durable use is suppressed even in a low-humidity environment; and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member; are provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a layer which comprises a compound having a specific structure between a support and a charge-generating layer.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including a support and a photosensitive layer formed thereon, optionally an undercoat layer between the support and the photosensitive layer, wherein when a group of data consisting of N samples of the height x(t)(&mgr;m) of a profile at the interface of the support on the side of the photosensitive layer, the interface of the photosensitive layer on the side of the support, and/or the interface of the undercoat layer on the side of the photosensitive layer, measured perpendicular to a horizontal direction of the support, taken at &Dgr;t(&mgr;m) intervals in the horizontal direction, is subjected to Fourier transformation in accordance with a formula as specified in the specification, in a power spectrum obtained by the Fourier transformation, I(S) represented by a formula specified in the specification has a particular value, a method of evaluating the above photoreceptor, a method of producing the photoreceptor, and an image formation apparatus in which the photoreceptor is incorporated are

Abstract: A polycarbonate containing repeating units (1) represented by the general formula (1), a polycarbonate molding produced by molding the polycarbonate, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer which has a surface layer containing the polycarbonate: ##STR1## wherein R is an aliphatic unsaturation-free monovalent hydrocarbon group, R.sup.1 is a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group or an aryl group, X is an alkylene group or an alkyleneoxyalkylene group, X' is an alkylene group of 2 or more carbon atoms, an alkyleneoxyalkylene group or oxygen atom, a is an integer of 0 to 4, na is 0 or 1, nb is 1 or 2, nc is 1 or 2, provided na+nb+nc=3, n1, n2, n3 and n4 are 0 or an integer of 1 or more, provided n1+n2+n3+n4 is an integer of 0 to 450.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer containing a setting resin, characterized in that the photosensitive layer contains a resin which has a glass transition point of 170.degree. C. or more. The above image forming apparatus has excellent durability and good image forming properties.

Abstract: Electric discharge between a photosensitive member and a charge retaining medium is ON/OFF controlled by changing the gas pressure between these two members, so that it is possible to effect image recording in a state where a DC voltage is applied. An electric charge which is opposite in polarity to an image forming charge is uniformly formed on the charge retaining medium in advance of the image exposure, and thereafter image exposure is carried out, thereby reducing the background potential at the unexposed region and increasing the contrast potential of the electrostatic latent image formed on the charge retaining medium. In addition, it is possible to increase the voltage distribution to the photosensitive member. As a result, it is possible to improve the photosensitivity of image exposure.

Abstract: A thermo-responsive microcapsule containing a diazo compound or an electron donative dye precursor, wherein the capsule wall of the microcapsule is composed of at least one polymer obtained by polymerization of an isocyanate compound containing an adduct of (A) a compound having one active hydrogen in the molecule and having an average molecular weight from 500 to 20000 and (B) a multifunctional isocyanate having two or more isocyanate groups in the molecule, and a heat-sensitive recording material and a multicolor heat-sensitive recording material comprising a heat-sensitive recording layer containing the microcapsule are disclosed.

Abstract: A photosensitive body for electrophotography having improved properties in the charging characteristics, photosensitivity, and stability in repeated use. The photosensitive body for electrophotography comprises a photoconductive layer formed on a conductive support through an undercoat layer, the undercoat layer containing at least one polyester compound having repeated units represented by the following general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein A and B each independently represents a divalent aliphatic hydrocarbon or aromatic hydrocarbon which is optionally substituted, at least one of A and B being selected from the group consisting of specific divalent groups, and n is 10-10,000.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic photoreceptor in which an undercoating layer and a photosensitive layer are provided on a conductive substrate, the undercoating layer preferably contains at least one electron transporting pigment and a reactive organometallic compound, the electron transporting pigment being selected from a group consisting of an electron transporting polycyclic quinone pigment such as brominated anthoanthrone, an electron transporting perylene pigment, an electron transporting phthalocyanine pigment, and an electron transporting azo pigment, and the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains at least one resin selected from electric charge transporting polycarbonate and electric charge transporting polyester.

Abstract: A layered photoreceptor is composed of a substrate, an extrinsic pigment layer that has been sensitized disposed over the substrate, and a charge transport polymer in contact with the pigment layer. A method for producing a photoreceptor comprises depositing a layer of sensitizing electron donor material in a polymer binder on a substrate. An extrinsic pigment layer is deposited on the layer of sensitizing electron donor material. A charge transport layer is deposited on the pigment layer.

Abstract: A novel panchromatic electrophotographic recording element has an electrically conducting substrate and one or more photoconducting layers. The photoconducting layer contains one or more binders, several charge carrier-producing compounds or sensitizers, one or more charge carrier-transporting compounds (photoconductors) and, if required, additives. The sensitizers themselves are Victoria Blue FB (C.I. 44045), Crystal Violet FN (C.I. 42555), Rhodamine FB (C.I. 45170), Astrazone Orange R (C.I. 48040) and/or Astrazone Orange G (C.I. 48035), which are used together with naphtholactam dyes and/or with isoindolenine dyes. The naphtholactam dyes have one or more chromophores of the general basic structure ##STR1## in the molecule, and the isoindolenine dyes have one or more chromophores of the general basic structure ##STR2## in the molecule.

Abstract: A photoconductive imaging member comprised of a supporting substrate, a ground plane layer, a hole blocking-adhesive layer comprised of a polyphosphazene, including polyorganophosphazenes, a photogenerating layer, and a hole transport layer.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of plasma-polymerization at low temperature (from normal temperature to about 100.degree. C.) and that at low frequency.

Abstract: The present invention provides a photosensitive member comprising a carrier transporting layer of hydrogen-containing carbon and an adhesive layer of hydrogen-containing carbon, said adhesive layer comprising at least one element selected from silicon, germanium and aluminum. The photosensitive member of the present invention is excellent in a charge transporting property, an adhesive property of a substrate with a hydrogen-containing layer, a chargeability, a rigidity and resistances to corona, acid, moisture and heat.

Abstract: The present invention provides a new photosensitive member which comprises a hydrogen-containing carbon undercoat layer controlled in the polarity by an element of IIIA or VA group, a hydrogen-containing C:H charge transporting layer and a charge generating layer, which has an excellent charge transortability, a charging ability, and preventing properties of charge injection and of increase of residual potential.

Abstract: A structure of a photoconductive film related to a target of an image pickup tube of the photo conductivity type is disclosed. This photoconductive film is formed from mainly Se and Te is added in a central part thereof. Further, As, which is considered to form a deep trap level which captures electrons in Se and GaF.sub.3, etc. which form negative space charges by capturing electrons in Se are added in the region adjacent to the region where Te exists. In addition, a thickness of film in the region where GaF.sub.3, etc. exists is selected to be thinner (not smaller than 20 .ANG. and not larger than 90 .ANG.) than a value which has been adopted so far.

Abstract: The invention relates to an adhesive composition which is suitable for use on a shaped part of polyester, in particular a polyester film, and comprises a copolyester, optionally in combination with light-sensitive substances, fillers and pigments, whereby the copolyester additionally contains at least one copolymer of vinylidene chloride, preferably in a weight ratio of about 3:1 to 1:1. The adhesive composition can furthermore contain cellulose acyl esters, such as low molecular-weight cellulose acetobutyrate or cellulose propionate. Polybasic oxycarboxylic acids and levelling agents can also be present. The adhesive composition can be employed in mixtures with, for example, light-sensitive lacquer systems.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a conductive substrate, a first layer structure with a single layer made mainly of amorphous silicon formed on the substrate, and a second layer structure including multiple layers also mainly made of amorphous silicon layered in succession on the first layer structure. The plurality of second layers includes at least two high resistance layers having a relatively high resistance value and at least one low resistance layer having a relatively low resistance value compared to the high resistance value. The layers of the second layer structure are layered alternately on the first layer structure so that the first and last layers in the second layer structure are high resistance layers.

Abstract: Phosphorous diketonate electron accepting compounds are disclosed for use as sensitizers in electron donating photoconductive compositions. Methine dyes having a phosphorous diketonate component and a method of making same are also disclosed.

Abstract: A photoconductive member, comprises a support for a photoconductive member and an amorphous layer which is constituted of silicon atoms as matrix containing at least one of hydrogen atom and halogen atom and exhibits photoconductivity, said amorphous layer having a layer region containing carbon atoms in at least a part thereof, the content of the carbon atoms in said layer region being distributed unevenly in the direction of the thickness of said layer.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member constructed with a layer comprising an electron acceptor and a layer comprising an electron donor, both layers being supported by an electrically conductive substrate with themselves superposed upon each other to form a thin layer of charge-transfer complex at the interface between the two layers.

Abstract: A process for improving the photoelectric properties of a laminated charge image carrier. In the process, a coating composition is prepared containing an insulating material which is doped by admixing a sensitizer and a coating of the doped composition is applied to a substrate to form a doped insulating layer. A photoconductive layer containing the sensitizer is then applied to the doped insulating layer.

Abstract: In a process for producing an electrophotographic recording material composed of a double layer of amorphous and crystallized selenium on an electrically conductive carrier, a layer of tellurium having a thickness of 10 to 500 nm is applied onto the surface of the carrier, and selenium is then vapor-deposited onto the tellurium layer to a thickness of 20 to 100.mu. to form the double layer.

Abstract: A photoconductive laminate and its use are disclosed, the laminate comprising two layers of compounds, each layer being a single phase and at least one of the compounds having a generally planar polycyclic nucleus.

Abstract: Semiconductive compositions are produced by the inclusion of a particular class of dyes into a polymeric binder. When the binder is an organic photoconductive binder, the dyes act as exceptionally good sensitizers for the photoconductive material.

Abstract: A photographic speed-increasing concentration of a certain organic photographic speed-increasing electron acceptor provides increased photographic speed in a charge-sensitive recording composite material having an ohmic resistivity of at least about 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm-cm. The charge-sensitive recording material can comprise (a) a first electrically conducting layer in association with (b) a photoconductor layer, (c) an electrically activated recording layer comprising an image-forming combination of (i) an organic, heavy metal salt oxidizing agent with (ii) a reducing agent and (iii) the described speed-increasing electron acceptor, and a binder, and (d) a second electrical conducting layer. This recording material can be room light handleable and can provide a developed image with increased speed by dry development subsequent to electrical exposure.

Abstract: .[.An electrophotographic recording material comprises a conductive substrate, a first photoconductive selenium layer containing halogen disposed on the substrate, and a second photoconductive selenium layer containing arsenic disposed on the second photo conductive layer. The first photo conductive layer disposed on the substrate additionally contains arsenic..]. .Iadd.An electrophotographic recording material comprising a conductive substrate, a first photoconductive selenium layer containing arsenic and halogen disposed on the substrate, and a second photoconductive selenium layer containing tellurium, and optionally containing arsenic, disposed on the first photoconductive layer..Iaddend.