Abstract: An oxy-fuel burner system for alternately or simultaneously burning gaseous and liquid fuels. A gaseous fuel jet emanating from an oxy-fuel burner is either undershot by an oxygen lance or is sandwiched between oxidant jets produced by two subsidiary oxidant jets which are preferably formed of oxygen. An actuable second fuel nozzle is provided for producing a second fuel jet composed of the liquid fuel which is angled toward the oxidant jet at an angle of less than 20.degree.. When the liquid fuel to be used, the gaseous fuel is turned off and the liquid fuel is turned on and vice-versa or both can operate simultaneously where the oxidant supplies oxygen to both fuel streams.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for reducing NO.sub.x production during combustion in an tangential burner. Air nozzles are arranged tangentially to a fuel/air nozzle and are tilted relative to the fuel air nozzle. Upon operation, spaces are formed between the air flow and the fuel flow which entrain laterally combustion gases thereby delaying mixing of the air and fuel flows. By this delay, NO.sub.x production is reduced.

Abstract: A burner for combusting fuel gas and air in an enclosure includes a block member of non-combustible material, such as ceramic material, having a central opening therethrough. The block member has a plurality of spaced apart recirculation gas passageways paralleled to and spaced from the central opening, each of the recirculation gas passageways having an injection passageway communicating with the block member central opening. A fuel gas jet is positioned within each of the recirculation gas passageways for injecting fuel gas into the injection passageways to cause the injected fuel gas by Venturi action, to draw furnace gas from the cool fringes of the combustion zone through the recirculation gas passageways for passage back into the central opening after local combustion wherein modified air and fuel gas are thoroughly mixed and cooled for combustion within the enclosure. This recirculation system serves to reduce the temperature and oxygen content of the local combustion process to thereby reduce NO.sub.

Abstract: A method of low-NOx combustion and a burner device for effecting the same, in which a primary fuel is injected in a direction from tile periphery of stream of a combustion air towards that same combustion air, effecting a first combustion, so as to create a generally cylindrical primary flame covering the combustion air, whereby a secondary fuel injected towards the combustion air is shielded or intercepted by such primary flame from the combustion air, while causing NOx in tile primary flame to be reduced by the secondary fuel, after which, a second combustion is effected by bringing the secondary fuel to contact with a portion of the combustion air penetrating through the primary flame, at a downstream side. This arrangement permits more positive decrease of NOx density in an exhaust gas.

Abstract: Regenerative glass melting furnace of the type having a batch section where glass is melted, a port neck where combustion air is introduced, and burners supplied by fuel inlet nozzles in the floor, the roof, and the lateral walls of the port neck.

Abstract: A low NO.sub.x burner includes a burner plate having a plurality of slots from which fuel gas jets and combustion air are discharged. A plurality of fuel tubes are aligned with the slots for discharging the fuel gas therethrough. The fuel tubes are spaced from the slots so that combustion air, provided by a wind box, also can flow through the slots. The fuel gas and combustion air are discharged at high velocity, thereby generating very high turbulence in the combustion chamber downstream from the burner. The slots are arranged such that the width of the recirculation zones between adjacent slots substantially varies between the central region of the burner plate and its perimeter. With this construction, the local ignition patterns vary such that local oscillations of flame front occur at different frequencies and are not synchronized so that vibrations are greatly dampened and resonance problems in the furnace minimized or eliminated.

Abstract: A low NOx gaseous fuel burner that creates a wall hugging flame, even in a cup. It is comprised of two staged premix units, one unit, in a cup, running very lean and the second unit, extended into the furnace, running very rich, the combination being stoichiometric.

Abstract: An improved radiant gas burner which includes a refractory burner tile hag an elongated passageway extending therethrough and a fuel-air mixture burner tube disposed within the passageway. The burner tube is of a one-piece elongated construction, includes a nozzle portion at the interior end of the passageway and is connected to means for introducing fuel gas and air therein by a threaded connection positioned adjacent the exterior end of the passageway. Secondary fuel is discharged from the passageway at a location adjacent the nozzle portion of the burner tube. An improved method of burning fuel gas and air using a radiant gas burner is also provided.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method and apparatus for improving fluid flow and gas mixing in boilers. More particularly, this invention pertains to a method and apparatus for improved fluid flow and gas mixing in kraft recovery boilers for increased energy efficiency, reduced TRS emissions and increased capacity. The method of introducing air into a boiler furnace comprises: (a) introducing air through at least one opening located on at least a first wall of the interior of the furnace; and (b) introducing air through at least one second opening located on a second wall of the interior of the furnace opposed to the first wall at the same, or different, elevations.

Abstract: A combustion method wherein separate oxidant mixing zones and fuel reaction zones are established in a combustion zone to dilute oxidant and combust fuel under conditions which dampen NO.sub.x formation.

Abstract: A combustion method enabling reduced NO.sub.x formation wherein fuel and oxidant are separately injected into a combustion zone in a defined velocity relation, combustion gases are aspirated into the oxidant stream prior to intermixture with the fuel, and the fuel is maintained free from contact with oxygen until the intermixture.

Abstract: The smokeless ignitor of the present invention prevents visible emissions upon cold or hot start-up of coal-fired or oil-fired utility boilers. The smokeless ignitor satisfies flame stability and combustion requirements by establishing a flame with 15-30% mass recirculation rate, a recirculation zone length of 0.75-1.5 effective throat diameters, a spray SMD of less than 120 microns and a STU value of .+-.50% or less.

Abstract: In its simplest sense, the burner of the present invention includes a swirl chamber for creating a swirling flow path for primary combustion air. The burner also includes means communicating with the swirl chamber for introducing low heating value gas to the primary combustion air for discharge with the air into a flame zone. Also provided are means adjacent to each other for introducing secondary air and for introducing secondary low heating value gas positioned so that the secondary air and secondary low heating value gas intersect the flame zone, preferably above the region of the recirculating core of the flame and at such a point that the secondary air and low heating value gas have a minimal effect on the swirl aerodynamics of the flame.

Abstract: The emission of NOx, soot and particulates is minimized by combusting fuel in two sequential steps, viz. a first combustion step wherein a number of fuel jets and a substoichiometric amount of combustion air in the form of an equal number of high-velocity air jets are injected into a combustion chamber in such a manner that(a) each fuel jet merges into one high velocity air jet,(b) the characteristic mixing time of each fuel jet is less than about 10.sup.-4 sec, and(c) a plurality of separate fuel/air jets is generated forming at ignition a plurality of primary flames in which a residence time for the fuel of substantially at least 100 ms is maintained;and a second combustion step comprising introducing further combustion air into said combustion chamber for complete combustion of the fuel.

Abstract: A method and firing equipment for burning solid, liquid, or gaseous fuels, especially pulverized coal. The method includes the steps of tangentially introducing main fuel via main burners into a combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned, introducing reducing fuel via reduction burners into the combustion chamber to reduce the nitrogen oxides produced during the combustion of the main fuel, with the reducing fuel being burned under partial stoichiometric conditions, and, to ensure the burning-out of the fuel introduced into the combustion chamber, introducing burn-air above the feed of the main fuel and the reducing fuel, with a helically rising flow being provided in the combustion chamber. The reducing fuel of a given reduction burner is mixed, at a given distance from the opening of the associated main burner, with the curved afflux leaving that main burner for helical flow about the center of the combustion chamber.

Abstract: A monitor method for the combustion conditions in a furnace of a boiler having a plurality of burners is disclosed. The method includes the steps of detecting the flame intensity at a predetermined position of a flame, by using an optical fiber having as its view the predetermined position at the flame of each of the plurality of burners; judging if the combustion conditions of each burner are normal or not, based on if the flame intensity detected for each burner flame is within a predetermined normal level range; and displaying the judgement results. Preferably, an image fiber for obtaining a flame image indicating the combustion conditions is provided for at least one of the burners, and the normal level range is determined based on the flame image obtained by the image fiber.

Abstract: An adapter to permit an oil burner head to burn pulverized coal alone or in combination with other fuels features a manifold in the form of a mirrored pair of scrolls forming a part of the burner head. The interiors of the scrolls are divided into separate coal and air passages which open into the primary air passage of the burner head through outlets uniformly circularly disposed thereabout.

Abstract: A combustion chamber is subdivided vertically into layers with each layer having sets of burners disposed in angular spaced apart relation. In addition, the sets of burners are offset from one layer to another and all of the jet axes of the burners are directed in the same direction tangentially of a vertically disposed imaginary cylinder within the combustion chamber. The jets create a vortex flame within the combustion chamber.

Abstract: An oil burner of the type comprising a burner housing having several nozzles (16, 17) adapted to introduce pressurized oil (18, 20) and through which housing combustion air (39) is blown for being mixed with the finely distributed oil drops ejected from the nozzles, and in which the burner nozzles (16, 17) are mounted substantially symmetrically with respect to the longitudinal axis (26) of the burner and are mounted angularly to each other, preferably at an angle of 6.degree.-10.degree. and so that the center axis (27, 28) of the oil jets cross each other at or in-front of the outlet (23) of a flame cup (13) of the burner.

Abstract: A high velocity oxygen fuel burner (10) includes a combustor assembly (11) mounted in a graphite block (12), with the burner mounted in a water jacket (18) of a furnace. The combustor assembly includes a combustion chamber (48) that receives a stream of oxygen along its center axis (51). The fuel moves from fuel barrel (32) through fuel passages (50), with a portion of the fuel being diverted into the combustion chamber (48) by the annular fuel diverter ring (52) and with the rest of the fuel moving on through the fuel extension passages (50b) and through nozzle ring (34). The nozzle ring directs the fuel into the flame as it emerges from the combustion chamber, so that the fuel from the nozzle has a cooling effect at the exposed end of the burner and tends to develop the flame in an annular ring about the stream of high velocity oxygen that is directed toward the work product in the furnace.

Abstract: The dual cannister gas housing of the present invention permits combustion of two separate gases of different heating values for industrial applications. The housing includes a first annular chamber surrounding a combustion zone, the first chamber receiving a first gas. Holes in the inner wall of the chamber permit entry of the first gas into the combustion zone. A second chamber surrounds the first chamber and receives a second gas. Tubes connect the second chamber to the combustion zone, the tubes passing through the first chamber to prevent mixing of gas. The number and size of the tubes and holes are selected for each application to insure proper entry velocity and pressure drop for the first and second gases.

Abstract: A low NO.sub.x burner for a furnace and a method of operating the burner involving a primary and secondary combustion zone wherein staged fuel and air to both combustion zones is provided. By injection of from about 40 to 60% of the liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel along with about 90% of the total air required to a first reaction zone and injection of the remaining fuel with the remaining 10% of the air to a secondary reaction zone the formation of NO.sub.x is significantly suppressed. Such a burner is useful in minimizing NO.sub.x emissions for a variety of furnace types including both natural draft and forced draft furnaces.

Abstract: A pair of burner tubes are arranged in concentric relationship. Fuel and air in a rich fuel-air ratio is provided to the central burner tube, and fuel and air in a lean fuel-air ratio is provided to the outer burner tube. The rich combination of fuel and air is partially burned at a temperature of about 2,500.degree. F. while the lean combination of fuel and air is burned at a temperature of less than 2,800.degree. F., and the flames from the burner tubes are mixed at the ends of the burner tubes to form a final flame envelope and to finish the combustion of the rich mixture. Exhaust gas is directed about the burner tubes, and combustion supply air is circulated about and preheated by the exhaust gas conduits and the outer burner tube. The separate combustion of the rich and lean fuel-air mixtures at relatively low temperatures and the subsequent mixing of the flames from the burner tubes results in low NOx emissions and results in high luminosity of the final flame envelope.

Abstract: Aqueous effluents containing organic substances and possibly inorganic salts, are burnt in an incinerator in which the injector for the said effluent is so arranged in relation to the burners that combustion is improved and molten salts are not deposited on the wall of the furnace.

Abstract: A method comprising injecting a primary fuel and air into a furnace to burn the fuel and form a first-stage combustion zone, the fuel being diluted with surrounding combustion gas and the air being supplied at a rate in excess of the stoichiometric rate required for the combustion of the fuel, and injecting a secondary fuel into the furnace around or downstream of the first-stage zone at a range approximately equal to the stoichiometric rate required for the consumption of the excess oxygen resulting from the combustion in the first-stage zone the fuel being diluted with surrounding combustion gas and to form a second-stage combustion zone around or downstream of the first-stage zone.

Abstract: A burner for a bottom fired, ingot heating furnace producing faster and more even heating with lower fuel consumption is disclosed. The burner includes a plurality, preferably three, upstanding nozzles having nozzle ports directed at essentially a right angle to a radial line extending from the burner center. This orientation imparts a circular swirling action of the combustion gases which produces faster and more even heating of ingots contained within the furnace. The nozzle is arranged with a nozzle cap which shields the entire nozzle top from debris falling from the furnace roof resulting in a greatly extended service life.

Abstract: A flame monitoring system for use on the furnace (10) of a vapor generator (2) employing tiltable burners (14) and particularly on a furnace equipped with tilting burners arranged in accord with the tangential firing method. Each burner is provided with its own individual scanner. Each scanner (20) is disposed to sight transversely across the base (30) of the flame (18) emanating from its associated burner (14). A plurality of at least three light transmission tubes (26) are stationarily mounted within each scanner head (24) with at least one tube (26A) mounted to sight at an upward acute angle across the flame, at least one other tube (26B) mounted to sight horizontally across the flame, and at least a third tube (26C) mounted to sight at a downward acute angle across the flame. A separate fire ball scanner (60) is mounted in the waterwall and aimed to sight at the center of the furnace (10) to monitor the fire ball (50) formed therein by the flames (18) emanating from the individual burners (14).

Abstract: An improved fuel burner particularly adapted for domestic use and capable of burning fuels such as fuel oil and the like with extremely high efficiency and low pollutant output is comprised of a pair of plenum type atomizers (26,26'), each having a convex surface onto which the fuel is flowed for atomization, the atomizers (26,26') being disposed at the end of a flame tube (3) which in turn is located within a blast tube (1), said atomizers (26,26') further being disposed symmetrically with respect to the axis of both the flame tube (3) and the blast tube (1) whereby the spray output from the atomizers is discharged into the flame tube (3) to create a stable flame front that can be readily ignited by a spark type of ignitor (18). The atomizers are provided with one or more apertures (29') through which atomizing gas is passed to generate the spray, and air access ports (12,12',13) are located along the flame tube to provide the necessary air to complete the combustion process.

Abstract: A cooking system includes a frypot comprising heat transfer walls which are spaced to facilitate cleaning of the frypot. Each heat transfer wall comprises a lower vertically extending portion and an upper outwardly curved portion shaped to cause wastes to flow to the bottom of the frypot. A plurality of burners are provided for maintaining combustion in zones adjacent to the vertically extending portions of the heat transfer walls. This causes heated products of combustion to flow upwardly along the vertically extending and outwardly extending portions of the heat transfer walls, whereby heat transfer is effected through the walls to cooking oil in the frypot. Each burner comprises two or more orifices for discharging mutually interacting gas jets and a target for deflecting the gas jets and entrained air toward the heat transfer walls and for reflecting heat into the combustion zone and through the heat transfer walls.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for the carrying out of gaseous phase reactions, illustrated by way of example by the preparation of sulphur hexafluoride of high purity, starting from elemental fluorine and sulphur, both in gaseous phase. One of the gaseous reactants, e.g., the fluorine, is fed into a reaction chamber through inlets in a metal plate, maintained at between 30.degree. and 70.degree. C. while the other, e.g., sulphur in gaseous phase, is fed in through the nozzle of a burner, e.g., by regulating a current of an inert gas which is saturated with sulphur by passing same through a zone containing molten sulphur at a temperature between 250.degree. and 500.degree. C., and subsequently superheating the inert gas thus saturated with sulphur to a temperature between 300.degree. and 550.degree. C.

Abstract: Apparatus for the smokeless combustion of gases, supplied at substantial pressure, such that they will aspirate the required combustion air when discharged to atmospheric pressure. The apparatus comprises a plurality of spaced apart burner assemblies, each of which has a plurality of orifices arranged in a circular symmetrical pattern. Each burner assembly comprises a vertical tube supplying gas, with a plurality of short substantially radial arms, each of which has a plurality of orifices in its top surface. The arms themselves are tilted upwardly at a selected angle to the horizontal so that the orifices that are perpendicular to the arms will provide gas jets which will intersect each other along the axis of the assembly. In another embodiment, the top surface of the arms form a plane fingered plate of substantial thickness. The orifices are drilled at a selected angle toward the axis, in the top surface of the plate.

Abstract: A staged air burner having a swirl chamber for providing a swirl flow path for primary combustion air, a tangential duct system for providing a tangential flow path for primary combustion air flowing toward the swirl flow path, and a converging passage structure for providing a converging flow path for secondary air which flows along the converging flow path inwardly toward an axis of the swirl chamber downstream of the latter. At least two fuel supply systems are respectively situated at two of the above flow paths for supplying combustible fuel thereto so that it is possible to fire fuel simultaneously at least at two of the flow paths.

Abstract: A burner system for burning gaseous or liquid fuel, comprises a primary burner system, which includes a liquid burner tube closed at one end and provided with a plurality of primary combustion ports symmetrically arranged to provide a plurality of jets forming a conical sheet of particles of fuel. Surrounding the liquid burner is a gas burner tube, which comprises the annular space between two coaxial tubes closed at the end, and including therein a plurality of primary combustion ports arranged symmetrically to provide jets arranged on the surface of a cone. Combustion air is drawn into the space around the gas burner tube, to supply combustion air for the liquid and/or gaseous fuel. Upstream of the primary combustion ports is a secondary burner which is circular in configuration, and surrounds, and is spaced from the gas burner tube. A limited quantity of gaseous fuel is supplied in the form of a circumferentially directed jet in the lee of an annular plate.

Abstract: A burner includes a plurality of air nozzles open toward a furnace and which are disposed unsymmetrically with respect to the central axis of the burner and so combined that the velocity of combustion air to issue from one or more of the nozzles is higher than the mean air velocity through the total air nozzle opening area and the velocity of combustion air from the rest of the nozzles is lower than the mean velocity. The opening area of the lower-velocity air nozzle or nozzles accounts for from 30 to 60% of the total opening area. A fuel nozzle or nozzles are located within or adjacent the lower-velocity air nozzle or nozzles. The amount of air to issue from the lower-velocity air nozzle or nozzles is not more than 70% of the theoretical air for the fuel to jet out of the burner.

Abstract: A burner in which steam is utilized to atomize fluid fuels such as natural gas and fuel oils. The burner includes a first tubular housing having a first outlet defined at one end; and a second tubular housing fixedly mounted within the first housing having an end which defines an exit adjacent and enclosed by the first outlet and so mounted to define an annular space between the housings. The burner further includes a plurality of fuel nozzles mounted within the second housing wherein an initial mixture of steam and a fluid fuel is formed and from which the initial mixture is emitted toward the exit and a confluence with air flowing in said annular passage so that a combustible mixture is formed; and a turbulator ring mounted within and at the exit to define a sharp-edged orifice and a narrow annular orifice.

Abstract: A refractory burner block having a generally cup shaped depression is adapted for mounting in the furnace wall, with the depression facing the furnace interior. The block is provided with a bore that extends from the cup shaped depression to accommodate a burner nozzle. Resilient means connect the burner block with the cover plate so that both block and cover plate may independently contract and expand, minimizing stress loads on the cup, resulting in less cup cracking and failure.A joint is provided with a step between the furnace wall and the burner block, reducing the possibility of gaps opening up and forming a barrier to radiant heat and to convection flow.A central locating collar relieves the anchor bolts from undue stress in supporting the burner block. A resilient seal is used to seal the block against the central locating collar.Pilot means to light the main burner and plenum means to buffer the pilot from the main burner are provided to reduce pilot "blowout.

Abstract: A gas mixer and reactor is provided which is especially suitable as a burner which includes an elongated gas flow chamber with a nozzle arrangement at its inlet end for passing a first gaseous reactant into the interior of the chamber toward the outlet from points uniformly about the inner periphery of the chamber, and an annular nozzle arrangement near the outlet of the gas flow chamber for directing another gaseous reactant or reactants through the outlet of the gas flow chamber and into a thermal reaction chamber which communicates with the outlet of the gas flow chamber.

Abstract: Apparatus for burning a product gas having a low BTU content wherein a single burner is adapted to burn the low energy gas alone with the turndown capability of a multi-burner arrangement. The gas flow is separated into two independent flow streams with one flow stream being exhausted into a primary air stream and the other into a secondary air stream prior to combustion. A common control means responsive to changes in load is provided to modulate the secondary air stream and its associated gas stream whereby at decreasing loads proportionately increased amounts of air and gas are directed through the primary air and gas streams.

Abstract: A fuel admission assembly for a tangentially fired furnace that utilizes oil, gas, or other utility grade fuels. The assembly disclosed has the ability to achieve a positive control of the air flow through a specially designed swirler. Because of this unique feature of its design, this assembly will permit efficient tangential boiler operation at 5% excess air or less over a fuel turndown ratio of at least 3 to 1 on each assembly. At the same time, it will not produce unacceptable levels of noxious emissions such as oxides of nitrogen, carbonaceous soot or sulfur smuts over its full operating range. Finally, it requires no additional fan head (windbox pressure drop).

Abstract: A fuel combustion apparatus for burning a premix of an air stream and a fuel jet, comprising an air nozzle for issuing air to form a conically spread film of the air stream, and an atomizer for injecting fuel circumferentially unevenly into the conical film of air stream so that a premix uniformly mixed with air but having a circumferentially varied air-fuel ratio which is locally selectively greater than 1 or less than 1.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of combusting an acid gas (H.sub.2 S) stream and a second stream containing an organic sulfur compound which may be contaminated with ammonia, and/or hydrocarbons, either liquid or gaseous, to create SO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 S for ultimate recovery of sulfur.

Abstract: A combination burner has a burner pipe for pulverized fuel beside a burner chamber for fluid fuel. A plurality of retractable nozzles mounted in a retractable housing inside the chamber are connected to a plurality of fluid fuel sources. Primary air may be controlled in varying amounts to both burner pipe and burner chamber. Nozzles may be angled with respect to burner pipe to provide supportive flame.

Abstract: An apparatus for obtaining rapid bonding of thermoplastic materials to themselves or other similar or different materials by means of a high velocity high temperature direct flame in combination with pressure. This achieves a sufficiently rapid treatment so that the properties of the materials are not substantially detrimentally affected. Thin laminates of highly oriented materials can be bonded without loss of strength characteristics.

Abstract: A combination gas and oil burner is disclosed for heating a radiant wall in a reforming furnace for petroleum refinery processes or the like to provide heat for radiation by the wall and in which oil, gas, or both fuels, may be employed, the burners being readily removable for inspection and maintenance, and in which operation can be effected with one fuel with the apparatus for the other fuel being removed without shutting down the operation, and with greater stability attained by surrounding the flame passageways with refractory faces.

Abstract: Means and method for burning gaseous waste mixtures utilizing multiple ejectors for the jet introduction of fuel gas and the induction of waste gas for mixing therewith prior to discharge into the combustion chamber. The combustion chamber has a low pressure zone defined therein at the point of introduction of the fuel mixture for a spreading and stabilization of the flame front. The introduced mixture also induces combustion air flow and generates turbulence to effect efficient combustion.

Abstract: A burner construction especially for gas turbine engines in which the combustion takes place in a plurality of small porous ceramic burner cans that are mounted on a flame tube and extend substantially at right angles to the tube with fuel nozzles at the end remote from the flame tube.

Abstract: A process for fire decontamination of industrial waste water containing organic and refractory mineral impurities, wherein into a reactor, in which there is maintained a temperature corresponding to the burning out temperature of organic impurities, there is fed a waste water containing organic impurities and fusible mineral impurities, in a sprayed state, so that during the burning out of organic impurities a film of melt of the fusible minerals impurities is formed on the reactor walls which flows therealong. Waste water containing organic and refractory mineral impurities is fed into this reactor in such a manner that during the burning out of organic impurities, the refractory mineral impurities penetrate in said film of melt of the fusible mineral impurities and discharged from the reactor along with this film.

Abstract: A gas mixer and reactor is provided which is especially suitable as a burner which includes an elongated gas flow chamber with a nozzle arrangement at its inlet end for passing a first gaseous reactant into the interior of the chamber toward the outlet from points uniformly about the inner periphery of the chamber, and an annular nozzle arrangement near the outlet of the gas flow chamber for directing another gaseous reactant or reactants through the outlet of the gas flow chamber and into a thermal reaction chamber which communicates with the outlet of the gas flow chamber. Also provided are processes utilizing the mixer and in particular a process for converting sulfur containing gas into sulfur.

Abstract: The invention discloses a low NO.sub.x emission burner for use with an apparatus in which the material or materials are heated by the heat radiated from the radiation surface which is heated by the combustion by the burners. The secondary air injection ports or outlets are so arranged as to inject the secondary air upon the radiation surface to control the combustion, thereby reducing the release of NO.sub.x without producing CO and soot.

Abstract: A cooking system includes a frypot comprising heat transfer walls which are spaced to facilitate cleaning of the frypot. Each heat transfer wall comprises a lower vertically extending portion and an upper outwardly curved portion shaped to cause wastes to flow to the bottom of the frypot. A plurality of burners are provided for maintaining combustion in zones adjacent to the vertically extending portions of the heat transfer walls. This causes heated products of combustion to flow upwardly along the vertically extending and outwardly extending portions of the heat transfer walls, whereby heat transfer is effected through the walls to cooking oil in the frypot. Each burner comprises two or more orifices for discharging mutually interacting gas jets and a target for deflecting the gas jets and entrained air toward the heat transfer walls and for reflecting heat into the combustion zone and through the heat transfer walls.