Abstract: An inshot-gas burner for gas burning furnaces and other gas burning appliances has a flame retention head at the outlet formed from porous ceramic foam with a central opening through which a flame may project. A velocity reducing insert is located within the mixing chamber of the burner for reducing the velocity of the mixture received by the head in the area spaced about the central openings so that the head is radiant in operation. The porosity of the foam is in the order of 20 to 60 pores per inch. When radiant, the head permits the burner to operate at higher primary aerations, and provides faster burning velocity and thus lower residence time, and additionally provides a lower maximum temperature and a stable quiet flame. This permits the burner to emit low amounts of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide without increasing the amount of carbon monoxide emissions.

Abstract: The disclosed cylinder for heat-treating a web is rotatable about a horizontal axis and is heated by one or multiple stationary infrared burners that extend all along the length of the cylinder, but which are limited to an arcuate extent, establishing a maximum cylinder heat output when the burner(s) is (are) supplied with air-fuel mixture at their maximum rate. Reduction of the air-fuel supply rate over a wide range allows the cylinder heat output to be reduced as the web processing speed is reduced. When the burner is divided into segments, the temperature profile along the cylinder; i.e., across the width of the web, can be regulated to adjust the moisture profile of the web. An exhaust manifold within and along the cylinder is configured so as to avoid any local accumulation of high-temperature exhaust.

Abstract: A fuel gas-fired premixed burner includes a flame strip having a plurality of through slots. Each slot includes a relatively narrow dimension portion that opens stepwise by means of a land into an outlet portion of a substantially constant relatively wide dimension. Under given conditions the burner flame stabilizes either at the outer end of the outlet portion (at a relatively high heat input range) or on the lands (at a relatively low heat input range) accompanied by reduction of the resonance tendency of the burner over those heat input ranges.

Abstract: Use is made in a drying and ironing machine having a rotary cylinder (10) of a pipe burner (18), which comprises a dense network of microperforations. Microflames mainly form in the microperforations and ensure a heating mainly in the infrared range. It is thus possible to orient the microflames towards that part of the cylinder (10) which is in contact with the linen or laundry. By placing the pipe burner (18) in the bottom of the cylinder and a combustion product recovery pipe in the top, there is a sweep (F2) of a part of the cylinder by the combustion products. Therefore the performance characteristics of the machine are improved and its manufacturing costs are reduced.

Abstract: A kerosene heater (1) having a pump assembly (106) which includes a piston (113) having a hollow bore (121) through which fuel (98) is routed to the hollow shaft of a fuel atomizer (27). The piston (113) is operated by a cam (117) machined into the shaft (114) of the heater motor (22). Mounted on the motor shaft (114) between the atomizer (27) and the pump assembly (106) is a novel fan (26) combining both low pitched outer blade portions (143) and high pitched vanes (146) near the hub (136) of the fan (26). The air flow near the periphery of the fan tends to be axial while the flow near the hub (136) tends to be turbulent and of lower velocity. A series of rear heads (32,33) downstream of the atomizer (27) tends to separate cooling and combustion air while preheating a portion of the air in the region of the atomizer (27).

Abstract: In a gas burner device having a first burner having a first fire hole formed therein and a second burner having a second fire hole arranged therein, the fire hole is disposed around the first fire hole of a first burner to straddle the first fire hole. The second burner has a common suction hole through which a fuel gas and primary air are supplied to the second fire hole independent of fuel gas and primary air supplied to the first burner.

Abstract: A fuel fired burner comprises a chamber for receiving a premixture of fuel and air. A wall of the chamber is in the form of a flamestrip provided with a plurality of elongate slots extending through the wall. Each slot has an inlet portion which converges to an end leading to a substantially constant dimension portion. The pitch of the slots along the chamber wall is P, the width of each slot is w, and the length of the constant dimension portion is L. The dimensions of the flamestrip are arranged such that L/w.gtoreq.10 and P/w.gtoreq.2. A burner including such an arrangement reduces the likelihood of resonant combustion noise being generated when enclosed within a heating appliance.

Abstract: A burner with a housing enclosing a combustion chamber and with an inlet for a gas/air fuel mixture and an outlet for combustion gas is disclosed. The combustion chamber is filled with a porous material whose porosity varies along the combustion chamber in such a way that the pore size increases in the direction of flow of the gas/air mixture so that a critical Peclet number for the pore size and accordingly for flame development results at a boundary surface or in a determined zone of the porous material, above which number a flame can develop and below which number the flame development is suppressed.

Abstract: This invention is an improved catalyst structure and its use in highly exothermic processes like catalytic combustion. This improved catalyst structure employs integral heat exchange in an array of longitudinally disposed adjacent reaction passage-ways or channels, which are either catalyst-coated or catalyst-free, wherein the configuration of the catalyst-coated channels differs from the non-catalyst channels such that, when applied in exothermic reaction processes, such as catalytic combustion, the desired reaction is promoted in the catalytic channels and substantially limited in the non-catalyst channels. The invention further comprises an improved reaction system and process for combustion of a fuel wherein catalytic combustion using a catalyst structure employing integral heat exchange, preferably the improved structures of the invention, affords a partially-combusted, gaseous product which is passed to a homogeneous combustion zone where complete combustion is promoted by means of a flameholder.

Abstract: Combustion apparatus comprising a combustion chamber, a forced draft mixer and burner assembly extending into the combustion chamber, the assembly including a mixing tube having an open end, an opposed closed end, and a generally cylindrical, foraminous side wall extending between the ends, and a plurality of generally circular disks supported in the tube in spaced-apart relation over the length of the tube, the diameters of the disks increasing in the direction from the open end to the closed end, a blower for supplying air to the to the open end of the mixing tube, and a heat exchanger located in the combustion chamber adjacent the mixer and burner assembly.

Abstract: This invention is both a partial combustion process in which the fuel is partially combusted using specific catalysts and catalytic structures and also a catalyst structure for use in the process. The choice of catalysts and supports solves problems in the art dealing with the stability of the overall catalyst structure and ease of catalyst operation. The catalyst structure is stable due to its comparatively low operating temperature, has a low temperature at which catalytic combustion begins, and yet is not susceptible to temperature "runaway". The combustion gas produced by the catalytic process typically is below the autocombustive temperature for the gas mixture; the gas may be used at that temperature, or fed to other combustion stages for ultimate use in a gas turbine, furnace, boiler, or the like.

Abstract: This invention is an improved catalyst structure and its use in highly exothermic processes like catalytic combustion. This improved catalyst structure employs integral heat exchange in an array of longitudinally disposed, adjacent reaction passage-ways or channels, which are either catalyst-coated or catalyst-free, wherein the configuration of the catalyst-coated channels differs from the non-catalyst channels such that, when applied in exothermic reaction processes, such as catalytic combustion, the desired reaction is promoted in the catalytic channels and substantially limited in the non-catalyst channels.

Abstract: An atmospheric reticulated ceramic foam burner which is retrofittable into existing residential heat exchanger designs has been developed to reduce NO.sub.x and CO emissions. It is operated in a blue flame or substantially radiant mode. The ceramic foam tile used is a three dimensional, web-like structure composed of ceramic struts and voids (or pores) which is permeable and rigid and can withstand the high temperatures found in domestic burners. The foam tile is positioned over a manifold, and is the outlet for the manifold. The manifold inlet is a venturi so that incoming gas is mixed with air in the correct range of proportions before passing through the foam. The pressures used, relative to tile porosity, are such that the gas-air mixture does not burn until it has passed all the way through the foam tile, resulting in a flame above the tile. Additional quantities of (secondary) air can be introduced around the burner to mix and burnout the products of combustion.

Abstract: A water heater having improved operating characteristics and lower costs of manufacturing is described. The water heater has an unified combustion chamber and burner construction with a ceramic fiber matrix burner.

Abstract: Photon generating devices produce predetermined radiation spectral output and heat for a variety of applications including lighting and electric power generation, and provide photons to enhance chemical and physical reactions. Such a device comprises an emitter which contains metal oxides, means to heat the emitter sufficiently to produce large number of photons of a desired spectral output, and an optical means for directing the photons to various targets. In one embodiment, the device includes a thermal input device, a light pipe having a low emissivity, and an emitter coating of superemitter material which is thermally stimulated to emit radiation of a specific wavelength above a threshold temperature. An intermediate layer may be used to bond the emitter coating to the light pipe or other optical device where desired.

Abstract: The present invention intends to provide a surface combustion burner which can permit high intensity combustion at the burner surface by preventing the occurrence of a lift phenomenon of flames due to whirling of air from the peripheral portion of the surface combustion burner. To this end, a mixing chamber positioned rearwardly of a porous member having its front surface constituting a combustion surface is divided by a partition wall into a first mixing chamber positioned at a central portion and a second mixing chamber positioned to surround the first mixing chamber so that fuel gas mixtures at different air ratios are supplied to the first and second mixing chambers, respectively, and/or the porous member having its front surface serving as the combustion surface has a resistance against the flow velocity of fuel gas mixture which is higher at a peripheral edge nearby region than at the remaining region.

Abstract: A water heater of simplified construction which incorporates a unique infrared gas burner performs with notable thermal efficiency and suppression of the combustion pollutants, nitrogen oxides. The upright cylindrical water tank of the new water heater is supported by a cylindrical metal skirt having the same diameter of the tank. A circular perforated ceramic plate is fitted transversely in the skirt to provide a combustion zone above it and a plenum for fuel gas and air below it. A venturi tube extends through the skirt into the plenum for the injection of gas and air. The flameless combustion occurring at the exit surface of the perforated plate makes it a radiant emitter of infrared energy aimed at the bottom of the water tank.

Abstract: A burner (1) is provided, comprising a primary mixture supply conduit (2) and a primary mixture chamber (6) connected with the supply conduit (2), the primary mixture chamber (6) having primary discharge openings (7) for discharging burning mixture into the space surrounding the burner (1). The burner (1), which may be made of a ceramic material, which may be made of a ceramic material, further comprises flame stabilizing means arranged near the primary discharge openings (7). The flame stabilizing means may be vortex strips (14) separating areas (16) of discharge openings (7), or they may be secondary discharge openings (5), discharging burning mixture from a secondary mixture chamber (3) near the primary discharge openings (7).

Abstract: A moldable central body for use in a catalytic burner has a generally rotational symmetry about a longitudinal axis. It provides a cover retaining surface for the cover of the unit; furnishes the bayonet pin for receiving the cover; carries spacers positioning itself within the outer casing; holds the wave member in position; holds the stem support in position, which, in turn, holds the valve seat; provides a pivot hole for the spoon pivot for a curling iron; is a seat and shoulder for the diaphragm; provides an inner surface to hold alignment members for the control stem; holds the seat for the spring for the control stem; and provides a barrel retaining surface for a curling iron barrel. The control stem of a regulation element moves axially within the central body.The central body can be molded of plastic as a single integral piece. Since this central body serves so many functions and, yet, can be molded as a single integral piece, it reduces the cost of manufacture of the burner of this invention.

Abstract: The invention relates to a radiant burner for boilers, consisting of a sheet metal support (1), with a gas feed line (3) leading to a gas inlet port (2) in the sheet metal support (1) and a curved burner surface (4) of wire cloth arranged at an opposite side of the sheet metal support. According to the invention, the burner surface (4) is of hemispherical shape and at least one similarly hemispherical gas distributor (5) of perforated sheet metal is arranged concentrically under the burner surface and is spaced therefrom at a distance (A) which is considerably smaller than the diameter (D) of the hemisphere of the burner surface (4) and is also affixed to the sheet metal support (1). The diameter (D.sub.1) of the gas inlet port (6) corresponds substantially to the diameter (D.sub.2) of the hemispherical gas distributor (5). Such a construction fulfills the requirements of a large gas inlet port, stability of the burner surface and good gas distribution over the burner surface.

Abstract: Discloses a heat-insulating structure for combustion equipment of such a type that a burner element of combustion equipment is insertedly disposed at an installation opening of thermal equipment such as a boiler, with a view to simplified structure and enhanced workability. In combustion equipment (B) having a burner element (20) insertedly disposed at the installation opening (1) of the thermal equipment (A) via the support frame (30) a thermal insulator (50) flush with the burner element (20) on the thermal equipment (A) side is disposed between the installation opening (1) and the outer side face of the support frame (30).

Abstract: A self-cleaning gas-fueled oven for cooking with a flameholder and door which permit self-cleaning at temperatures exceeding 900.degree. F. The flameholder has a grille divided into two opposed, substantially flat portions, each of which contains an array of ports of two distinct sizes. The smaller-sized ports are tapered, increasing in cross-sectional area in the direction of gas flow through the grille. The oven door has a lip extending substantially perpendicularly from the door's sidewalls so as to overlap the periphery of the door's inner panel.

Abstract: A heating unit (14) includes a flame holder (2) that has a plurality of randomly distributed pores and comprises at least about 50 wt % ceramic particles that have an emissivity of at least about 0.7. The heating unit (14) also has means for conveying a fuel/air mixture to the flame holder (2), means (18) for igniting the fuel/air mixture so it forms a flame in proximity to the flame holder, means (20) for transferring heat from the flame to a heat transfer medium, and means (26) for exhausting combustion products from the heating unit. A fuel/air mixture may be directed through the flame holder (2) and burned to form a flame in proximity to the flame holder such that the flame and flame holder interact to produce emissions of less than about 10 ng/J NO.sub.x.

Abstract: An infrared heater, especially for construction purposes or for animal brooders in which the air duct passes through the reflector on the side of a glow body turned away from the surface to be irradiated so that the air duct is heated by the glow body. Within the heated region of the air duct, a filter is provided which is heated to red heat, thereby pyralizing or burning off deposits and maintaining the filter free from obstruction for long periods.

Abstract: A water heater has a gas inlet (8) for a mixture of gas and air and an in for a fluid (2) to be heated. The gas-air mixture passes through a combustion chamber (11,18) which is at least partly surrounded by at least one fluid chamber (4,7) filled with the fluid (2). The exhaust gas leaving the combustion chamber(s) (11,18) passes through an exhaust gas heat exchanger together with the fluid (2). Here there are two combustion stages, the first (16) being a catalytic gap burner (11) and the second being a monolithic burner (18,19). Owing to the two-stage arrangement, about 80% of the combustion gas is burned in the combustion stage (16) while the remainder is consumed even at the low partial pressures in the second combustion stage (20) virtually without any residue, and especially without emission of NO.sub.x.

Abstract: An infra-red heater for treating substrates comprises a gas fired burner having a burner body with a plenum chamber divided by a baffle into an unbaffled upstream intake compartment and a baffled downstream intake compartment. A gas inlet communicates with the upstream intake compartment for supplying a fuel-gas mixture. A fiber matrix is located at the mouth or discharge end of the downstream intake compartment. The burner body includes peripheral side walls having downstream end portions which surround the matrix. The end portions and the matrix are outwardly tapered in the discharge direction.

Abstract: A burner for burning a combustible gas comprising fuel gas and air that has been mixed before being supplied to the burner. The burner has a flame holder concavely recessed into a flame outlet. The concave configuration of the flame holder focuses the individual flames on the combustion surface toward a central location where the individual flames interact with and reinforce one another in a direction axial to the burner. Thus very little heat is transmitted directly from the burner in a direction normal to the burner axis. This characteristic of the burner allows it to be used to fire a flue type heat exchangers where the walls of the heat exchanger are very close to the burner without excessive temperatures being produced in the heat exchanger walls adjacent the burner.

Abstract: A low calorific gas is burned without the need of mixing or burning it with a high calorific gas. The method includes introducing either combustion air or low calorific gas into the mixing chamber, introducing the remainder into the mixing chamber through the perforated nozzles such that it is injected in the radial direction at a high speed from the holes to effect the mixing of the two in the mixing chamber, and injecting the mixed gas into the combustion chamber through the nozzles of the refractory baffle. The stable combustion of a low calorific gas alone by the aid of combustion air without the need of diffusing it into the atmosphere or burning it together with an expensive high calorific gas or oxygen-enriched combustion air is thereby effected, which greatly contributes to energy saving and environmental protection.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for burning a mixture of natural gas and air in a ratio that is slightly fuel rich to slightly fuel lean with substantially minimal emission of gaseous pollutants containing nitrogen, hydrogen, or carbon. The mixture is provided along a predetermined path in a non-radiant burner and is ignited to provide a blue flame in a predetermined burning region. A refractory porous member located in the cool region adjacent to the upstream end of the burning region reduces the temperature of combustion slightly by scavenging a substantial fraction of the excess free radicals that are critical to the formation of nascent NO and its conversion to NO.sub.2 and the nitrogen acids. Typically the porosity in the porous member is about 92 to 97 percent and its thickness is such that it extends into the flame to a level at about 25 to 50 percent of the height of the flame. The mixture typically comprises about 80 to 120 percent theoretical air.

Abstract: A gaseous fuel burner and method in which a high-firing rate (blue/non-surface radiant) zone is created between two lower firing rate (red/surface radiant) combustion zones. The method of the invention can be achieved by selective perforation of porous sintered fiber mat burner surfaces to achieve improved burner performance and relatively low NO.sub.x emissions.

Abstract: Combustion methods and burners reduce the emission of pollutants such as CO and NO.sub.2 by promoting the completion of combustion reactions by at least temporarily separating ambient air from hot products of combustion.

Abstract: Air pollution from combustion of air/gas mixtures is reduced effectively and reliably at a porous burner providing flames with a downstream reaction zone where the ignition of the air/gas mixture initiates. The porous burner is loaded with the air/gas mixture sufficiently, such as at from 1000 to 2500 kWm.sup.-2 or 2200 to 5500 Btu/sqin-hr, to locate the downstream reaction zone at a downstream surface of the porous burner, while the air/gas mixture is provided with sufficient excess air, such as more than a quarter of excess air, for the flames to burn blue. In a typical combustion of that air/gas mixture, less than 20 ppm of NO.sub.x are produced. A related method loads the porous burner with the air/gas mixture at from 1000 to 2000 kWm.sup.-2 or 2200 to 4400 Btu/sqin-hr, while providing that air/gas mixture with more than about forty-five percent of excess air for the flames to burn blue. That combustion of the air/gas mixture including its excess air produces less than 10 ppm of NO.sub.x.

Abstract: A two stage, atmospherically supplied burner which produces reduced levels of NO.sub.x in applications such as residential water heaters or light commercial applications. A novel, perforated plate first stage burner is disclosed for first stage combustion. A variety of embodiments disclose various approaches to supplying atmospheric to support second stage combustion. A conventional first stage burner is also disclosed with modifications to achieve two-stage, atmospherically supplied combustion.

Abstract: An apparatus for controllably mixing air with a combustible gas to form a combustible mixture. The apparatus includes a housing having an internal gas mixing chamber in communication with an elongated narrow gas inlet throat which is formed by a pair of converging, smoothly curved walls. A gas injector manifold is disposed proximate the gas inlet throat and is arranged so that air flows around and about the injector as it is drawn into the inlet throat either by a fan or through aspiration. Due to the novel aerodynamic shape of the walls which form the gas inlet throat, the combustible gas is thoroughly and efficiently mixed with the air to produce a combustible mixture that burns efficiently with a minimum of harmful emissions being produced.

Abstract: A self-heating type catalytic combustion apparatus and method for igniting catalyst mass effectively within a short period of time and under a clean state and for realizing pleasant heating and having a long life-span of catalyst mass.

Abstract: In a burner plate having a multitude of fire holes each piercing through its thickness so as to effect a primary burning thereon with a high heat capacity, it is adapted to continuously differentiate a time period required for an air-fuel mixture gas to pass through the fire holes of the burner plate from a central portion toward an outer periphery of the burner plate.

Abstract: There is provided an improved radiant burner formed from a reticulated ceramic substrate. The porosity of the substrate is such as to permit combustible gas to pass therethrough. The substrate includes a plurality of intersecting grooves extending into one of its surfaces, thereby substantially eliminating cold spots on the radiant burner.

Abstract: A soldering tool has a tip including a dispersing cylinder contained therein to disperse a gas stream and has a plurality of cooling fins at two sides of intermediate tubes. A hollow mixing tube has a needle hole disk surrounded by a plurality of air orifices to communicate with the inside, and a rotatable knurled knob for adjusting gas flow. A circular valve seal, made of elastic material has a radial shallow slot and a hollow valve seat body that is connected to a gas tank via a flexible tube.

Abstract: An exothermic apparatus uses heat generated by the combustion of gas fuel or liquid fuel. The exothermic apparatus comprises a mixing section in which fuel gas and air are mixed with each other; and a casing disposed downstream of the mixing section and accommodating a combustion chamber. A fin provided in the combustion chamber is substantially parallel with the flow direction of mixed gas. A catalyst layer is in close contact with an inner surface of the combustion chamber and an outer surface of the fin. In this manner, fuel gas is efficiently brought in contact with the surface of the catalyst layer and the temperature of the catalyst is prevented from fluctuating even though heating quantity in an exothermic section changes. Thus, catalytic combustion can be reliably accomplished in the compact combustion chamber.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of a catalytic preburner for heating the pair from compressor discharge temperatures to above the light-off or extinction temperatures of a catalytic combustor. Such structures of this type, generally, eliminate the diffusion flame during steady-state operation and produce a preburner/catalytic combustor system capable of achieving less than 1 ppm NO.sub.x.

Abstract: An ignitor assembly for a gas combusting power furnace especially designed for both durability and ease of replacement. The ignitor assembly includes a generally elongated ignitor element and a tubular sleeve for slideably, removably mounting the ignitor element generally perpendicular to the burner plate assembly of the furnace. A retaining clip snapably holds the ignitor element within the sleeve. The transverse mounting of the ignitor relative to the burner plate places the ignitor element tip within the combustion plenum, but keeps the lead-in wires of the ignitor on the noncombustion side of the burner plate. The unique mounting arrangement of the ignitor assembly provides maintenance access to the ignitor element without the need to disassemble the burner assembly.

Abstract: A thermoelectric sensor assembly 1 for use with a flamestrip 9 in a fuel gas burner. The sensor assembly may be in the form of a probe 2 having temperature sensors 5a,b,c,d downstream of the flamestrip 9 in and adjacent the flame region, and temperature sensors 6a,b,c upstream of the flamestrip. A voltage output signal from the sensor assembly is used as an indication of the aeration of the flame and/or of flame establishment and/or flame failure and/or flame lightback.

Abstract: The reflectivity of a porous burner matrix is enhanced in order to enhance burner performance, capacity and capability. More specifically, a porous matrix is coated with a layer of a material, such as gold, having a higher reflectivity than the porous matrix by itself, and gas-flow pores of the porous matrix are preserved in that layer. A burner has a porous matrix and a porous coating on that porous matrix including a porous layer of a material, such as gold, having a higher reflectivity than the porous matrix by itself.

Abstract: The combustion apparatus is composed of: a porous burner component being made of a permeable metallic material and having a centrally located first region (11a, 11aa, 11ba, 11ca) where the fuel-air mixture is ejected and the red heat condition is formed on the surface of downstream side and having a second region (10b, 11ab, 11bb, 11cb) being located outside of the first region to recover heat from high temperature product gas coming from a combustion chamber, wherein the heat recovered in the second region is conducted to the first region; the combustion chamber (8) being located covering both the first region and the second region and enclosing these regions; a fuel-air mixture supply passage (7) to feed the fuel-air mixture into the central first region; and an exhaust passage (6) to lead the flue gas discharged from the second region to the exhaust opening (9), which exhaust passage is located adjacent to and outside of the fuel-air mixture supply passage and is separated by a separation wall (4) therefro

Abstract: A catalyst combustor is here disclosed which comprises a catalyst section for permitting the catalyst combustion of a fuel, a burner for preheating the catalyst section, a cross flow type heat exchanger for preheating air for combustion which is disposed in a combustion gas generated by the catalyst combustion, and a fan for feeding the air for combustion to the burner via the cross flow type heat exchanger.

Abstract: A premix gas burner for stoichiometric or lean mixtures of fuel gas has a mixing device and a pervious body adjacent to the mixing device. The pervious body is a flat burner plate or tube of a good heat conducting material and of sufficient thickness that the mixture is heated when passing through openings in the pervious body. The openings are preferably slits spaced from each other over at least four times the slit width, and the thickness of the metal plate or wall of the tube is preferably 2-5 mm.

Abstract: The combustion apparatus having a heat-recirculating function comprises: a porous burner component (4) being made of permeable metallic material and having a first region (4a) through which a fuel-air mixture flows and is ejected therefrom into the combustion chamber at a velocity higher than the burning velocity of the fuel-air mixture to form a flame base on the periphery of the fuel-air mixture ejection area and having a second region (4b) being located adjacent to and outside of the first region to recover heat from high temperature product gas generated from the combustion of the fuel-air mixtures by red-heating the surface of the second region on the combustion chamber side while the product gas is penetrating through the burner component (4), wherein the heat recovered in the second region is conducted to the first region; the combustion chamber (5) being located to cover both the first region (4a) and the second region (4b) and enclosing these regions, and a cylindrical wall (6) separating a fuel-air

Abstract: A burner having a first passageway for delivering a fuel/air mixture into a burner chamber is provided with an igniter spaced from the burner chamber and second and third passageways in fluid communication with the burner chamber and the igniter.

Abstract: A fuel-lean mixture burns in rows of flame ports each located between a pair of rows of flame ports burning a fuel-rich mixture. The fuel-rich flames support and stabilize the fuel-lean flames to stabilize combustion and to avoid flame liftoff and noise. The fuel-lean flames reduce the temperature of the overall flame, and thereby reduce the production of No.sub.x compounds produced by the burner. Stepwise and proportional burner control techniques are disclosed.

Abstract: A radiant emission system includes ceramic fiber support structure and an array of emitter fiber members that are mechanically interlocked with and project outwardly from a surface of the support structure with the free ends of the emitter members spaced from one another and from the support structure, and thermal excitation structure for flowing fuel through the passages and establishing a combustion condition at the surface to heat the emitter fiber members to thermally emissive temperature.