Abstract: A method of extending the droplet half-life of water droplets in a combustion furnace by increasing the relative humidity in the droplets' environment; thereby reducing the evaporation rate of the water from the droplet and increasing the half-life of the droplets in the droplets' environment.

Abstract: A method for augmenting the heat enthalpy of an emulsified alternate fuel. An atomizing medium containing produced solution gas is used to atomize the emulsified fuel and add to the heat content of the emulsified fuel enhancing combustion. Alternate embodiments include the use of other gaseous hydrocarbon material as the atomizing medium either utilized alone or mixed with air or steam.

Abstract: Systems for stabilizing combustion while minimizing NOx generation by using high-flame-speed additives to stabilize the flame front in combustors operating at relatively low temperatures and/or under oxygen constraints. The system is adapted for use in coal-fired boilers, oil-fired boilers, and gas turbine engines. The methods stabilize the flame front to permit stable combustion under an expanded range of part-load conditions. The system provides substantially complete combustion of coal in coal boilers resulting in ash saleable for use in concrete manufacturing.

Abstract: A combination of metal catalysts are independently introduced to a fuel oil to enhance and improve the combustibility of the fuel oil and to adjust in real time the ratio of the metal catalyst mixture to the quality and/or quantity of the fuel oil. This combination of ionic metal catalysts may also be utilized to improve a low grade fuel oil to a higher grade fuel source while reducing the pollutants and minimizing the fuel related damage potential to the engine. The primary combination of metals includes Platinum, Indium, Rhodium, Aluminum and Rhenium in an adjustable ratio, with the ratio being variable depending on the fuel source and quantity. Chemicals and catalysts selected are utilized as molecular ions whose decomposition results in the form most effective to combustion.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for accelerated aging of an automotive catalytic converter under conditions incorporating volatilized oil consumption.

Abstract: Methods and systems for reducing nitrogen oxides in combustion flue gas is provided. The method includes combusting a fuel in a main combustion zone such that a flow of combustion flue gas is generated wherein the combustion flue gas includes at least one nitrogen oxide species, establishing a fuel-rich zone, forming a plurality of reduced N-containing species in the fuel rich zone, injecting over-fire air into the combustion flue gas downstream of fuel rich zone, and controlling process parameters to provide conditions for the reduced N-containing species to react with the nitrogen oxides in the OFA zone to produce elemental nitrogen such that a concentration of nitrogen oxides is reduced.

Abstract: A method of controlling NOx emission from combustors. The method involves the controlled addition of a diluent such as nitrogen or water vapor, to a base fuel to reduce the flame temperature, thereby reducing NOx production. At the same time, a gas capable of enhancing flame stability and improving low temperature combustion characteristics, such as hydrogen, is added to the fuel mixture. The base fuel can be natural gas for use in industrial and power generation gas turbines and other burners. However, the method described herein is equally applicable to other common fuels such as coal gas, biomass-derived fuels and other common hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: The present invention provides a combustion apparatus for the production of carbon nanomaterials including fullerenes and fullerenic soot. Most generally the combustion apparatus comprises one or more inlets for introducing an oxygen-containing gas and a hydrocarbon fuel gas in the combustion system such that a flame can be established from the mixed gases, a droplet delivery apparatus for introducing droplets of a liquid hydrocarbon feedstock into the flame, and a collector apparatus for collecting condensable products containing carbon nanomaterials that are generated in the combustion system. The combustion system optionally has a reaction zone downstream of the flame. If this reaction zone is present the hydrocarbon feedstock can be introduced into the flame, the reaction zone or both.

Abstract: Disclosed is an apparatus for the combustion synthesis of carbon nanotubes characterized with the combustor having an oxidizing agent inlet, a fuel inlet and an inert gas inlet, such that the inverse diffusion flame occurs within the combustor, thereby producing carbon nanotubes without using vacuum, and a method for the combustion synthesis of carbon nanotubes using the same. According to the present invention, it is possible to directly collect samples including carbon nanotubes without oxidation and a substrate may be installed with ease. Moreover, the manufacturing cost can be lowered to a level suitable for mass production so that the carbon nanotube technology can be extended to various applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel feeding apparatus and method for improving the controllability of mixing process and mixing ratio of fuel and combustion air, and a combustion system and method for effecting new combustion properties. The fuel feeding apparatus of the combustion system has fuel feeding means, combustion gas extraction means, steam supply means, mixing means and fuel gas introduction means. The combustion gas extraction means extracts combustion gas of a combustion area therefrom. The mixing means mixes the fuel of fuel feeding means with at least one of combustion gas extracted from the furnace and steam of a steam generator. The fuel gas introduction means introduces a mixed fluid of combustion gas, steam and fuel to the combustion area as a fuel gas, and allows the fuel gas to be mixed with the combustion air.

Abstract: Residual fuels, as well as lighter distillate fuels, are combusted with greater efficiency by utilizing low concentrations of specific bimetallic or trimetallic fuel-borne catalysts. The catalysts reduce fouling of heat transfer surfaces by unburned carbon while limiting the amount of secondary additive ash which may itself cause overloading of particulate collector devices or emissions of toxic ultra fine particles when used in forms and quantities typically employed. By utilizing a fuel containing a fuel-soluble catalyst comprised of platinum and at least one additional metal comprising cerium and/or iron, production of pollutants of the type generated by incomplete combustion is reduced. Ultra low levels of nontoxic metal combustion catalysts are able to be employed for improved heat recovery and lower emissions of regulated pollutants.

Abstract: Process heaters operated with a burner that uses high-oxygen oxidant gas instead of air and that recirculates and entrains combustion gases, wherein oxidant gas is injected at an angle to the fuel nozzle.

Abstract: A process is provided for thoroughly destroying dilute gaseous waste materials produced in an industrial manufacturing process by blending the same with a hydrogen-containing enrichment fuel stream. The resulting blend includes a sufficient amount of hydrogen such that at least 80% of the dilute gaseous waste material is converted to carbon dioxide and water vapor upon combustion at a flare.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for generating superheated steam from industrial grade hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide and a combustible fluid are injected into a first part of the combustion chamber to form a reactant mixture. The reactant mixture is ignited, to allow for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the generation of superheated steam, which exits from a second part of the combustion chamber. An improved combustion efficiency is realized with the implementation of a flame holder.

Abstract: A miniature combustor comprising a combustion chamber having at least one critical dimension that is sub-centimeter. Combustion is confined within the chamber by injecting a liquid fuel as a film over substantially the entire area of the chamber walls. In a preferred embodiment, a swirl or vortex generator may be included at the entrance of the chamber to cause the in-flowing oxidizing gases to swirl within the chamber. The liquid fuel may be applied as a film through one or more orifices or a porous wall material, or may be applied by spraying the fuel on a surface within the chamber. The liquid fuel may be augmented with an inert liquid such as water.

Abstract: An improved flare burner for burning combustible gases in petroleum and petrochemical installations. A cylindrical shell has a closed bottom and an open top. A central opening in the bottom is connectable to a source of the gas to be burned. A plurality of linear steam/gas tubes is disposed within the shell, each tube extending to the open end of the shell and also extending through the shell bottom. A lower steam distribution sub-assembly below the shell bottom includes individual steam jets adjacent the ends of the tubes for educting air to the upper end of the tube. A pilot gas sub-assembly for igniting the flare gas is disposed within the shell. Gas to be burned is passed into the interior of the shell through the bottom opening and moves to the open end. Steam injected into the steam/air tubes educts air, and air and steam exit the tubes and mix with the gas to create a combustible mixture. The pilot light assembly provides an open flame which ignites the mixture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for delivering molybdenum from a lubricant source into a fuel combustion system or to the exhaust therefrom. By the present invention, molybdenum from the lubricant or the fuel will interact with phosphorus, sulfur, and/or lead from the combustion products. In this manner, the molybdenum scavenges or inactivates harmful materials which have migrated into the fuel or combustion products, and which can otherwise poison catalytic converters, sensors and/or automotive on-board diagnostic devices. The present invention can also lead to improved durability of exhaust after treatment systems.

Abstract: A process for burning a sulfur-containing fuel to produce a flue gas is disclosed. The process comprises introducing a sulfur-containing fuel into a combustion chamber, introducing an oxidant stream into the combustion chamber and mixing it with the sulfur-containing fuel to define a combustion zone, and introducing potassium carbonate into the combustion chamber. The sulfur-containing fuel is burned to produce the flue gas and potassium sulfate.

Abstract: An overfire air injector for use in a fossil fuel-fired combustion device includes a cylindrical nozzle having an outlet end formed with a step diffuser comprising one or more radial steps that enlarge the outlet end of the nozzle. An atomizer lance may be mounted within the nozzle, having a discharge orifice at the outlet end of the nozzle, for supplying a reducing agent to the overfire air to reduce NOx emissions.

Abstract: A NOx removal system for a furnace or boiler with an economizer has two separate ammonia injection grids (AIG) upstream of an SCR. A primary AIG is positioned adjacent the flue gas outlet of the economizer and upstream of an economizer bypass outlet. A secondary AIG is located within an economizer flue gas bypass. The separate AIGs permit a reduction in the overall length of the flue between the economizer and SCR, thereby reducing the NOx removal system footprint, cost and quantity of materials.

Abstract: A method for increasing combustion process and furnace efficiency and for reducing NOx formation, including the steps of: providing a furnace with a plurality of secondary air injection ducts, asymmetrically positioned in an opposing manner; injecting fuel with primary air through a first stage prior to injection of a second air; injecting secondary air through the plurality of reagent injection ducts; providing a staged combustion system including a furnace with asymmetrical injection ports introducing at least one reagent to the reactor by asymmetrical injection at predetermined, spaced apart locations; controlling the asymmetrical injection to produce a high velocity mass flow and a turbulence resulting in dispersion of the at least one reagent into the reaction system, wherein one of the at least one reagents is an NH3-producing compound; thereby providing increased reaction efficiency and reduced NOx formation in the combustion process.

Abstract: A combustion burner includes an air supply case connected to an air supply mouth a position at a position on the air supply case from a rear end part to a tip portion thereof, which supplies air from air supply equipment; a nozzle body attached so as to cover a tip portion of the air supply case, and having a jet nozzle formed in a center part of the nozzle body; a fuel nozzle in the nozzle body so as to supply air from the air supply case through an air jet hole, placed between the tip perimeter part of the fuel nozzle and the jet nozzle, having a frusto-conically shaped fuel supply passage, and which supplies air from a tip portion thereof; a plurality of air guide holes provided between an outer circumferential portion of the fuel nozzle and the nozzle body so as to supply air from the air jet hole in a spiral pattern; a fuel supply support member in the fuel supply passage, which supplies fuel from at least two fuel supply holes in an opposite spiral pattern from the tip end of the fuel nozzle; and at lea

Abstract: Multi-stage combustion technology combined with nitrogen-enriched air technology for controlling the combustion temperature and products to extend the maintenance and lifetime cycles of materials in contact with combustion products and to reduce pollutants while maintaining relatively high combustion and thermal cycle efficiencies. The first stage of combustion operates fuel rich where most of the heat of combustion is released by burning it with nitrogen-enriched air. Part of the energy in the combustion gases is used to perform work or to provide heat. The cooled combustion gases are reheated by additional stages of combustion until the last stage is at or near stoichiometric conditions. Additional energy is extracted from each stage to result in relatively high thermal cycle efficiency. The air is enriched with nitrogen using air separation technologies such as diffusion, permeable membrane, absorption, and cryogenics.

Abstract: A delivery system for generating a sparging gas containing catalyst particles and delivering them to a flame zone of a combustion reaction is disclosed. A catalyst mixture receptacle for the delivery system includes a floating ball check valve on an air inlet to an inlet tube of the receptacle which is spaced from a vertical wall of the receptacle. A secondary splash chamber having an opening smaller than the body of the chamber is also included between the main body of the receptacle and the sparging gas outlet for the receptacle to reduce the opportunity for catalyst mixture in liquid form to reach the sparging gas outlet. An enrichment circuit is disclosed including a controller, pump, and a one-way check valve for adding additional sparging gas to a flame zone of a combustion process in times of added load. The receptacle may be mounted with a vibrator, such as the pump, to increase the consistency of the bubbles in the sparging process.

Abstract: A combustion system for a gas turbine includes a steam reformer and a combustor connected in series. A portion of the incoming fuel is diverted to the steam reformer, the balance passing directly to the combustor. The effluent from the steam reformer, which effluent includes a significant amount of hydrogen, is combined with the unreformed fuel entering the combustor. The result is a hot combustion gas which contains very little NOx.

Abstract: A combustion burner comprises an air supply case connected to an air supply mouth formed at the rear end part to a tip portion thereof, supplying air from an air supply equipment; a nozzle body attached so as to cover a tip portion of the air supply case, having a jet nozzle formed in a center part of the nozzle body; a fuel nozzle installed into the nozzle body so as to supply air from the air supply case from the air jet hole, placed between the tip perimeter part of the fuel nozzle and the jet hole, having a fuel supply passage which is formed in the shape of a conical trapezoid and supplies air from a tip portion thereof; a plurality of air guide holes air guide holes provided between an outer circumferential portion of the fuel nozzle and the nozzle body so as to supply spiral air from the air jet hole; a fuel supply support member installed into the fuel supply passage and supplies fuel from at least two fuel supply holes at an opposite spiral air current from the tip end of the fuel nozzle; and at leas

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heating apparatus using thermal reaction of brown gas. After brown gas generated from a brown gas generator passes hexane liquid in a flame arrester, it is burnt in a brown gas burner located at a lower portion of a heating element. Heating members are installed in multi-stage inside a heating element body of a hollow form. The heating element body located at each stage includes vent holes and exhaust openings. A cover is disposed on the top of the heating element. The heating member located at the lower portion is heated by flame of the brown gas, and then also the heating member located at an upper portion is heated by flame of high temperature caused by the thermal reaction of the brown gas, which gradually heats the lower heating member. After all, the whole heating members are heated to emit a vast heat.

Abstract: A process for operating a combustion burner employing a combustion mixture of a carbonaceous fuel, hydrogen and a molecular oxygen-containing gas and at least one solid combustion catalyst is disclosed.

Abstract: Combustion method and apparatus for NOx reduction are capable of easily achieving NOx reduction to an exhaust NOx value of 30 ppm or under. The combustion method is to perform in combination a first NOx reduction step for suppressing generated NOx value to 60 ppm or under (at 0% O2 in exhaust gas, dry basis) by a low NOx burner, a second NOx reduction step for recirculating exhaust gas of the low NOx burner to a burning reaction zone formed by the low NOx burner, and a third NOx reduction step for adding water or steam to the burning reaction zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for delivering molybdenum from a lubricant source into a fuel combustion system or to the exhaust therefrom. By the present invention, molybdenum from the lubricant or the fuel will interact with phosphorus, sulfur, and/or lead from the combustion products. In this manner, the molybdenum scavenges or inactivates harmful materials which have migrated into the fuel or combustion products, and which can otherwise poison catalytic converters, sensors and/or automotive on-board diagnostic devices. The present invention can also lead to improved durability of exhaust after treatment systems.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for delivering manganese from a lubricant source into a fuel combustion system or to the exhaust therefrom. By the present invention, manganese from the lubricant will interact with phosphorus, sulfur, and/or lead from the combustion products. In this manner, the manganese scavenges or inactivates harmful materials which have migrated into the fuel or combustion products, and which can otherwise poison catalytic converters, sensors and/or automotive on-board diagnostic devices. The present invention can also lead to improved durability of exhaust after treatment systems.

Abstract: A method for protecting a SiO2 coating on defining surfaces of a combustion chamber and a combustion device containing the protection. Accordingly, an additive is introduced into the combustion chamber, which increases the SiO content of the exhaust gas, arising from a combustion process. The SiO content helps protect walls of the combustion chamber formed with the SiO2 coating.

Abstract: A system for reducing pollution components from a combustion process includes at least one burner modified in such a way so as to minimize production of at least one pollution component, an over fire air system which injects secondary air above the burner, a tempering system which injects a cooling fluid into a combustion zone of the burner so that the fluid is entrained to intersect an identifiable high pollutant component producing zone, a non-catalytic reduction system which injects a reagent into flue gases produced by the burner, and a targeted chemical injection system which injects a pollutant component reducing agent into a nearby turbulent combustion zone of the burner without a destruction of the agent by high temperatures, thus enabling the agent to be widely dispersed by the nearby turbulent zone before reaching a more distal zone where more favorable conditions for pollutant component reduction by the agent prevail.

Abstract: A burner having high peak temperatures in a first turbulent zone near the entry of fuel into the combustion region is altered so as to have a peak temperature that is below the temperature at which a chemical useful to remove a pollutant would dissociate or have its activity destroyed. While this peak temperature is reduced in the first zone, the chemical is injected therein. This zone's turbulence causes the chemical to be dispersed without being destroyed during its transit to reach a second distal zone where pollutants prevail in conditions favorable for their removal by the chemical. The chemicals can be delivered by way of a powder or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. The sizes of the droplets are selected so as to enable the chemically laden droplet to survive transit through the first zone so as to reach the second distal zone intact to treat polluting components.

Abstract: A non-catalytic process for reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in the combustion effluent of a stationary combustion apparatus is provided comprising contacting, in the combustion zone of the combustion apparatus, an effective amount of at least one nitrile compound with a waste stream, an auxiliary fuel stream, and air at a temperature sufficient to reduce the NOx emissions in the combustion effluent.

Abstract: A method of burning emulsion fuel oil, having the advantages of excellent combustion efficiency and fuel saving effect, by selectively burning only a portion having a better emulsification state among the emulsion fuel oil, including a fuel oil additive composition mixed with water using a circulating system. The emulsification state of the fuel oil is maintained at a predetermined level using the circulating system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a streamlined body for influencing the flow dynamics of a fluid, wherein the streamlined body at least partly corresponds to a rotationally symmetrical airfoil. A streamlined body of this kind can be used in a number of ways, for example as an impact member, as a flow regulator or as a heat exchanger. It also evens out and accelerates flows. It is used to particular advantage in a mixing and reaction chamber for burning fuels.

Abstract: Residual fuels, as well as lighter distillate fuels, are combusted with greater efficiency by utilizing low concentrations of specific bimetallic or trimetallic fuel-borne catalysts. The catalysts reduce fouling of heat transfer surfaces by unburned carbon while limiting the amount of secondary additive ash which may itself cause overloading of particulate collector devices or emissions of toxic ultra fine particles when used in forms and quantities typically employed. By utilizing a fuel containing a fuel-soluble catalyst comprised of platinum and at least one additional metal comprising cerium and/or iron, production of pollutants of the type generated by incomplete combustion is reduced. Ultra low levels of nontoxic metal combustion catalysts are able to be employed for improved heat recovery and lower emissions of regulated pollutants.

Abstract: A method of improving fuel efficiency in combustion chambers enhances combustion of hydrocarbon fuels by introducing into the flame zone of a combustion chamber a gold compound which vaporizes and ionizes in the flame of the combusting fuel while being held by gases in the flame zone prior to and during the combustion of the fuel.

Abstract: An additive to a flame reaction forms noncorrosive deposits on cooler metal surfaces, which deposits are more stable than Na2SO4 or K2SO4. By adding molybdenum salts to the flame, an alkali polymolybdate is produced on the cooler metal surface and corrosion is inhibited. Deposition appears to closely reflect the relative thermodynamic stabilities of these salts. The flame processes all chemical molybdenum salt precursors as equivalent sources of molybdenum. The level of molybdenum required is equal to 2 times or more that of the alkali on an atomic basis in the flame environment. The nature of the fuel purity and possible alkali reduction schemes invoked will control the actual quantity and mixing method of the additive. The additive may be directly mixed into the fuel or injected into the burned gas regions of the combustor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for controlling or removing mercury, mercury compounds and high molecular weight organics, if present, from a resource recovery exhaust stream by separately adding a carbonaceous char to the flue gas while it is still within the unit. The char can be produced in situ by adding a carbonaceous material and allowing it to thermally decompose.

Abstract: A combustion burner includes a nozzle body formed in the shape of a pipe having an jet hole and a fuel nozzle installed into the nozzle body including an air jet hole, and having a fuel supply passage supplies fuel from the tip portion of the fuel nozzle. The combustion burner further includes an air supply case which conducts air to the air jet hole. A mixing device is installed into the air supply case so that water and oil including light oil, heavy oil and the like are mixed by a simple mixer while flowing towards the fuel nozzle, and mixed fuel is burned at lower cost without dissociation or the need for expensive equipment.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process of cooking foods using a hydro-fuel to produce super heated in-situ steam. The hydro-fuel is propelled at a regulated flow rate into a pre-heating tube situated near a burner that is used in cooking, but also heats the tube. The pre-heating hydro-fuel is mixed with air in a mixing chamber to form a fuel-air mixture that is then transported to a burner tip on the burner. The fuel-air mixture is ignited at said burner tip to cause combustion producing the release of hot gases and in-situ steam that rise to cook food supported above said burner.

Abstract: A method for protecting a SiO2 coating on defining surfaces of a combustion chamber and a combustion device containing the protection. Accordingly, an additive is introduced into the combustion chamber, which increases the SiO content of the exhaust gas, arising from a combustion process. The SiO content helps protect walls of the combustion chamber formed with the SiO2 coating.

Abstract: A combustion method and burner system are disclosed herein. The burner system comprises: a fuel manifold comprising a housing, the housing defining an interior area comprising a chamber. The burner system comprises a set of injectors for injecting a fuel from the chamber into a stream of air to pre-mix the fuel and the air, the set of injectors disposed radially inward from the fuel manifold. The system includes a refractory located downstream of the fuel manifold, the refractory to shape a flame and the refractory comprising a plurality of channels for at least one of introducing air and combustion product into a combustion chamber, the combustion chamber located downstream of the refractory. The system can also include steam and/or water injection.

Abstract: Apparatus for reducing the total pressure of a compressible fluid fuel. The apparatus includes at least two closely spaced apart constant enthalpy expansion sections, each section having at least one orifice, the orifices in adjacent sections being noncoaxial. The pressure reduction lowers flow velocity when mixed with the air to below the flame speed to promote ignition and stable combustion.

Abstract: A device for supplying one or more arrays (1, 2) of burners (3), in which each burner (3) comprises at least one fuel inlet line (302) and at least one comburent agent inlet line (301). The said lines (302, 301) of the burners (3) are connected upstream respectively to at least one fuel supply duct (13) and to at least one comburent agent supply duct (9), and means (10, 11, 13, 16) are provided for monitoring and controlling the flows of fuel and comburent agent in these supply ducts. These means are operationally connected to at least one central unit (17) for controlling the distribution of the said flows to the arrays (1, 2) of burners (3)A device for supplying one or more arrays (1, 2) of burners (3).

Abstract: While silicon-containing ceramics or ceramic composites are prone to material loss in combustion gas environments, this invention introduces a method to prevent or greatly reduce the thickness loss by injecting directly an effective amount, generally in the part per million level, of silicon or silicon-containing compounds into the combustion gases.

Abstract: A method for treating combustible wastes comprises the steps of: carbonizing combustible wastes to produce carbonized products and a combustible gas; contacting an exhaust gas from a process with said carbonized products to purify the exhaust gas; and recovering the carbonized products in the exhaust gas. The carbonizing is carried out at a temperature of 400° C. or higher.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for reducing the acidic pollutant emissions, in particular the sulfur trioxide emission, of industrial installations with at least one burner for the combustion of liquid fossil fuels. In particular, the invention relates to flue gas neutralization in the combustion of heavy oils. According to the invention, it is proposed that, before the combustion, an emulsion of the fuel with a solution of a magnesium-containing active ingredient or a magnesium compound is formed, and led into the burner.