Abstract: A method for determining a parameter representative of a quantity of hydrocarbon-containing compounds present in free form within a sedimentary rock, wherein a first sample representative of the sedimentary rock is obtained and a second sample which is representative of isolated total organic matter in the sedimentary rock is obtained by eliminating a free mineral portion part of the second sample. Each of the samples are processed according to steps comprising heating the sample according to a first heating sequence under an inert atmosphere, and continuously measuring a representative quantity of the hydrocarbon-containing compounds released during at least a part of the first heating sequence. A representative quantity of CO and a representative quantity of CO2 released during a second heating sequence is measured. The parameter representative of the quantity of hydrocarbon-containing compounds present in free form within the sedimentary rock from the first and second samples is determined.

Abstract: A total organic carbon measuring device comprises: a sample supply unit that collects and supplies sample water; an oxidative decomposition unit that is connected to the sample supply unit and oxidizes organic matter contained in the sample water supplied from the sample supply unit to carbon dioxide; a carbon dioxide separation unit that transfers carbon dioxide from the sample water that has passed through the oxidative decomposition unit to measurement water consisting of deionized water; a conductivity measuring unit that measures the conductivity of the measurement water flowing from the carbon dioxide separation unit; and an arithmetic processing unit that calculates the TOC concentration of the sample water from a measured value obtained by the conductivity measuring unit.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for a method and system configured effective to detect a defect in a sample including graphene. An example method may include receiving a sample, where the sample may include at least some graphene and at least some defects in the graphene. The method may further include exposing the sample to a gas under sufficient reaction conditions to produce a marked sample, where the marked sample may include marks bonded to at least some of the defects. The method may further include placing the marked sample in a detector system. The method may also include detecting at least some of the marks with the detector system.

Abstract: A method of analyzing graphene includes providing a first graphene structure including graphene having grains and grain boundaries, and a support portion for supporting the graphene, generating a second graphene structure by oxidizing the first graphene structure, and detecting a shape of the graphene.

Abstract: The present disclosure identifies methods and compositions for modifying photoautotrophic organisms as hosts, such that the organisms efficiently convert carbon dioxide and light into n-alkanes, and in particular the use of such organisms for the commercial production of n-alkanes and related molecules.

Abstract: A method for monitoring the concentration of water borne substances in an aqueous medium, by introducing a defined amount of the aqueous medium into a gas circulatory system of an analytical apparatus which extends through a high temperature reaction chamber and a measuring chamber. The introducing of the aqueous medium occurs upstream of the high temperature reaction chamber or into it. The aqueous medium is evaporated in the high temperature reaction chamber, the water borne substance with at least one reaction partner in the high temperature reaction chamber reacts to a gaseous reaction product, and a current value of a measured variable is registered, which is a function of the concentration of the chemical species of the reaction product in the gas circulatory system.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for recycling silica waste and a method for preparing nanoporous material and other valuable silica materials. More specifically, a method for preparing a nanoporous material by recycling silica-containing waste produced from a silica etching process in the synthesis of nanoporous carbon is provided. The present disclosure allows recycling of silica waste in an effective and environment-friendly manner, reduction of consumption of chemical materials, and reduction of chemical waste. Accordingly, the present disclosure enables effective preparation of various valuable nanoporous silica and other silica materials from silica waste released for production of various nanoporous materials.

Abstract: A method of analyzing graphene includes providing a first graphene structure including graphene having grains and grain boundaries, and a support portion for supporting the graphene, generating a second graphene structure by oxidizing the first graphene structure, and detecting a shape of the graphene.

Abstract: A method for analyzing molecular pollutants of a fluid. From a calibrated flow of fluid, a combination of a measurement of a total amount of molecular pollutants and a determination of chemical compositions and relative amounts of the molecular pollutants by adsorption on materials is carried out. The determination of the chemical compositions and relative amounts advantageously occur after a threshold value for the total measured amount is exceeded.

Abstract: Methods and processes for quantitatively determining the ratio of the metallic to semiconductor tubes in the sample single-wall carbon nanotubes is provided. The single-walled carbon nanotubes can be sonicated to debundle the bulk material. The debundled SWNTs can be coated with a polymer, such as sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SDPS), and the coated SWNTs can be deposited on a substrate. The total number of tubes can be determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The semiconducting nanotubes can be determined by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The combination of photoluminescence and AFM measurements provides a quantitative ratio of the metallic to semiconductor tubes in the sample.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for quantitatively analyzing a functional group on the surface of a solid material. The functional group is carboxylic group while the solid material is carbon nano-tubes. The carboxylic group reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate, thus turning the carboxylic groups into sodium carboxylate while consuming the sodium ions in the solution. The carbon nano-tubes are separated from the sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The number of the sodium ions before and after the reaction is analyzed. Moreover, the sodium carboxylate carried on the reacted carbon nano-tubes with reacts with hydrochloric acid solution, thus dissolving the sodium ions in the hydrochloric acid solution. The carbon nanotubes are separated from from the hydrochloric acid solution. The amount of the sodium ions is analyzed before and after the reaction in the hydrochloric acid solution.

Abstract: A method for evaluating the caking property of sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles, characterized in that sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles are hermetically sealed in a packaging material having a water vapor transmission rate of at least 3 g/(m2·24 h) (at 40° C. with a relative humidity difference of 90%) as stipulated in JIS K7129 and left at rest at a temperature of from 17 to 35° C. at a carbon dioxide gas concentration of from 0.03 to 0.05 vol % at a relative humidity of from 40 to 95% for from 2 weeks to 3 months, and the proportion of agglomerated sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles is determined to evaluate the caking tendency. A novel test method for evaluating the caking property of sodium hydrogencarbonate crystal particles, capable of providing results of the caking property test with high reproducibility, quantitatively with high versatility, can be provided.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for a method and system configured effective to detect a defect in a sample including graphene. An example method may include receiving a sample, where the sample may include at least some graphene and at least some defects in the graphene. The method may further include exposing the sample to a gas under sufficient reaction conditions to produce a marked sample, where the marked sample may include marks bonded to at least some of the defects. The method may further include placing the marked sample in a detector system. The method may also include detecting at least some of the marks with the detector system.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided that utilize measured isotopic abundance data to correlate a product to the synthesis process by which it was made. By utilizing the principles described herein, isotopic process profiles for synthetic products can be constructed, products of unknown origin can be inferentially identified to the processes by which they were made, and synthesis processes can be monitored for consistency of process parameters.

Abstract: An isotope-doped nano-structure is provided. The isotope-doped nano-structure includes at least one isotope-doped nano-structure segment having at least two isotopes of the element. The at least two isotopes of the element are mixed uniformly in a certain proportion. The isotope-doped nano-structure can be used for isotope labeling one type of the unlabeled structures such as DNAs, proteins, glucoses, gluconic acids, starches, biotin enzymes, sorbitols, or organic amines. An isotope labeled structure is also provided.

Abstract: An apparatus (10) for evaluating a liquid hydrocarbon to determine the propensity for coke formation comprising an injector (12), a supply of air (14) arranged to supply air to the injector (12) and a supply of liquid hydrocarbon (16) arranged to supply liquid hydrocarbon to the injector (12). The injector (12) is arranged to atomise the liquid hydrocarbon and to supply the air and atomised liquid hydrocarbon into a chamber (18) and the chamber (18) is arranged to supply atomised liquid hydrocarbon and air to a test pipe (20) and a heater (22) is arranged to heat the test pipe (20). The test pipe (20) is pivotably mounted on a frame (28) such that the orientation of the test pipe (20) relative to the frame (28) is variable. The apparatus (10) is able to simulate conditions within a vent pipe of a lubricant system of an aero gas turbine engine.

Abstract: An isotope-doped nano-structure of an element is provided. The isotope-doped nano-structure includes at least one isotope-doped nano-structure segment having at least two isotopes of the element, and the at least two isotopes of the element are mixed uniformly in a certain proportion. The present disclosure also provides a method for making the isotope-doped nano-structures, and a labeling method using the isotope-doped nano-structures.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are directed to a reagent that includes an effective amount of an adsorber to remove interfering species present during heavy metal level measurement in a fluid sample. In some examples, the reagent can include an effective amount of an adsorber to remove a suitable amount of glutathione from the fluid sample such that the glutathione does not interfere with measurements of lead levels in the fluid sample.

Abstract: A particle sensor is provided having a first temperature sensing device having a sensing surface exposed to particles contained within a fluid. The sensing surface is at least partially coated with a catalyst for promoting an exothermic reaction with at least a portion of the particles. The particle sensor also has a second temperature sensing device positioned at a location substantially thermally isolated from thermal energy generated by the exothermic reaction.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: A particle sensor is provided having a first temperature sensing device having a sensing surface exposed to particles contained within a fluid. The sensing surface is at least partially coated with a catalyst for promoting an exothermic reaction with at least a portion of the particles. The particle sensor also has a second temperature sensing device positioned at a location substantially thermally isolated from thermal energy generated by the exothermic reaction.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for recycling silica waste and a method for preparing nanoporous material and other valuable silica materials. More specifically, a method for preparing a nanoporous material by recycling silica-containing waste produced from a silica etching process in the synthesis of nanoporous carbon is provided. The present disclosure allows recycling of silica waste in an effective and environment-friendly manner, reduction of consumption of chemical materials, and reduction of chemical waste. Accordingly, the present disclosure enables effective preparation of various valuable nanoporous silica and other silica materials from silica waste released for production of various nanoporous materials.

Abstract: Methods to radiolabel natural organic matter by reduction with a hydrogen labeled reducing agent, and compositions, are provided.

Abstract: A method for analyzing molecular pollutants of a fluid. From a calibrated flow of fluid, a combination of a measurement of a total amount of molecular pollutants and a determination of chemical compositions and relative amounts of the molecular pollutants by adsorption on materials is carried out. The determination of the chemical compositions and relative amounts advantageously occur after a threshold value for the total measured amount is exceeded.

Abstract: An isotope-doped nano-structure of an element is provided. The isotope-doped nano-structure includes at least one isotope-doped nano-structure segment having at least two isotopes of the element, and the at least two isotopes of the element are mixed uniformly in a certain proportion. The present disclosure also provides a method for making the isotope-doped nano-structures, and a labeling method using the isotope-doped nano-structures.

Abstract: Methods of characterizing and producing compositions with negative ?13C values are provided. Aspects of the invention include characterizing source materials and process products. Aspects of the invention also include compositions that contain carbon with negative ?13C values. Methods and techniques are provided for confirming that a given composition contains substances sequestered from a particular source e.g., fossil fuels.

Abstract: An apparatus which comprises: an organic-substance oxidation part in which organic substances contained in a sample water supplied are oxidized into carbon dioxide; a carbon dioxide separation part in which the carbon dioxide contained in the sample water is caused to permeate and come into a measurement water; and a conductivity measurement part in which the conductivity of the measurement water is measured. The carbon dioxide separation part comprises: a sample water channel in which sample water flows; an intermediate water part in which intermediate water having a higher pH value in a neutral region than the sample water is present; and a measurement water channel through which the measurement water comprising deionized water flows. The sample water channel is in contact with the intermediate water part through a gas-permeable membrane, and the intermediate water part is in contact with the measurement water channel through a gas-permeable membrane.

Abstract: A method for determining the phytolithic organic carbon yield of a plant type at a location or region comprising: a) taking a sample of a plant type growing in the location or region; b) quantifying phytolithic organic carbon in the sample; c) quantifying a total biomass of the plant type growing at the location or region; and d) determining a total amount of phytolithic organic carbon for the total biomass of the plant type at the location or region.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a method for determining a source of carbon feed used in manufacturing product produced from the carbon feed. The invention further provides a method for tracking products, particularly MTO products, derived from a particular carbon feed. In general, the method involves a variety of steps that include one or more of determining, comparing, inventorying, and tracking the 13C:12C ratio (or HD:H2 ratio) of the product that is being tracked to the measured or predetermined 13C:12C ratio (or HD:H2 ratio) of the feed used to make the product.

Abstract: Provided in one embodiment is a method of charactering a fly ash composition, comprising determining a reactivity of the fly ash composition in a solution. The applicability of the findings to low water-to-solid ratios for the process of geopolymerization for the relationship between the amounts of fly ash reacted, and the compressive strength of a geopolymer cement is also described.

Abstract: Provided herein are pharmaceutically acceptable sodium thiosulfate and pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also provided herein are methods for determining the total non-purgable organic carbon in a sodium thiosulfate-containing sample. Further provided herein are methods for producing pharmaceutically acceptable sodium thiosulfate. Still further provided herein are methods of treatment comprising the administration of pharmaceutically acceptable sodium thiosulfate.

Abstract: One subject of the present invention is a transparent solid support coated with at least one layer of metal and with at least one layer of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), especially tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) in order to form a solid support that can be used at the same time or independently for detection by SPR and by an electrochemical method. The invention comprises a process for producing such supports, especially by cathode sputtering using a device comprising a radiofrequency (RF) generator, this device also being included in the invention. Another subject of the invention is a kit and a method for detection or identification of an organic or mineral compound by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and/or electrochemical plasmon resonance comprising or using such supports.

Abstract: Non-cementitious CO2 sequestering compositions are provided. The compositions of the invention include a CO2 sequestering additive, e.g., a CO2 sequestering carbonate composition. Additional aspects of the invention include methods of making and using the non-cementitious CO2 sequestering compositions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and method for measuring carbon (any one or all of TC, TOC, or TIC) in a sample matrix. In an embodiment, a method for measuring carbon in a sample composition is provided. The method comprises providing an apparatus comprising a reaction chamber and a diamond coated electrode, wherein the diamond coated electrode is doped with boron. The apparatus further comprises a detector. In addition, the method comprises contacting the sample composition with the electrode. The method further comprises applying an alternating current to the electrode at a sufficient voltage to produce carbon dioxide. Moreover, the method comprises measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Abstract: Process for evaluating the coke and/or bitumen yield and quality of a plurality of refinery feedstocks, by (i) providing a plurality of refinery feedstocks, (ii) placing a sample of each of the plurality of refinery feedstocks on a heating device, (iii) heating each sample under vacuum to a temperature in the range 300° C. to 420° C. using the respective heating device while measuring the weight loss of the sample, and then (iv) (a) measuring the bitumen quality of the vacuum residues formed, and/or (b)(i) heating the vacuum residues to a temperature in the range 450° C. to 600° C. using the heating device, while measuring the weight loss of the sample, and then (ii) measuring the coke quality of the products formed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of specifying a batch, lot, or shipment of particulate material by using at least one interfacial potential property value to specify the batch, lot, or shipment of particulate material. A method of representing a grade, brand, or type of particulate material is also disclosed. At least one morphological value and/or chemical value may also be included. The values can be included on a product specification sheet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of selecting and/or developing particulate material for a composition comprising the particulate material and a matrix by using at least one homogeneous interaction parameter alone or in combination with at least one heterogeneous interaction parameter. These parameters may comprise at least one interfacial potential property value, at least one value derived from an interfacial potential property value, at least one component of an interfacial potential property value, or combinations thereof for a particulate material and for the matrix. Process and performance maps, as well as methods for mapping, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of providing product consistency of a particulate material or the product containing the same, by measuring and/or analyzing at least one interfacial potential property value of the particulate material. The method may be used as a QA/QC method to insure product consistency.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for measuring the concentrations of organic and inorganic carbon, or of other materials, in aqueous samples are described, together with related, specially adapted components and sub-assemblies and related control, operational and monitoring systems.

Abstract: A liquid analyser has a reactor portion and an associated measurement portion. A sample pump is operable to deliver a liquid sample to a reactor vessel. A base pump supplies a base solution to the reactor vessel. An ozone generator supplies ozone to the reactor vessel. The liquid sample is oxidised in the reactor vessel by means of hydroxyl radicals which are generated using the base solution and ozone to reduce complex components of the liquid sample to their lowest state in solution. The oxidised sample solution is delivered to an optical detector in the measurement portion to determine the concentration of one or more selected materials such as nitrogen, phosphorous or a heavy metal in the oxidised sample solution.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus (FIG. 4a) are disclosed for selective and very sensitive detection of certain hydrolyzable compounds, especially urea, in water by hydrolyzing said hydrolyzable compounds in a sample of the water to one or more carbon dioxide group compounds and determining the difference in the carbon dioxide content of the water and the hydrolyzed sample using conductivity measurements or other carbon dioxide detector outputs.

Abstract: This invention relates to a micro cartridge and to a method of using the micro cartridge to sample and extract components of interest from a gas or a liquid. The cartridge contains a sorbent and has passages through which a pressure drop can be created to permit access between the gas or liquid and the sorbent. The micro cartridge is elongated and has one pointed end to fit into the injection port of a suitable analysis instrument where the components of interest are desorbed. The cartridge has two ends that are covered by removable closures and preferably has a diameter of less than 1 millimeter. The cartridge can be used with micro machine components and components made using nano technology.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of imaging structures and features using plasmonic emissions from metallic surfaces caused by chemiluminescence based chemical and biological reactions wherein imaging of the reactions is enhanced by the use of microwave energy and further enhanced by using metallic geometric structures for spatially and temporally controlling the biological and chemical reactions.

Abstract: A system for quantitatively reducing oxide gases. A pre-selected amount of zinc is provided in a vial. A tube is provided in the vial. The zinc and the tube are separated. A pre-selected amount of a catalyst is provided in the tube. Oxide gases are injected into the vial. The vial, tube, zinc, catalyst, and the oxide gases are cryogenically cooled. At least a portion of the vial, tube, zinc, catalyst, and oxide gases are heated.

Abstract: A microplate assembly comprising a multi-well microplate and a plurality of reagent wells proximal the multi-wells. The microplate includes a frame that houses a plurality of open wells in a rectangular array. Reagent wells mounted within the microplate to react with the contents of the open wells during a g-force acting upon the microplate. The open wells function as a vessel for liquid samples that occupy predetermined spaces within the interior volumes. Each liquid sample remains within its predetermined space for all orientations of the microplate assembly.

Abstract: This invention relates to a micro cartridge and to a method of using the micro cartridge to sample and extract components of interest from a gas or a liquid. The cartridge contains a sorbent and has passages through which a pressure drop can be created to permit access between the gas or liquid and the sorbent. The micro cartridge is elongated and has one pointed end to fit into the injection port of a suitable analysis instrument where the components of interest are desorbed. The cartridge has two ends that are covered by removable closures and preferably has a diameter of less than 1 millimeter. The cartridge can be used with micro machine components and components made using nano technology.