Abstract: The invention includes an apparatus for mounting a photovoltaic (PV) module on a structure where the apparatus includes a base portion, a stud portion, and a coupling portion. The coupling portion includes a male portion that acts as a spring under load and a clip portion that penetrates the PV module frame to create a grounding bond. The apparatus includes a lower jaw, shaped to pry open a groove, and a key portion that can compress to allow for tolerances. The invention further includes a clip with one or more tabs and one or more teeth. The invention further includes a replacement roof tile which includes a support structure with a horizontal flange, a vertical component, a horizontal component, a flashing with an upper surface and a lower surface, and a tile-shaped metal surface having a curvilinear shape that reflects the shapes of adjacent tiles.

Abstract: An adjustable mounting system for mounting solar panels on roofs is disclosed. The system allows a user to mount the solar panels either with or without rails. The mounting assemblies are adjustable to allow the user to mount a base plate in a chosen location (either on a roof joist or other structural member or not) and to adjust the mounting location for the panel in as many as three axis of adjustment from the location of the base plate. A system for mounting and grounding the panels at the same time is also disclosed.

Abstract: A magnetic connector system having a durable and reliable construction and a reduced height while maintaining sufficient holding strength. A connector insert may utilize a crimping piece to crimp a braiding of a cable. The crimping piece may be fixed to an attraction plate and a board in the insert for mechanical reliability. Retention clips may be used to fix a shell to the attraction plate. A connector receptacle may employ a magnetically conductive label to improve holding strength.

Abstract: The invention concerns an electronic device, method for assembling components of an electronic device and a flexible cap for facilitating assembly of an electronic component of an electronic device. The electronic device has a housing and at least one male connection portion for providing a detachable connection of the electronic device to a female snap, and where the male connection portion comprises an elongate stud. An end portion of said stud is adapted to receive a flexible cap of a conductive sheet material having a top surface to fit on the top of the stud and at least two side elements, The side elements are formed as legs joined to the top surface by a first bend of the sheet material and are aligned generally along the wall of the end portion of the stud. An electrical connection and a mechanical lock between the end portion and the printed circuit board is created by flexible deformation of the side members when sliding the cap and the end portion through an aperture in the printed circuit board.

Abstract: Provided is an electrical connector without making the manufacturing process complicated and without increasing the size and the manufacturing cost, wherein, an electrical connector includes a holddown attached to a body part of a second insulating housing and fixed to a circuit board P. The holddown is formed of a single metal sheet, and includes a held part held by body part, leg parts extending from the held part, protruding from opposed faces facing the circuit board of the body part placed on the circuit board, and being fixed to the circuit board, and an extension part extending from the held part in a direction parallel to a direction in which a counterpart connector is engaged.

Abstract: A float plate for a connector interface includes: at least one substantially planar body panel; at least one opening in the body panel, the opening having a perimeter; and a plurality of fingers extending from the perimeter of the opening within a plane defined by the body panel, each finger extending from the perimeter at an oblique angle to a diameter of the opening originating at a fixed end of the finger.

Abstract: An electronic connector includes a body and a fixing member penetrating through the body. A fastening section of the fixing member is inserted in the body, and an extending section of the fixing member protrudes from the body. The fastening section withstands a block portion of the body toward the extending section inside the body. In this way, when the electronic connector is assembled with a circuit board, the body of the electronic connector is fixed to the circuit board by the fastening section of the fixing member, for avoiding the body separating from the fixing member.

Abstract: A planar body is configured such that its edges engage the sidewall of a via of a device under test to create point electrical contacts and the planar body resists removal of the planar body from the via after insertion. The edges of the planar body may include barbs that create point electrical contacts and resist removal of the planar body from the via after insertion. The end of the body that is inserted into the via may form a tapered tip to facilitate insertion. The end of the planar body that is inserted into the via may include barbs that resist removal of the planar body from the via after insertion. The edges of the planar body may include stops that prevent further insertion of the planar body into the via beyond the stops.

Abstract: In order to avoid cost for accommodating a shield wire in a housing while bending, and smoothly and readily accommodate within the housing while the shield electric wire is insulated, a conductive housing 1 including a rear wall 4 continuing to an annular wall 3, and a tube wall 5 continuing to down the rear wall 4, a method comprising the steps of: passing through a shield electric wire 2 from a lower opening 5a of the tube wall of the conductive housing to a front opening 3a of the annular wall while bending the shield electric wire; putting a shield terminal 9 movably around the shield electric wire from top of the shield electric wire; exposing a core wire 2b and a braid 2a of the shield electric wire by stripping a tip thereof; connecting an L-shaped terminal 11 to the core wire; mounting an L-shaped insulation inner housing 12 outside the L-shaped terminal; connecting the shield terminal to the braid; and accommodating a vertical part 14 of the inner housing within the conductive housing by pulling in t

Abstract: A mounting portion (20) of a housing (10) is to be inserted into a circular mounting hole (2) formed on a circuit board (1) and has a fixed piece (21) and two resilient locking pieces (30) at substantially equal angular intervals. The fixed piece (21) has an arcuate outer surface (22A). Each resilient locking piece (30) has a displaceable main body (31) with an arcuate outer shape (33A) that conforms to the inner peripheral surface of the mounting hole (2). A lock (37) is on a tip of the main body (31) and can be locked to an edge on an under side of the mounting hole (2). An extending portion (33) is formed on each of side edges of the main body (31) and extends circumferentially toward the fixed piece (21).

Abstract: A primary circuit board has a front surface, a back surface, and a non-conductive void. The void has first planar dimensions through a first portion of a thickness of the primary circuit board extending from the front surface to a position between the front and back surfaces, and second planar dimensions through a second portion of the thickness extending from the position at least towards the back surface. A secondary circuit board holder includes a non-conducting locking member insertable into the non-conductive void at the primary circuit board's front surface to secure the holder while a conductive part of the holder is conductively affixed to a conductive part of the primary circuit board. The first planar dimensions are different than the second planar dimensions to permit the primary circuit board's thickness to be greater than a maximum thickness specification of the holder's non-conducting locking member.

Abstract: A method is provided for assembling a connector assembly to a case. The case includes an inside surface defining an inside of the case, an outside surface defining an outside of the case, and an aperture therethrough providing communication from the inside surface to the outside surface. The connector assembly includes an outer connector having a body with a passage therethrough, an electromagnetic shield, and an inner connector with a terminal therein with a conductor extending from the inner connector in electrical communication with the terminal. The method includes positioning the outer connector on the outside of the case to align the passage of the outer connector with the aperture of the case. The method also includes positioning the inner connector on the inside of the case. The method also includes inserting the inner connector into the passage of the outer connector from the inside of the case.

Abstract: A universal press-fit connection allows a component having a connector pin to be connected to a compatible plated through hole of a circuit board regardless of circuit board thickness. The connector pin includes a proximate end adjacent the component, a distal end with a fork lock, and a compliant portion between the proximate and distal ends. A multi-width through hole includes a first portion partially extending through the circuit board and a second, wider portion extending beyond the first portion. The fork lock initially moves radially inward upon insertion into the first portion via flexing of the compliant portion, and re-expands when entering the second portion. The compliant portion engages the through hole and the fork lock secures the connector pin in the through hole.

Abstract: A multi-port or multi-outlet cassette that may be configured as a low profile, high-density cassette. Selected embodiments include a bezel member having a projection positioned between each adjacent pair of outlets to help reduce crosstalk. A releasable latch mechanism may be included that is configured to selectively latch and unlatch the cassette to a patch panel. Embodiments configured for use with fiber optic cables may include a movable connector member. A cable connector may be mounted to the movable connector member to move therewith as a unit. Moving the movable connector member determines an angle of the cable connector relative to the panel. Angles may be selected to reduce stress on a cable connected to the cable connector. In particular, it may be desirable to position the cable connector such that it is orthogonal to the panel.

Abstract: A system that detects electrical disconnection of one connector from another connector includes a detection circuitry and a protection circuitry. The detection circuitry detects that a plug connector has been electrically disconnected from a corresponding receptacle connector. In response to the detection, the detection circuitry sends a signal to the protection circuitry. In response to the signal, the protection circuitry lowers or terminates power being supplied to a host device via one of the contacts of the plug connector. This helps to prevent shocks/shorts that may be caused by accidental disconnection of the plug connector.

Abstract: Electrical resistance between a male part and a female part through a canted spring is disclosed using mathematical modeling. Increase or decrease in resistance can be quickly analyzed by looking at the equivalence resistance and the number of contacts at the input side, the output side, or both. The number of contacts may also be created by forming a dimple having a discontinuity.

Abstract: A floating connector has a stationary housing, a movable housing, and a reinforcing member. The reinforcing member is made of a metal plate and is provided with a first plate portion and a second plate portion. The first plate portion is embedded in a guide portion of the stationary housing so as to extend in a depth direction. The second plate portion is embedded in the guide portion so as to extend inward in a width direction from one end in the depth direction of the first plate portion.

Abstract: A header connector includes a housing configured to be mounted to a mounting surface of the circuit board and header contacts held by the housing. The header contacts have mating portions and mounting portions. The mounting portions are configured to be surface mounted to corresponding pads on the circuit board. A spring clip is coupled to the housing. The spring clip has a spring finger extending through the circuit board to engage a bottom side of the circuit board opposite the mounting surface of the circuit board. The spring clip pulls the housing and header contacts toward the mounting surface.

Abstract: An electrical connector assembly is provided including a connector having a mating end. The connector has contacts extending from the mating end. A connector shroud is positioned around the mating end of connector. The connector shroud has an asymmetrical configuration and positioning tabs to orient the shroud on the panel. A mating connector having a mating end is configured to engage the mating end of the connector. The mating connector has mating contacts configured to engage the contacts of the connector. The mating end of the mating connector has an asymmetrical configuration that mirrors the asymmetrical configuration of the connector shroud. The asymmetrical configurations of the mating end of the mating connector and the connector shroud align the mating connector with the connector in a single orientation.

Abstract: A socket with an assembling and unloading mechanism comprises: a frame, having at least one installing hole; at least one holding member for assembling and unloading the frame and having a plate member and a pair of flexible clamping members disposed on the two sides of the plate member, the plate member has an accepting hole, each of the flexible clamping members has a pressing portion and a hook disposed on the one side of the pressing portion and driven by the pressing portion, each hook buckles the peripheral of the frame adjacent to the installing hole; and at least one connecting port, connecting to the inside of the accepting hole; wherein the hook is unloaded from the frame while pressing the pressing portion, and the holding member is withdrawn from the installing hole.

Abstract: A system that detects electrical disconnection of one connector from another connector includes a detection circuitry and a protection circuitry. The detection circuitry detects that a plug connector has been electrically disconnected from a corresponding receptacle connector. In response to the detection, the detection circuitry sends a signal to the protection circuitry. In response to the signal, the protection circuitry lowers or terminates power being supplied to a host device via one of the contacts of the plug connector. This helps to prevent shocks/shorts that may be caused by accidental disconnection of the plug connector.

Abstract: A ground strap shield connection includes a body member disposed between an insulation layer and a ground shield of a first cable. The body member has a first tapered portion and a first threaded portion on an outer surface thereof. A cap member has a second tapered portion and a second threaded portion on an inner surface thereof. The ground shield of the first cable is disposed between the first and second tapered portions of the body member and the cap member when the first and second threaded portions are engaged. A ground strap has a first end connected to the cap member and a second end connectable to another ground strap of another ground strap shield connector connected to a second cable.

Abstract: A card connector is adapted for being mounted to a circuit board defining a mounting cavity. The card connector includes an insulating housing defining a receiving room passing through a top and a front thereof, a plurality of electrical terminals disposed in the insulating housing and electrically projecting upward into the receiving room, a shielding shell enclosing the insulating housing, and a plurality of fastening blocks. A pair of side walls is formed at two opposite sides of the receiving room. The fastening blocks are apart secured to outsides of the side walls. The card connector is mounted in the mounting cavity of the circuit board, and the fastening blocks are fixed on the circuit board around the mounting cavity. Because the fastening blocks are not easily deformed, the card connector can be firmly fixed in the circuit board and avoids being slanted downward in use.

Abstract: A connection arrangement with a plug element and a circuit board with plated-through holes. The plug element has a plurality of pluggable contact elements. The plated-through holes are arranged in an arrangement corresponding to the arrangement of the contact elements of the plug element. The plated-through holes and the contact elements that can be plugged into them, are matched to one another such that the plug element is manually connectable to the circuit board by inserting the contact elements into the plated-through holes and the plug element is manually removable. The contact elements are simultaneously pluggable into their associated plated-through holes. The contact elements include two legs having a space between them, with both legs of each contact element pluggable into a respective plated-through hole.

Abstract: Modular connectors are provided that have a modular receptacle connector assembly matable with a modular plug connector assembly for connecting AC or DC power connectors and electrical signals including board-to-board and wire-to-board connection. Provided is a “pass through” modular component to facilitate connection and disconnection of only the power supply for service without disconnecting the entire system. The wire connector also may load to the main housing thus obviating the need for a panel mount. Also provided is a one-unit modular connector system with either a coplanar or a right-angle design. Furthermore, multiple AC and/or DC power supplies can be provided that utilize minimum board space.

Abstract: A housing (10) has inserting portions (63) with projections (17) formed with slits (19). An alignment plate (60) is mounted movably on the housing (10) and has inserting portions (63) that enter the slits (19) of the projections (17). The alignment plate (60) is displaced relative to the housing (10) in the process of mounting a housing (10) on a board (90) due to interference with the board (90) and the inserting portions (63) move deeper into the slits (19). The projections (17) widen the slits (19) as the inserting portions (63) move deeper into the slits (19) and hence leading ends of the projections (17) engage opening edges of the mounting holes (92) of the board (90) to fix the housing (10) to the board (90).

Abstract: A connector is provided for coupling an electric motor of a vehicle to a power source. The connector comprises electrode and a connector housing receiving at least a portion of the electrode. The connector housing is configured to snap-fit into a powertrain housing of the vehicle via compliant flanges. In this way, the connector may be coupled to the vehicle powertrain housing without other fasteners.

Abstract: An electronic device enclosure comprises a securing plate and a bracket adapted to receive an I/O connector therein. The bracket comprises a first resilient piece, a second resilient piece, a first retaining piece and a second retaining piece. The bracket is capable of securing to the front wall in a first position, where the first resilient piece and the first retaining piece abut two opposite surfaces of the securing plate, and a second position, where the second resilient piece and the second retaining piece abut the two opposite surfaces of the securing plate.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrical connecting terminal with an insulating connecting terminal housing and one or more clip-on contacts for the conduction of electrical current.

Abstract: An electrical connector includes a plurality of terminals and an insulating housing loading terminals and defining a pair of mounting portions. Each of mounting portions has a screw hole extending along an upper to lower direction in which the electrical connector is mounted. The hole is divided into at least a first segment and a second segment below the first segment. The first segment and the second segment are tapped with a plurality of threads thereinside and open in opposite directions along a front and rear direction respectively.

Abstract: The present invention provides a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) junction box having a housing and a connection assembly disposed within the housing. The housing includes first sidewalls positioned opposite to each other and second sidewalls adjacent and connecting to the two first sidewalls. Additionally, an opening is provided opposite a bottom wall, with the bottom wall connecting the first and second sidewalls. The second sidewalls include extensions that extend beyond a height of the first sidewalls, so that an edge of a solar cell panel is sandwiched between the extensions when the junction box is mounted on the edge of the solar cell panel. The BIPV junction box of the present invention may be applied to the connection of BIPV solar cell modules.

Abstract: An electrical connector includes an insulative housing having a mating face, a mounting face, a pair of side walls, a elongated central slot recessed downwardly from the mating face, a first end wall and a second end wall, the central slot being positioned between the side walls, the first end wall and the second end wall, the side walls include a plurality of passageways communicating with the central slot; a plurality of contacts being retained in the passageways respectively and protruding into the central slot; a metal board lock extending downwardly through the first end wall and being attached to the first end wall; a retainer attached to the first end wall to mating with a corresponding card; the board lock is sandwiched between the retainer and the first end wall.

Abstract: An electrical connector includes an insulative housing, a plurality of terminals and a pair of board locks retained in the housing. The insulative housing defines a mating surface, a mounting surface opposite to the mating surface, a plurality of passageways penetrating through the mating surface and a pair of slots penetrating through the mounting face and a first side face of the insulative housing. The terminals are received in the passageways. The board locks are secured in the corresponding slots of the insulative housing. Each board lock includes a retention portion and a lock tail extending from the retention portion beyond the mounting face. The insulative housing further defines a pair of block portions unitarily protruding from the first side face adjacent to the corresponding slots, and each board lock includes a retaining portion abutting against the corresponding block portion on a face opposite to the mounting face.

Abstract: An electromagnetic shield structure of an electronics housing includes a terminal having a protrusion for external connection; a substrate having the terminal disposed thereon and electrically connected to the terminal; a housing made of resin, enclosing the substrate and having an opening at a position corresponding to the protrusion of the terminal on a front surface side where the protrusion of the terminal is located; and an electromagnetic shield disposed so as to surround the substrate inside the housing, having an opening at the position corresponding to the protrusion of the terminal, and electromagnetically shielding the substrate. The electromagnetic shield has a bent portion formed on the front surface side for filling a gap between the terminal and the housing.

Abstract: A card retention system includes a chassis comprising a chassis wall. A plurality of actuation channels are defined by the chassis wall. Each of the plurality of actuation channels includes an unsecured section, a secured section, and an arcuate section extending between the unsecured section and the secured section. A securing member is coupled to the chassis wall through the plurality of actuation channels. The securing member is operable to move relative to the chassis wall along a path defined by the plurality of actuation channels. A plurality of engagement members are located on the securing member. The securing member may be moved through the plurality of actuation channels to retain a plurality of cards in the chassis.

Abstract: An electrical connector has an insulative housing defining a mating portion defining a front surface and a back surface opposite to the front surface. A plurality of contacts is secured in the housing and define soldering tails. The contacts include a group of first contacts. A spacer is assembled to position the soldering tails and comprises first mounting holes to be inserted with the soldering tails of the first contacts. The first mounting holes of the spacer are lined in at least two rows and each row has a same number of the first mounting holes to a total number of the first contacts.

Abstract: A retaining member includes at least a leg portion having a latch portion, a coupling portion and a spring portion. When the spring portion is displaced, the coupling portion is twisted. Then, the latch portion and the coupling portion are inserted into the opening so that an electric component is retained on a main face of the substrate. In this state, a part of the latch portion is disposed at the periphery of the opening on a rear face of the substrate, a part of the coupling portion is disposed in the opening, and the spring portion is disposed on the main face of the substrate. Therefore, the retaining strength of the electric component to the substrate can be improved, and damage of a side wall of the opening can be decreased.

Abstract: A connector for mounting to a circuit board for comprising a connector device with a body, a plurality of alignment members, and one or more contact elements, wherein the alignment members extend through a plurality of alignment holes of the printed circuit board from the first surface and past the second surface of the circuit board and wherein the contact elements engage one more contact pads on the first surface of the circuit board, and a separate retention device having a supporting element and a plurality of fixed sockets is positioned along the second surface of the printed circuit board to receive the alignment members of the connector device therein so that the circuit board is positioned between the body of the connector device and the retention device to temporarily or permanently retain the contact elements of the connector device in contact with the contact pads of the circuit board.

Abstract: An electrical connector includes an insulative housing, a plurality of conductive terminals secured in the housing and a pair of board locks. The insulative housing includes an elongated main body having a horizontal mounting surface and a top surface opposite to the mounting surface. The main body defines a pair of boardlock-receiving cavities. Each board lock comprises a body portion received in respective cavity, a connection portion to be connected to a printed circuit board, and an elastic portion extending upwardly beyond the top surface of the body.

Abstract: The present invention provides a connector including: a printed circuit board including a guide hole and a locking hole; a plurality of connection pads provided on a top surface of the printed circuit board; a housing which is mounted on the printed circuit board and including a guide inserted into the guide hole and a locking unit inserted into the locking hole, which are protrudingly formed on a bottom surface of the housing; a plurality of terminals inserted and fixed into the housing so that one ends are positioned inside the housing and the other ends are projected to an outside of the housing; and terminal units in contact with top surfaces of the connection pads by being connected to the one ends of the terminals inside the housing.

Abstract: An electrical connector (100) is adapted for mounting to a circuit substrate having a board-mounting face (12) and a mounting peg (13) projecting from said board-mounting face (12). Said mounting peg (13) is bifurcated and defines a pair of legs (136,137) separated by an axial slit (132). Protrusions 134 are formed on the inner wall of both legs (136,137) to limit the deflection so as to prevent said legs (136,137) from breakage.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an electronic apparatus includes a housing and a hinge arm. The housing has peripheral wall having an opening. The hinge arm is made of metal and secured in the housing, extending along the peripheral wall. The hinge arm has a connector holding part that opposes the opening. An external connector is secured to the connector holding part. The external connector is exposed outside the housing through the opening.

Abstract: A device may include a connector receptacle coupled to a motherboard; a connector hold-down disposed adjacent to the connector receptacle; and/or a connector cage coupled to the motherboard and covering the connector receptacle and connector hold-down. Additionally, a computer system utilizing a connector hold-down and a method utilizing a connector hold-down are disclosed.

Abstract: A card edge connector comprises a pair of mount members attached to the bottom of the insulating housing thereof. Each mount member comprises a body portion, at least one fitting nail connected to the body portion and configured to be disposed transversely for being soldered on a printed circuit board, and a tab portion connecting to the body portion and configured to be freely insertable into an aperture formed on the printed circuit board.

Abstract: An electrical connector includes an insulating housing, a plurality of contacts and a locking member. A pair of slots is defined in the opposite ends of the housing. A longitudinal groove is formed on a top surface of the housing with two ends connecting the slots respectively. A transversal groove is formed on the top surface and intersects the longitudinal groove perpendicularly. A narrow hole is defined in the transversal groove. The locking member has a main beam and a pair of straight mounting legs. The main beam has a fixed portion extended downwardly from a portion thereof. Each mounting leg passes through the slot. The distal end of the mounting leg extends out of the housing. The main beam is secured in the longitudinal groove. The fixed portion is secured in the narrow hole of the housing.

Abstract: A connector (10) to be mounted in a metallic transmission case (C) has a base housing (20). Terminal fittings (40) have a wire connecting portion (41) and a terminal connecting portion (42) arranged in an L-shape. The terminal connecting portions (42) are inserted through the base housing (20) and the wire connecting portions (41) are arranged side by side on the base housing (20). A cover housing (30) is assembled with the base housing (20) to cover the wire connecting portions (41). Lock projections (22) and lock pieces (31) lock the cover housing (30) and the base housing (20) together. A wall (33) projects from the cover housing (30) toward the base housing (20) between adjacent wire connecting portions (41); and a groove (26) is provided in the base housing (20) at a position corresponding to the wall (33) and into which the wall (33) is press-fit.

Abstract: An electrical connector (100) for being mounted onto a PCB includes an insulative housing (1); a set of electrical contacts (2) retained in the insulative housing (1); and a metal shell (3) coupled to the insulative housing. the metal shell (3) has a pair of nuts (310) integrally protruding therefrom and defining threaded holes (3101) for screws of a complementary plug screwed into, and a pair of board locks (5) integrally extending therefrom for being mounted onto the PCB.

Abstract: A battery connector has an insulating housing, a plurality of terminals mounted to the insulating housing, and a supporting member fixing the insulating housing on the PCB. The insulating housing has a rectangular base, a recess formed at a rear of the base for receiving the supporting member. The recess has a first recess and a pair of second recesses extended downward from two opposite ends of the first recess. The supporting member has a horizontal beam accommodated in the first recess, a pair of connecting slices extended downwards from ends of the horizontal beam and accommodated in the second recesses, a pair of fixing slices extended downward from a bottom of each connecting slice. Free ends of the fixing slices are protruded opposite to each other to form protrusions inserted into the PCB for fixing the battery connector firmly on the printed circuit board.

Abstract: The invention has an object of providing a connector for connecting between a printed circuit board and a test device, capable of easily attaching and detaching the connector at low cost. The connector includes at least one conducting pin 28 that is protruded from a connector body, and at least one fixing pin 30 that is extended substantially in parallel with the conducting pin. The fixing pin 30 is longer than the conducting pin 28.

Abstract: The invention relates to an angle connector that is to be mounted on a unit housing and comprises a plug housing and a housing flange which partially extends over the plug housing and can be fastened in a rotationally fixed manner to the unit housing. The plug housing is rotatably fastened to the housing flange and can be twisted, using rotational resistance, relative to the housing flange in order to define the direction of extension. The plug housing of the disclosed angle connector is rotatably mounted on the housing flange by means of an elastic sleeve which is rotatably accommodated inside an annular front recess of the plug housing or housing flange and engages in a rotationally fixed manner with the respective associated housing flange or plug housing.