Abstract: A method of treating biomass material, particularly plant-derived biomass material, to produce pyrolysis thereof, comprising subjecting the biomass material to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwave radiation, while the material is being agitated, under suitable conditions to produce a desired degree of pyrolysis.

Abstract: An apparatus and method are provided for producing fuel briquettes from high moisture fine coal. The apparatus includes a coal fine pelletizer, a pellet dryer and a fuel briquette former all provided in-line for the efficient production of fuel briquettes. The method comprises forming pellets from coal fines, drying those pellets to a desired moisture content of about 1 to about 10% and forming fuel briquettes from the dried pellets.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing engineered fuels from solid waste material are described herein. In some embodiments, a method includes receiving a waste stream at a multi-material processing platform and separating the waste stream to remove non-processable waste and marketable recyclables. The method further includes conveying processable materials to a material classification system and incorporating additives to produce an engineered fuel from the constituents of the waste stream.

Abstract: Systems and methods for producing engineered fuels from solid waste material are described herein. In some embodiments, a method includes receiving a waste stream at a multi-material processing platform and separating the waste stream to remove non-processable waste and marketable recyclables. The method further includes conveying processable materials to a material classification system and incorporating additives to produce an engineered fuel from the constituents of the waste stream.

Abstract: Ecologically friendly organically composed fuel products are presented whose composition includes, but is not limited to, ingredients: 58 to 60 percent decomposed straw, 38 percent horse or cow manure, two percent hay mixture from various blends used as feed, and two percent straw dust. The above ingredients are subjected to a number of processing steps with the end product being a hydraulically compressed fuel product, such as a brick, block, briquette, blank, pellet, etc., dried to a less than 10 percent moisture content. Eco-friendly organic fuel products may be created from other ingredients than those described herein could undergo the disclosed process to produce other types of fuel items, both organic and inorganic, with the ingredients comprising wood chips, other kinds of animal manure, and wood chips.

Abstract: This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. High carbon biogenic reagents are also provided.

Abstract: This invention relates to systems and methods for converting biomass into highly inert carbon. Specifically, some embodiments densify the carbon into anthracite-style carbon aggregations and store it in geologically stable underground deposits. The use of certain embodiments yield a net effect of removing atmospheric carbon via the process of photosynthesis and converting it into hard coal, which can be stored in underground beds that mimic existing coal deposits which are known to be stable for thousands of years.

Abstract: A system and a method for producing pellets from biomass in a pellet press for use as fuel in fireplaces. To produce pellets in an energy-saving and more energetically cost-effective manner as compared to prior art. In the method according to one embodiment, the biomass, which comprises cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic fibers, chips or shreds and is heated and dried in the course of the production process in a dryer, separated from the dryer air, and the biomass is supplied to a pellet press, wherein the temperature of the biomass is heated or substantially maintained by hot air in a treatment region between the dryer and the pellet press, and the treatment region comprises at least parts of the transport path and/or at least one additional device for carrying out at least one additional method stop, and wherein the temperature of the hot air exceeds at least 65° Celsius.

Abstract: According to this invention, plants of the genus Triodia are harvested for use as a renewable energy source or as a means of carbon sequestration. Triodia is a hummock-forming grass endemic to Australia, commonly known as spinifex. It is an abundant perennial plant which grows in semi-arid and arid regions. The novel use of Triodia as a biofuel feedstock has many advantages over the prior art. Being perennial, there is no need to plant and fertilise crops. The plants can be continuously harvested without damaging the soil. Triodia grows well with even small amounts of natural rainfall.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Described is a process for converting pyrolysis oil obtained by pyrolysis of biomass into fuel range hydrocarbon by alcoholysis of pyrolysis oil with subsequent hydrotreatment. A straightforward methodology to prepare upgradeable pyrolysis oil via alcoholysis. A method hydrotreating technology for oxygen removal and hydrocarbon production. The resulting hydrocarbon products are 100% fungible with conventional transportation fuels.

Abstract: A process for increasing the energy density of a biomass, which includes establishing a temperature and pressure within a reaction chamber that includes water and is at or above a desired reaction condition wherein the desired reaction condition is sufficient to increase the energy density of a reacted biomass; introducing a biomass into the reaction chamber such that the desired reaction condition is maintained or equilibrates thereto; and subjecting the biomass to the desired reaction condition for an amount of time effective to increase the energy density of the reacted biomass relative to the biomass prior to reaction.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for direct conversion of a used or waste material into a burnable fuel and to burnable fuels derived therefrom.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Artificial fire logs made from non-petrochemical based, renewable materials are described. These artificial fire logs perform substantially equivalent to existing commercial fire logs. The artificial fire logs are made from cellulosic materials, a lignin containing composition and a non-petroleum based wax where the lignin containing composition comprises lignin and 1,3-propanediol derived from a renewable resource.

Abstract: A method of producing a biomass-based fuel pellet, such as a fuel pellet which includes thermoplastic polymeric material and a substantial amount of cellulosic material, e.g. cellulosic material derived from biomass source(s), is provided. The method commonly includes compressing a feed mixture to form a densified material, where the feed mixture includes about 5 to 15 wt. % of the thermoplastic polymeric material and at least about 75 wt. % cellulosic material. Many embodiments of the fuel pellets are suitable for use in a coal-fired furnace and/or in other industrial boiler applications.

Abstract: An artificial firelog according to the present invention may comprise as constituents a combustible cellulosic or fiber material, a non-absorbent combustible oil- and/or fat-retaining material, and a combustible binder/fuel or wax in appropriate proportions. A combustible binding agent may be also be added as an additional constituent material to allow a further reduction of the combustible wax component. Certain naturally occurring agricultural by products and synthetic filter materials contain oils and/or fats that provide increased BTU value beyond the cellulosic or mineral components of the material. When these oil- and/or fat-retaining materials added to a blend of firelog material, the non-absorbent properties and additional BTU content of these alternative raw materials allow the amount of higher BTU wax material to be reduced without a dramatic reduction in fuel content in the finished mixture.

Abstract: The invention is a new solid fuel combining coal and biomass and the process for making such fuel. The coal must be selected and prepared to be the correct sizes and quality, including the moisture content and levels of pollutants. Biomass must be selected and prepared by grinding and through a heating process in order to remove moisture and partially char the biomass. The biomass may be selected based on its percentage volume of carbon and hydrogen. A third material, binder is prepared in volumes to associate with the coal and biomass. The coal, biomass and binder are mixed in appropriate quantities and may be delivered to an extrusion, press pellet or briquetting machine that forms the mixture into an appropriate size and shape for the intended combustion situation. The resultant solid fuel has had desired properties for efficient burning and emission levels in the furnace for which it is designed.

Abstract: Methods, process, apparatus, equipment, and systems are disclosed for converting biomass into bio-oil fractions for chemicals, materials, feedstocks and fuels using a low-cost, integrated fast pyrolysis system. The system improves upon prior art by creating stable, bio-oil fractions which have unique properties that make them individually superior to conventional bio-oil. The invention enables water and low-molecular weight compounds to be separated into a final value-added fraction suitable for upgrading or extracting into value-added chemicals, fuels and water. Initial bio-oil fractions from the process are chemically distinct, have low-water content and acidity which reduces processing costs normally associated with conventional bio-oil post-production upgrading since fewer separation steps, milder processing conditions and lower auxiliary inputs are required. Biochar is stabilized so that it can be handled safely.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for direct conversion of a used healthcare material into a burnable fuel and to burnable fuels derived therefrom.

Abstract: One possible embodiment could be a composition for coffee ground-based fuel comprising: dried, spent coffee grounds by 54% by weight; vegetable shortening by 23% by weight; brown sugar by 20% by weight; and corn syrup by 2% by weight, wherein the vegetable shortening and brown sugar and mixed together and heated slowly until a boil is achieved, then removing resultant mixture from heat, mixing in dried, spent coffee grounds into resultant mixture, then mixing in corn syrup into the resultant mixture, pouring and pressing the resultant mixture into a selected form for final shaping, then when the mixture has cooled to room temperature, removing it from the form for use.

Abstract: A method is provided for the production of pellets or briquettes from lignin containing material in the form of processable particles wherein the method includes the steps of: passing the material having a relative moisture content of more than about 20%, by weight, to a drying step and drying it to a relative moisture content of about 0-30% by weight; passing the material to a heat treatment step and heating the material to about 180-235° C. by injecting steam into a reactor; maintaining the material in the reactor at the temperature reached for a sufficient time to soften the material and release lignin; reducing the pressure in the reactor in at least one step; and pelletizing or briquetting the treated material. The invention also concerns pellets or briquettes produced by the method.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process to prepare a fuel or an intermediate to a fuel from residues as obtained in a palm oil process wherein shredded agricultural residue having a water content of between 40 and 75 wt % water is dried to obtain a dried agricultural residue having a water content of between 5 and 40 wt % and then is compacted into pellets, cubes, or small briquettes having a two dimensional size of between 5 and 1000 mm and a thickness of between 5 and 300 mm and a density of between 200 and 1200 kg/m3.

Abstract: A product comprising at least one densified biomass particulate of a given mass having no added binder and comprised of a plurality of lignin-coated plant biomass fibers is provided, wherein the at least one densified biomass particulate has an intrinsic density substantially equivalent to a binder-containing densified biomass particulate of the same given mass and h a substantially smooth, non-flakey outer surface. Methods for using and making the product are also described.

Abstract: A process and system for briquetting particulate matter such as moisture-containing bituminous and sub-bituminous coal includes partially drying and feeding the particulate matter to a briquetting apparatus under conditions such that water vapor is released from the particulate matter during feeding. The released water vapor substantially displaces or prevents the ingress of a large proportion of other gaseous components from the atmosphere surrounding an/or intermixed with the particulate matter. The particulate matter is surrounded by and intermixed with a gaseous component containing 70% to 100% by volume of water vapor where it enters the briquetting apparatus, such that when the particulate matter is compressed, the water vapor liquefies and the pressure buildup in the thus-formed briquettes is minimized. This reduction in the pressure buildup reduces blow-back of gases as the coal fines are formed into briquettes.

Abstract: Method of treating a biomass containing a fibrous structure and polysaccharides. According to the method the biomass is subjected to extractive treatment at which it is heated in aqueous phase at an absolute pressure of over 0.6 MPa and a temperature of at least 160° C. for separating polysaccharides from the mass. According to the invention, the pH of the biomass which is subjected to the extractive treatment is not actively lowered during the extraction and after the treatment the pressure is controllably reduced so as not to decompose the fibrous structure of the biomass. The polysaccharides separated from the mass are recovered as a first fraction, the fibrous structure of the biomass as a second fraction and at least one of the fractions is subjected to further processing. By means of the invention it is possible to isolate from the starting materials valuable compounds and groups of compounds by a method suitable for use on an industrial scale.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for processing a mixture of cellulose/plastic waste particles comprising cellulose and thermoplastic materials. The thermoplastic material constitutes at least 10 weight% of the total weight of the waste mixture The cellu-lose/plastic waste mixture is first dried by treatment with a medium with a temperature in the range of 50 to 150 ° C., wherein the exit temperature of the drying medium has a temperature of 115 ° C. or less. The dried cellulose/plastic waste mixture is then fed to a purification stage, and subjected to the operation of the purification stage. The purification stage comprises at least one separator selected from the group of: wind separator, sieve, metal separator, separator for separating out chlorine- containing components, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels.

Abstract: A process for preparation of biomass mixed with a heavy hydrocarbon fraction yields a feedstock for the purpose of supplying a gasification unit. The process comprises a first mixing stage followed by a grinding stage and makes it possible to deliver a suspension of biomass particles less than 500 microns in size that are dispersed in the heavy hydrocarbon fraction.

Abstract: In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a system may include a preheater, a torrefaction reactor, and a furnace. The preheater may be configured to heat biomass from a first temperature to an approximate desired torrefaction temperature. The torrefaction reactor may be configured to maintain heating of the biomass at approximately the approximate desired torrefaction temperature for a particular period of time to generate torrefied biomass. The furnace may be configured to generate and convey via one or more conduits heat to the preheater, and the torrefaction reactor.

Abstract: A method or process for creating ecologically friendly organically composed fuel bricks whose composition includes, but is not limited to, the following ingredients: 58 to 60 per cent decomposed straw, 38 per cent horse or cow manure, two per cent hay mixture from various blends used as feed, and two per cent straw dust from material pounded on by animals wherein the above ingredients are subjected to a number of processing steps with the end product being a hydraulically compressed fuel brick, block, briquette, blank, pellet, etc., weighing approximately two pounds and dried to a less than 10 per cent moisture content. While the process is primarily applicable to the creation of eco friendly organic fuel bricks, it is conceivably possible that other ingredients than those to be described hereinafter could undergone the discloses process to produce other types of fuel items, both organic and inorganic, with the ingredients comprising wood chips, other kinds of animal manure, and wood chips.

Abstract: An energy product made from biomass, and a method of making an energy product from biomass. The energy product is made by processing biomass in a pressurizable reaction vessel with heat, pressure and agitation.

Abstract: A biomass fuel compact is provided by the present disclosure that includes a body having a combustible biomass composition and an adhesive additive. The adhesive additive includes a starch and a hydroxide. Further additives may also be provided, which include a silicate additive, a viscosity additive, a preservative, and a BTU additive, wherein each of the silicate additive, the viscosity additive, the preservative, and the BTU additive are combustible materials. Various geometries and compositions for the biomass fuel compact are also provided by the present disclosure.

Abstract: Apparatus for biomass torrefaction which includes a serpentine elongated housing, the housing having three generally U-shaped axial portions having first and second axial extremities and an intermediate section, the first and second axial extremities are disposed in normal use at a higher elevation than the first and second axial extremities, the intermediate section being configured for holding a liquid. Other forms of the invention include the method for biomass torrefaction which includes providing a quantity of biomass, providing a liquid heat transfer fluid, providing at least a first housing for holding the heat transfer liquid, elevating the temperature of the liquid heat transfer liquid, heat treating the biomass by passing it through the heat transfer liquid in the first housing at a temperature and duration sufficient to accomplish torrefaction of the wood. In some forms of the method, the process further includes the step of pelletizing the biomass prior to performing the treating step.

Abstract: Methods and systems are disclosed for direct conversion of a used healthcare material into a burnable fuel and to burnable fuels derived therefrom.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for forming biomass pellets using biomass feedstock having predetermined characteristics to form biomass pellets having desired characteristics. The process can utilize feedstock derived from a variety of biomass feedstock sources, including wood, agricultural crops, energy crops and weeds, alone or in combination.

Abstract: [Problems] To provide a solid fuel which is usable as a substitute fuel for living trees, petroleum and so on. [Means for Solving Problems] A method of producing a solid fuel which comprises the first step of heating beer lees under agitation and the second step of heating and compression-molding the beer lees, which have been agitated in the first step, into the shape of the solid fuel, characterized in that the beer lees are heated while preventing carbonization in the second step. According to this method, it is possible to produce a wood fuel which satisfies the industrial standards, is eco-friendly, has stable qualities and enables easy flame regulation. Since the solid fuel can be obtained merely by agitating, heating and compressing beer lees, the production process can be simplified. Moreover, the evolution of fire sparks or eye-irritative smoke can be avoided. Furthermore, it is possible to provide a sensorily favorable solid fuel releasing a spicy savor of barley.

Abstract: An ignitable combustible fuel pellet and a method for manufacturing an ignitable combustible fuel pellet are disclosed. The ingredients of the fuel pellet are ground shelled corn, an igniting agent for facilitating continued combustion of the fuel pellet, a bonding agent for bonding the ingredients together, and an anti-caking agent for promoting flowability of the ingredients during the manufacture of the food pellet. The method of forming the food pellet comprises the steps of grinding shelled corn in a hammer mill, mixing the shelled corn with the other ingredients in a grinding mill, and pressing the combined ingredients in a pellet mill.

Abstract: Certain disclosed pellets, briquettes, and other compacted products contain multiple components and have a composition tailored to meet specific requirements for a given application. Frequently, at least one of the components is a biomass component. The compacted biomass products can be used in various applications including power generation, animal bedding, and waste absorbent. One particular embodiment involves using compacted body or mass as a fuel supplement or fuel replacement for coal or other fossil fuel(s) in co-firing power plants. Other specific applications include bedding for various animals including fowl, horses, and rabbits. Another application comprises pelletized absorbents such as cat litter for absorbing liquid and/or solid waste products.

Abstract: A process of making vegetal fuel based combustible spheres produced from naturally occurring and renewable residues of olive arboricultural farming and olive processing. The combustible spheres providing a renewable energy alternative to the use of fossil fuels. Where the use of the vegetal based combustible spheres replaces fossil fuels, the reduction in the generation of undesirable noxious gasses from combustion is achieved along with reduced consumption of the world's limited fossil fuel reserves.

Abstract: A super compactor receives a carbon-containing material and delivers a brick suitable as fuel for power generation. A compaction chamber receives the carbon-containing material and has at least one ram reciprocating along a travel path and exerting a predetermined amount of pressure on the carbon-containing material. The compaction chamber also has an end effector plate or a movable slide gate against which the carbon-containing material is compressed, promoting the removal of moisture from the carbon-containing material, and one or more dewatering apertures or a membrane permitting moisture to pass through but blocking the carbon-containing material. A collector captures the moisture that passes through the dewatering apertures or membrane. A power unit provides power to the at least one ram. A heated extrusion chamber receives the carbon-containing material from the compaction chamber and heats and compacts the carbon-containing material to bind the carbon-containing material into the form of a brick.

Abstract: A solid composite fuel for the mitigation of emissions from a coal-fired power plant includes a solid monothilic fuel material formed from the pyrolysis of a coal material and at least one solid renewable fuel material.